114-641: The Gloucester Tree is a giant karri ( Eucalyptus diversicolor ) tree located in the Gloucester National Park of Western Australia . The tree is 61 metres (200 ft) tall, and a major tourist attraction to the town of Pemberton . It is part of a group of karri tree towers open to the public, the other two being the Dave Evans Bicentennial Tree and the Diamond Tree . It is the world's second tallest fire- lookout tree , second only to
228-509: A World Heritage site by UNESCO in 2013: "Coimbra offers an outstanding example of an integrated university city with a specific urban typology as well as its own ceremonial and cultural traditions that have been kept alive through the ages." The city, located on a hill by the Mondego River , was called Aeminium in Roman times . The Romans founded the civitas of Aeminium in this place at
342-475: A conical operculum . Flowering has been observed in January, April, May, August and December, and the flowers are white. The flowers have narrow cylindrical calyx tubes that slowly taper to the base into the pedicel. The many stamen form a continuous ring and has inflected white coloured filaments. The anthers at the end of the filaments have an oblong shape and open into a parallel longitudinal slits. The fruit
456-451: A difficult climb due to the 7.3-metre (24 ft) girth of the tree and the need to negotiate through limbs from 39.6 metres (130 ft) up. Jack Watson, a Gallipoli veteran, was also Superintendent of Kings Park in Perth, and retired from that position in 1962. Another forester, George Reynolds, pegged the ladder and lopped branches to facilitate climbing the tree, and a wooden lookout cabin
570-550: A flattened-ovoid shape. The climate over the range of the tree is mildly temperate with small variations in humidity and temperature with frosts only occurring on rare occasions. Karri occurs only within the High Rainfall Zone of the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia which receives 900 to 1,300 millimetres (35.4 to 51.2 in) of rain per year, mostly in winter. It mostly occurs within
684-432: A green density of around 1,200 kilograms per cubic metre (75 lb/cu ft) with an air-dried density of about 900 kilograms per cubic metre (56 lb/cu ft). The heartwood of Karri is a red colour and closely resembles Jarrah heartwood. Bushmen used to tell the two timbers apart by burning a splint of wood, Karri would leave a white ash and Jarrah would leave a grey to black coloured ash. Timber from Karri
798-543: A height of 10–60 m (33–197 ft) but can reach as high as 90 m (300 ft), making it the tallest tree in Western Australia and one of the tallest in the world. As of February 2019, the tallest known living karri is just over 80 m (260 ft) tall. A tree south of Pemberton, known as 'The Tyrant' is 69 m (226 ft) tall and 11.5 m (38 ft) in girth and contains approximately 220 m (7,800 cu ft) of wood in its trunk and
912-541: A major cultural centre. This was in large part helped by the establishment of the first Portuguese university in 1290 in Lisbon and its relocation to Coimbra in 1308, making it the oldest academic institution in the Portuguese-speaking world. Apart from attracting many European and international students , the university is visited by many tourists for its monuments and history. Its historical buildings were classified as
1026-438: A range of 78.54 to 5069.2 inhabitants per kilometre square. Seniors and youth (age 0 to 14 years) represent a minority of the population (16.5% and 31.1%); the 25 to 64 cohort accounts for 55% of the active population. While per 100 inhabitants, seniors actually comprise 21.6% of this population, the birth rate (9.3%) is superior the mortality rate in the communities of Coimbra, which is actually greater than other municipalities in
1140-476: A route between the interior communities and the coastal towns (including the seaside city of Figueira da Foz , 40 km (25 mi) west of Coimbra). The historic city of Coimbra is located centrally within the municipality, connected to Lisbon (197 km (122 mi)) and Porto (116 km (72 mi)) by the IC2, IP3 and A1 motorways. The municipality is circled by several of its neighbouring municipalities in
1254-432: A scar from where it was once attached to the placenta on the underside. E. diversicolor is relatively fast growing, particularly compared to other Eucalypts, and can grow 2 m (6 ft 7 in) each year for the first five years of its life. It reaches maturity after 10 to 15 years. The species has a haploid chromosome number of 12. Eucalyptus diversicolor was first formally described in 1863 by
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#17328699852951368-658: A selection of some of Portugal's and the world's most famous and stylish international brands include the Alma shopping center (formerly called Dolce Vita Coimbra) designed by the American planning and design firm, Suttle Mindlin and Forum Coimbra ; and two retail parks found on the fringes of the city, offering an alternative to the busy city centre ( Retail Park Mondego in Taveiro, and Coimbra Retail Park in Eiras). Dolce Vita Coimbra (renamed Alma)
1482-524: A small spur runs to Coimbra-A , the main station in the city centre. A small regional rail line ( Linha da Lousã ) also ran from Coimbra Parque at the south edge of the city centre. From Coimbra-Parque was possible to travel to Miranda do Corvo , Lousã and Serpins, among others. The line was closed for upgrading as part of the Metro Mondego project and was never reopened when the Metro Mondego project
1596-407: A stop or station for public transit is 12 min, and 16.8% of riders wait for over 20 min on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 2 km, and 0% travel for over 12 km in a single direction. Coimbra has been called A cidade dos estudantes (The city of the students) or Lusa-Atenas (Lusitan-Athens), mainly because it is the site of
1710-515: A transition to a hot-summer ( Csa ) version of the interior of Central Portugal . In winter, temperatures range between 15–16 °C (59–61 °F) at day and 5–7 °C (41–45 °F) at night, occasionally dropping below 0 °C (32 °F), with an average of 19 days with frost per year; while summer temperatures range between 28–29 °C (82–84 °F) at day and 15–16 °C (59–61 °F) at night and can reach 40 °C (104 °F) or more in hotter days. Coimbra has around 32 days
1824-433: A wide angle from the midrib. The unbranched inflorescences are situated in the axils in small clusters on a common stalk. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven in leaf axils on a rounded peduncle 12–30 mm (0.47–1.18 in) long, each bud on a pedicel 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) long. The buds are oval, 11–16 mm (0.43–0.63 in) long and 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) wide at maturity with
1938-542: A wide range and are quite active during winter and are thought to be dominant pollinators and able to cross pollinate over larger distances. Karri is a source of pollen for honeybees ( Apis mellifera ). The pollen has a protein content of 23.4% and provides sufficient amino acids for the nutrition of A. mellifera . The content of some of the amino acids are; 3.84% proline , 2.07% glutamic acid , 1.72% lysine , 1.22% cystine , 1.91% aspartic acid , 1.50% leucine , 1.11% alanine and 1.11% valine . The wood has
2052-461: A year with maximum temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F). The lowest and highest temperatures ever recorded in Coimbra were −4.9 °C (23.2 °F) on 27 January 1976 and 42.3 °C (108.1 °F). Precipitation is abundant throughout the year, except for July and August. Despite being relatively distant from the coast, Coimbra also has a marked Atlantic influence due to the floodplain of
2166-410: A young forester, Don Stewart, who later became Conservator of Forests. The first of these was built on a large marri ( Corymbia calophylla ) at Alco, near Nannup . Eight lookouts were established in the forests between 1937 and 1952. Spotter planes are now used and some of the trees are now used as tourist attractions. Karri wood is a beautiful mahogany colour, lighter in colour than jarrah . It
2280-723: Is a city and a municipality in Portugal . The population of the municipality at the 2021 census was 140,796, in an area of 319.40 square kilometres (123.3 sq mi). The fourth-largest agglomerated urban area in Portugal after Lisbon , Porto , and Braga , it is the largest city of the district of Coimbra and the Centro Region . About 460,000 people live in the Região de Coimbra , comprising 19 municipalities and extending into an area of 4,336 square kilometres (1,674 sq mi). Among
2394-431: Is a hub for interregional bus services for all the country and abroad. A light-rail metro system, Metro Mondego , was proposed however the project was abandoned at the height of Portuguese financial crisis. Coimbra has several rail stations. The principal station Coimbra-B is on the main line between Porto and Lisbon . In addition, the train-hotel Lusitania connects Coimbra and Madrid every night. From this station,
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#17328699852952508-409: Is a woody barrel-shaped capsule 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) long and 8–10 mm (0.31–0.39 in) wide on a pedicel 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) long with three valves at or below rim level. The seeds found within the fruits have a flattened ovoid shape, are grey in colour with a length of 1.2 to 3 mm (0.047 to 0.118 in). The seeds are pointed at one end with a smooth back and
2622-532: Is also the Coimbra Hotel and Tourism School. TUMO Coimbra is the first to open in Portugal . The building is located in the old post office, next to the city market and the town hall. The first centre is part of a nationwide expansion of the armenian Tumo Center for Creative Technologies that aims to disrupt formal education in the country and bring young Portuguese closer to various creative and digital skills. More than 1,000 young people are expected to attend in
2736-669: Is an iconic monument of the city. In 1772, the Marquis of Pombal , prime minister of King José I , undertook a major reform of the university, where the study of the sciences assumed vast importance. The collections of scientific instruments and material acquired then are now gathered in the Science Museum of the University of Coimbra , and constitute one of the most important historical science collections in Europe. However, his desire to modernize
2850-938: Is covered by the Reserva Natural do Paul de Arzila ( Arzila Swamp Natural Reserve ), which is designated both as a Special Protection Zone ( Portuguese : Zona de Protecção Especial ) and Special Conservation Zone ( Portuguese : Zona Especial de Conservação ), coincident with the civil parish of Arzila (sometimes referred to as the Paul de Arzila or marsh of Arzila ). It is a wetland that has sheltered migratory birds, and supports other animal and plant species; this has included predominantly avian species, such as the: Eurasian reed warbler ( Acrocephalus scirpaceus ), sedge warbler ( Acrocephalus schoenobaenus ), melodious warbler ( Hippolais polyglotta ), willow warbler ( Phylloscopus trochilus ), little bittern ( Ixobrychus minutus ), great reed warbler ( Acrocephalus arundinaceus ), and
2964-465: Is headquartered in Coimbra. Notable companies based in the municipality of Coimbra include software companies Critical Software and Ciberbit which have their global headquarters in the city, mechanical and electronics engineering company Active Space Technologies , data science company Feedzai , telemetry and Machine to Machine company ISA, Cimpor 's cement factory in Souselas (CIMPOR Souselas),
3078-539: Is known primarily for the city of Coimbra, itself famous for its monuments, churches, libraries, museums, parks, nightlife, healthcare and shopping facilities. Above all, its cultural life, oriented around the University of Coimbra , has historically attracted the nation's notable writers, artists , academics and aristocracy , securing its reputation as the Lusa-Atenas (Lusitanian Athens ). The western edge of Coimbra
3192-636: Is less than 200,000 hectares (494,211 acres) which is about one fifth of its virgin growth. The nearest tall tree forests are some 3,000 kilometres (1,864 mi) to the east in Tasmania and Victoria . Karri has been introduced to parts of Africa including; Kenya , Tanzania and the Canary Islands . The species is considered invasive in South Africa where it is a problem in the Western Cape region and
3306-546: Is locally known a karie . It commonly invades clearings, fynbos, water courses and road sides often out competing local species and is spread easily by seed dispersal. Karri is regarded as one of the six forest giants found in Western Australia; the other trees include; Corymbia calophylla (Marri), Eucalyptus gomphocephala (Tuart), Eucalyptus jacksonii (Red Tingle), Eucalyptus marginata (Jarrah) and Eucalyptus patens (Yarri). Some karri specimens are thought to reach an age of up to 300 years. The soil in which
3420-400: Is nowhere near as susceptible to these insects as pine. It is durable against rot. It is also an excellent furniture wood. Some of the main streets of early Sydney were paved with blocks of Karri but have been long since covered by asphalt . The wood was also sent to London for the same purpose. Karri honey is widely sought after for its clarity, light color and delicate flavor. In 1952 it
3534-440: Is suitable for construction work. It is a little more dense than Jarrah but is much stronger. Karri wood is not as termite resistant as that of Jarrah. The tree has been logged since the settlement of Western Australia with logging towns appearing throughout the range of the tree and producing hardwood timbers, mostly for construction purposes, for the first 150 years since settlement. The first Karri timber to be felled for export
Gloucester Tree - Misplaced Pages Continue
3648-592: Is taken from the Latin word diversus meaning to turn apart and color or "separate colours" and refers to the difference between the top of the leaf and its underside. The common name is derived from the Noongar name for the tree karri pronounces ka-ree . Karri is a part of the Symphyomyrtus subgenus, all of which have two opercula on the buds and have four rows of ovules. It is not closely related to any other members of
3762-494: Is thought to be the largest karri by wood volume. A Eucalyptus diversicolor of 72.9 m (239 ft) height and of 5.71 m (18.7 ft) girth in Coimbra , Portugal, is the tallest reliably measured tree in Europe. Karri are an evergreen tree and typically have a heavy, widespread crown . The tree's trunk tend to be long and straight with a diameter of 150 to 300 cm (59 to 118 in) making up about two thirds of
3876-423: Is used extensively in the building industry, particularly in roofs for the length and knot-free quality of the boards. The wood is also used for flooring, furniture, cabinetry and plywood. The heartwood is golden to reddish brown, often with an orange or purple cast, and tends to darken with age. It has an interlocked grain with a uniform medium-coarse texture. It has the reputation of being termite-prone, although it
3990-441: Is well represented by traditional tapestry and pottery manufacture, and the surroundings of the city have besides forestry , dynamic horticulture production, vineyards and livestock raising. The Instituto Pedro Nunes (Pedro Nunes Institute), a business incubator , dynamically hosts several start-ups which are usually dedicated to technology-related businesses and become independent spin-off companies headquartered across
4104-430: The H.U.C. – Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra , which is a university hospital , and the C.H.C. – Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra , which includes a general hospital . Coimbra has also the regional branch of the national cancer hospital – the I.P.O. – Instituto Português de Oncologia , as well as a military hospital . The Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal , the state-run forensic science institute of Portugal,
4218-470: The Baixo Mondego subregion. The municipality of Coimbra has a resident population of 157,510 inhabitants, and seasonal population of approximately 200,000 residents. Between 1864 and 2001, the municipal population tripled (following the trend in the rest of the country when the nation's population doubled), while between 1991 and 2001 its population increased 6.75% (Portugal's population increased 4.08% in
4332-592: The County of Coimbra were later integrated into one dominion under the stewardship of Henry of Burgundy by Alfonso VI of León and Castile in 1096, when Henry married Alfonso's illegitimate daughter Theresa . Henry expanded the frontiers of the County, confronting the Moorish forces, and upon his death in 1112, Theresa, Countess of Portucale and Coimbra, unified her possessions. Their son, Afonso Henriques , who took up residence in
4446-706: The Instituto Superior Miguel Torga ; the Instituto Superior Bissaya Barreto ; the Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama and finally, the Escola Universitária das Artes de Coimbra , an art school . A large number of higher education students from all of Portugal chose Coimbra's higher learning institutions to study, due to the wide availability of degrees offered in different fields, the student-friendly environment of
4560-541: The Mondego River which crosses the city, making both its winters and summers milder than they would otherwise be. This influence also makes cold waves less frequent and less intense, however, days with negative minimum temperatures and cold waves are still present occasionally. Topography is also an important factor to consider in regard to nighttime temperatures, the presence of cold air lakes , in topographically depressed areas at certain synoptic situations, can also lead to pronounced colder temperatures. Administratively,
4674-534: The Região de Coimbra , which include Penacova (in the northeast), Vila Nova de Poiares (to the east), Miranda do Corvo (to the southeast), Condeixa-a-Nova (to the south and southwest), Montemor-o-Velho (to the west), Cantanhede (to the northwest) and Mealhada (in the north and northeast). Just outside the municipality, there are also several picturesque mountain towns such as Lousã and Penacova , while spa towns and villages, such as Luso , Buçaco and Curia are commonplace. Although it ceased serving as
Gloucester Tree - Misplaced Pages Continue
4788-466: The Savi's warbler ( Locustella luscinioides ). The 482 hectare area, under threat from industrial, residential and agricultural pollution , expansion of aquatic plants and eutrophication , has forced the governmental reorganization of land use in order to promote models of sustainability, and rural use that does not affect the migratory and aquatic bird populations. The municipal government has also promoted
4902-637: The Warren biogeographic region, but there are some outlying populations including the Porongorup Ranges , Mount Manypeaks , Torbay , Rocky Gully all along the south coast and Karridale and Forest Grove to the north west and the Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge to the south of Margaret River to the west of the main belt. The heart of the karri forest is found near Nannup and Manjimup through to Denmark . The total area covered by karri forest
5016-610: The botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in his book Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae . The type specimen was collected in 1860 by the botanist Augustus Frederick Oldfield near Wilson Inlet , the location given, in Latin, is In Australiae regionibus depressioribus quam Maxime austro occidentalibus, ubi Blue Gum-tree vocatur . The holotype is held at Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria , syntypes are held at Cambridge University Herbarium , Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . The botanical name diversicolor
5130-559: The 19th century Quinta das Lágrimas estate and gardens. Complementing these natural spaces are the riverside parks and bathing areas that line the Mondego, including the river beaches of Palheiros do Zorro, in the parish of Torres do Mondego. The city is on the Portuguese Way of the Road of St James (Caminho de Santiago). Coimbra has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csb ) in
5244-480: The 19th century was a difficult period for Coimbra, being invaded by French troops under the command of Andoche Junot and André Masséna during the Peninsular War . A force of 4,000 Portuguese militia led by Nicholas Trant dealt Masséna a heavy blow when it recaptured the city on 6 October 1810. In March 1811, the militia successfully held the place against the retreating French army . The city recovered in
5358-460: The ABC described as being "unique in a modern, safety-first era". When it was open, only 20 percent of visitors made the full climb to the top of the tree; most made it only part of the way before turning back. [REDACTED] Media related to Gloucester Tree at Wikimedia Commons Eucalyptus diversicolor Eucalyptus diversicolor , commonly known as karri , is a species of flowering plant in
5472-572: The Bicentennial Tree. It was named after Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester . In 1947, the Gloucester Tree was selected by foresters as a fire-lookout tree. It was one of eight lookout trees built in Western Australia's South West between 1937 and 1952. The suitability of the tree as a fire lookout was tested by forester Jack Watson, who climbed the tree using climbing boots and a belt. It took Watson six hours to climb 58 metres (190 ft),
5586-667: The Muslim invasion from the south. The first Muslim campaigns that occupied the Iberian Peninsula occurred between 711 and 715, with Coimbra capitulating to Musa bin Nusair in 714. Although it was not a large settlement, Qulumriyah ( Arabic : قُلُمْرِيَة ), in the context of Al-Andalus , was the largest agglomerated centre along the northern Tagus valley, and its principal city boasted a walled enclosure of 10 hectares, supporting between 3000 and 5000 inhabitants. Remnants of this period include
5700-643: The Roman Empire for a long time, a deluge of barbarians flooded the Iberian Peninsula in 409, and the Lower Mondego area recognised Hermeric , the landlord of the Suebi , as its ruler. But the ambition to gain territory dominated Ataces , king of the Alans and Coimbra fell from the hands of Hermeric. Ataces, the new lord of Coimbra, depopulated and devastated it fearing the security of its fortresses. Delighted, however, with
5814-510: The ancient seat of the Christian County of Coimbra, sent expeditions to the south and west, consolidating a network of castles that included Leiria , Soure , Rabaçal, Alvorge and Ansião . During the 12th century, Afonso Henriques administered an area of fertile lands with river access and protected by a fortified city, whose population exceeded 6000 inhabitants, including magnates , knights and high clergy. The young Infante encouraged
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#17328699852955928-532: The banks of Douro, further north, where the Suebi landlord would buy from him, in exchange for his daughter, peace and an alliance. Ataces, crowned with the laurels of victory continues with great fervor the reedification of the city he had plundered before. Hermeric visited him in Colimbria bringing him her daughter, princess Cindazunda , who had been flourishing in age and beauty. Ataces, in order to show his gratitude had
6042-412: The beauty of Lower Mondego, and with the easiness of its fields, he laid beside it the foundations for a new city which was called Colimbria . Ataces converted to christianity, but being arian by sect persecuted catholics with ferocity. The prisoners were either beheaded before the walls of the new city, their bodies serving as foundations, or employed like cargo donkeys in its edification. Nobody escaped
6156-613: The beginnings of the Almedina , Arrabalde and the fortified palace used by the city's governor (which was later converted into the Royal Palace by the early Portuguese monarchs). The Christian Reconquista forced the Banu Dānis and the other Muslims to abandon the region temporarily. Successively the Moors retook the castle in 987–1064 and again in 1116, capturing two castles constructed to protect
6270-503: The capital of Portugal in the 13th century, Coimbra retains considerable importance as the centre of the former Beira province, now designated the Centro region. It is considered alongside Braga one of the two most important regional centres in Portugal outside the Lisbon and Portos metropoles , the centre for the whole middle region of the country. With a dense urban grid, the municipality
6384-554: The catholics. The Visigoths would conquest the region later. During the Visigothic era (from the 5th to the early 8th century) , the County of Coimbra was created by king Wittiza (c. 687 – probably 710) and it was a sub-county of his dominion, established as a fief for his son prince Ardabast (or Sisebuto ), with its seat in Emínio (the Visigothic name for Coimbra), which persisted until
6498-423: The centre. With a 920 metres (3,018 feet) runway and flight information service until sunset, this regional airport has all the fundamental facilities for private flights. The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Coimbra, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 35 min. 2.4% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at
6612-573: The city, and the prestige of many of its learning institutions allied to the ancient tradition of Coimbra as the historical capital of higher studies in Portugal. The city has also a large number of public and private basic and secondary schools, among these some of the best-ranked in the country, like Escola Secundária Infanta D. Maria (public), Escola Secundária José Falcão (public), "Escola EB2/3 Martim de Freitas" (public), Colégio Rainha Santa Isabel (private) and Colégio de São Teotónio (private), as well as several kindergartens and nurseries. There
6726-525: The construction of his seat, funding the Santa Cruz Monastery (the most important Portuguese monastic institution at the time, founded in 1131 by Theotonius ), promoted the construction of the Old Cathedral , reconstructed the original Roman bridge in 1132, and repaired and renovated fountains, kilns, roads and stone pavements, as well as the walls of the old city. In order to confirm and reinforce
6840-509: The demolition of the residential area of the Alta de Coimbra (1940–50) to expand the university, and construction or expansion of the bairros of Celas, Sete Fontes and Marechal Carmona (now the bairro of Norton de Matos). One of the nation's most important crossroads, Coimbra was historically at a junction between Braga and Lisbon, and its river access (the Mondego flows through the municipality) provided
6954-425: The family Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia . It is a tall tree with smooth light grey to cream-coloured, often mottled bark, lance-shaped adult leaves and barrel-shaped fruit. Found in higher rainfall areas, karri is commercially important for its timber. Eucalyptus diversicolor is the tallest tree that grows in Western Australia. It is a tall forest tree that typically grows to
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#17328699852957068-452: The hot summers. Associated trees and shrubs found in the understorey include the peppermint ( Agonis flexuosa ), karri sheoak ( Allocasuarina decussata ), karri wattle ( Acacia pentadenia ) and karri oak ( Chorilaena quercifolia ). A diverse assemblage of flowers and smaller plants – around 2,000 plant taxa – make up the mosaic of habitats within the karri forests. The tree has a complex floral cycle and it takes four to five years from
7182-637: The influence, administratively, of the larger city of Conímbriga , until the latter was sacked by the Sueves and Visigoths between 465-8 and abandoned. It became the seat of a diocesis , replacing Conímbriga. Although Conímbriga had been administratively important, Aeminium affirmed its position by being situated at the confluence of the north-south traffic that connected the Roman Bracara Augusta (Roman name of Braga ) and Olisipo (Roman name of Lisbon ) with its waterway, which enabled connections with
7296-602: The installation and maintenance of various parks , playgrounds , gardens and forests, including the development of the Botanical Garden of the University of Coimbra (considered the fifth oldest in the world), the Mata Nacional do Choupal , the Mata Nacional de Vale de Canas , Jardim da Sereia (also known as Santa Cruz Garden ), Penedo da Saudade , Parque Manuel Braga , Parque Verde do Mondego , Choupalinho , and
7410-533: The interior and coast. The limestone table on which the settlement grew has a dominant position overlooking the Mondego, circled by fertile lands irrigated by its waters. Vestiges of this early history include the cryptoporticus of the former Roman forum (now part of the Machado de Castro National Museum ). The move of the settlement and bishopric of Conimbriga to Aeminium resulted in the name change to Conimbriga , evolving later to Colimbria . After being subjected to
7524-591: The left bank of the river. In the 15th and 16th centuries, during the Age of Discovery , Coimbra was again one of the main artistic centres of Portugal thanks to both local and royal patronage . Coimbra bishops , religious orders and King Manuel I supported artists like Diogo Pires (father and son), Marcos Pires, João de Castilho , Diogo de Castilho and the Frenchmen, João de Ruão and Nicholas of Chanterene, among others, who left important Manueline and Renaissance works in
7638-483: The left side of the river Mondego by Queen Elizabeth of Portugal in the first half of the 14th century. It stood too close to the river, and frequent floods forced the nuns to abandon it in the 17th century, when the Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Nova was built uphill. The Queen's magnificent Gothic tomb was also transferred to the new convent. The ruins of the old convent were excavated in the 2000s, and can be seen today on
7752-486: The length of the tree. The trees root can reach depths of up to 50 m (160 ft). Karri do not form a lignotuber but do form epicormic buds located under the bark along the length of the stem. Trees are able to resprout from the buds after fire or other damage. The bark on the trunk and branches is smooth, grey to cream-coloured or pale orange, often mottled and is shed in larger plates, short ribbons or small polygonal flakes. The bark sheds each year with
7866-464: The lion, up until that moment, enemies. As the walls and towers of the city were being built, the workers carved on the stones this insignia so pleasant to the King, that until today, has been the coat of arms of Coimbra. Cindazunda, professing Catholicism, established the bonds of peace between the two kings and improved the fortunes of the inhabitants of Coimbra mitigating the ferocious spirit of Ataces against
7980-466: The lower surface, 50–155 mm (2.0–6.1 in) long, 25–100 mm (0.98–3.94 in) wide and petiolate . The leaves tend to be more spreading than pendulous. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, glossy dark green on the upper surface, paler below, lance-shaped, 70–135 mm (2.8–5.3 in) long and 15–37 mm (0.59–1.46 in) wide on a flattened or channelled petiole 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) long. The leaves are penniveined, where
8094-461: The many archaeological structures dating back to the Roman era , when Coimbra was the settlement of Aeminium , are its well-preserved aqueduct and cryptoporticus . Similarly, buildings from the period when Coimbra was the capital of Portugal (from 1131 to 1255) still remain. During the late Middle Ages , with its decline as the political centre of the Kingdom of Portugal , Coimbra began to evolve into
8208-417: The market. Commerce and vestuary shops range from coverage of 43.4% (for glasses) to 91.4% (of clothing); the largest distance that resident population requires to travel is 10.2 km (6.3 mi) for electro-domestics and auto-mobile purchases. Repair services, which cover the largest part of the civil parishes, and specifically auto repair shops, cover 97.1% of the market. Public transport covers 90.3% of
8322-499: The month at Feira dos 7 e dos 23 , and a large fresh produce market in downtown at Mercado D. Pedro V . The Baixa (downtown) of Coimbra has many coffeehouses and bakeries, and features several specialty shops selling all kind of products in typical old-fashioned architectural surroundings. Large commercial facilities with car park, include a medium-sized shopping centre ( CoimbraShopping ); two larger shopping centres with hypermarket , restaurants, movie theaters and several shops with
8436-441: The municipality is divided into 18 civil parishes ( freguesias ): As of 2021, the municipality of Coimbra had a population of 140,796 inhabitants (covering an area of 319.4 km ), reflecting just a 1.3% increase relative to 1991 (139,052 residents), while the number of families increased 17.1% in the same period. This was mainly concentrated in the parish of Sé Nova , while the remaining administrative divisions accounted for
8550-529: The municipality of Coimbra forced some changes in the existing structure of the administrative divisions. Consequently, documents were sent (on 20 January 1854) to the Ministries of Ecclesiastical Affairs ( Portuguese : Ministério dos Negócios Eclesiásticos ) and Justice ( Portuguese : Ministério de Justiça ) urging the identification by the Civil Governor and Archbishop of Coimbra (Manuel Bento Rodrigues) of
8664-435: The new white bark contrasting with the orange to yellow new bark contrasts against the recently exposed white bark. The bark becomes increasingly granulated with age. The bark is rich in tannins . The stems and branchlets are round in cross section, the branchlets have no oil glands in the pith. The leaves on young plants and on coppice regrowth are arranged in opposite pairs, broadly egg-shaped to almost round, paler on
8778-407: The number of civil parishes to preserve, their limits, the political organs to be retained, a local census and other statistics to justify the demarcation of the territory. A commission of five members, which included João Maria Baptista Callixto, António dos Santos Pereira Jardim, Roque Joaquim Fernandes Thomás, João Correia Ayres de Campos and António Egypcio Quaresma Lopes de Carvalho e Vasconcelos,
8892-417: The oldest and one of the largest universities in Portugal – the University of Coimbra , a public university whose origins can be traced back to the 13th century. Nowadays, it has students from 70 different nationalities; almost 10% of its students are foreigners, making it Portugal's most international university. Coimbra is also the place where the oldest and biggest university students' union of Portugal
9006-614: The only footbridge in the city. The city is internally connected by an extensive bus network, the SMTUC ( Serviços Municipalizados de Transportes Urbanos de Coimbra , Coimbra Municipality Urban Transport Services) and the Coimbra trolleybus system (the only such system in Portugal). In the past, the city also had a tram network (some are now parked inside a transportation museum). Taxicabs are also available, and are recognizable as cream or black and green (black car with green rooftop) taxis. The city
9120-424: The pan-European service facility of Olympus Corporation , the pharmaceuticals companies Bluepharma and BASI , the iron foundry Fucoli-Somepal and several ceramics , food processing ( Probar produces cold meat products and Dan Cake produces sponge cakes and swiss rolls ), textiles , wine, civil and engineering construction, architecture, public works and housing construction firms. Handicraft industry
9234-428: The parishes, with 93.5% of the population; 61.3% have taxi services (capturing 78.8% of the population); public buses serve 67.7% of the parishes (or 85% of the population); while rail services affect 35.5% of the parishes (serving 29.7% of the market); while unequipped parishes, on average, lie within 4.8 km (3.0 mi) of such services. Postal services are provided in 15 parishes (48.4%), corresponding to 77.9% of
9348-454: The picture of his new wife placed in a vase, with a serpent on one side and a lion walking towards her on the other. Those were the insignias of Ataces (lion) and Hermeric (serpent). Cindazunda had her eyes lifted up the sky and her hands raised as if thanking the Eternal for having been the medium between the father and the husband and having united with bonds of peace and friendship the serpent and
9462-595: The population, while 98.6% receive home distribution. Similarly, public telephones have a 94.6% coverage of the population. The wealth of the city rests mostly on the University of Coimbra with about 28,000 students – the city has a total of over 38,000 higher education students considering the other higher education institutions based there – but also in shopping, technology and health sciences industry, administrative offices, financial services, law firms and specialised medical care. The city has many private clinics, medical offices and two large state-run hospital centres:
9576-471: The power of the concelho (municipality) he conceded a formal foral (charter) in 1179. Already in the Middle Ages , Coimbra was divided into an upper city ( Cidade Alta or Almedina ), where the aristocracy and the clergy lived, and the merchant, artisan and labour centres in the lower city ( Arrabalde or Cidade Baixa ) by the Mondego River , in addition to the old and new Jewish quarters. The city
9690-525: The production of flowers to the seeds being released. The production of seed is dependent on a multitude of variables including tree density, availability of pollinators, soil moisture, genetics, nutrients and fire. Most Eucalypts achieve pollination through insects and birds rather than wind. Insects are far less active through the colder winter months so bird pollination is thought to be more important. The trees are often visited by nectar feeding birds, particularly Purple-crowned lorikeets . The lorikeets have
9804-483: The religious orders provided an alternative to the official institution, but were gradually discontinued with the secularization of education in Portugal. Built in the 18th century, the Joanina Library ( Biblioteca Joanina ), a Baroque library, is another notable landmark of the ancient university. The Baroque University Tower ( Torre da Universidade ) designed by António Canevari and built between 1728 and 1733,
9918-406: The resident population, while most tertiary shops and retail capture between 43.4% and 100% of the market. Mini-markets and corner shops cover 100% of the population; generally, the longest distance travelled between shops is 8.7 km (5.4 mi) (for pastry shops). Restaurants are usually within 74.2% of the population, and refreshment shops (such as bars and snack bars) routinely cover 100% of
10032-480: The same period). On average, over 43,000 people flow to Coimbra every day to study and work. About 460,000 inhabitants live in the Região de Coimbra , consisting of 19 municipalities comprising a territory of 4,336 square kilometres (1,674 sq mi). Internally, the network and location of public service/sector institutions (such as police stations, fire stations, public finance and notary services) have been located within 5.2 to 6.6 km (3.2 to 4.1 miles) of
10146-554: The second half of the 19th century with infrastructure improvements like the telegraph , gas light, the railway system, a railway bridge over the Mondego River and the renovation of the Portela bridge, in addition to the broadening of roads and expansion of the city into the Quinta de Santa Cruz. By 1854, with the expulsion of the religious orders and municipal reforms, the need to reorganize
10260-411: The species grows is often poor, and the tree tends to flower after fire to take advantage of the nutrients released by the combustion of forest litter. The soil is classified as karri loam. Though low in some minor nutrients it is admired for its depth and pasture-growing properties. The depth of the soil is several metres and thought to be created primarily from the bark shed by the tree, which collects at
10374-476: The subgenus and is the sole species in the section Inclusae . The defining feature of this section is having inflexed stamens, flattened ovoid seed shape, enclosed valves of the fruit and the lack of pith glands in the branchlets. Although it has no closely related species it has some affinity with tall Eucalypts found the wet forests of eastern Australian including E. saligna and E. grandis all of which have discolorous adult leaves and seeds with
10488-523: The territory: in Miranda da Beira (where the garrison was slaughtered) and in Santa Eulália (where the governor surrendered his forces rather than facing a similar massacre). The reconquest of the territory was attained in 1064 by King Ferdinand I of León and Castile , who appointed Dom Sisnando Davides to reorganize the economy and administer the lands encircling the city. The County of Portucale and
10602-533: The time of Augustus (63 BC – AD 14), which came under the protection of nearby Conímbriga (in Condeixa-a-Nova ), some 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the south. The Roman city was encircled by a wall, and followed an orthogonal plan, with the cardo maximus and decumanus maximus crossing at the Forum . An aqueduct existed, the remains of which were incorporated into a latter medieval renovation. Aeminium fell under
10716-525: The town. Dating from this period are the remodelling (in Manueline style) of the Santa Cruz Monastery , including the tombs of Kings Afonso Henriques and Sancho I , the Renaissance Manga Fountain, and the altarpieces and triumphal portal of the Old Cathedral , among other works. The University of Coimbra , was founded as a Studium Generale in Lisbon in 1290 by King Dinis I . The University
10830-465: The tree's top and upper platform. Along with the Bicentennial Tree, it has been closed since November 2023. However, the area around the tree is still open to the public. The possibility of a permanent end to climbing the tree has not been ruled out by the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions , but regional manager Tim Foley has said that it was something they were not keen to see. This
10944-424: The trunk base to a depth upwards of six metres in mature trees. The karri supports an extensive ecosystem which is connected to the granite outcrops of the lower south-west and the many subsequent creeks and rivers created from runoff. Karri generally dominate in the deep valleys between granite outcrops surrounding the creeks and rivers. A dense understorey is found in karri forest areas which retains moisture over
11058-420: The tyranny of Ataces: he ordered everyone to work on the construction of the walls. Elipando , the holy Bishop of Coimbra was also there holding the stone and the clay for the works of the city. “Passing by the new Coimbra (says Arisberto, Bishop of Porto, writing to Samerico , Archbishop of Braga ), there I saw working in the construction of their walls many Ministers of God; among them, at the orders of Ataces,
11172-469: The university resulted in the complete demolition of Coimbra's medieval city walls and castle, very little of which remains today. In the same year, Luísa de Jesus , a local 23-year-old woman, was sentenced to death for multiple infanticide becoming the last woman to be executed in the country's history. She is also considered the deadliest serial killer in Portuguese crime history. The first half of
11286-437: The veins arise pinnately, in a feather like arrangement, from a single primary vein. The leaves are densely reticulated where the network of veins within the leaf is packed closely together. The prominent vein near the margin of the leaf is very close to the margin and runs almost parallel with it. The yellow oil glands within the leaves are situated in centre of the smallest unreticulated areas. The fine lateral nerves spread at
11400-502: The whole region. There is a move by municipal authorities to bring in more innovation and high-technology businesses, through initiatives such as the Coimbra Innovation Park , with the objective of promoting innovation and companies that promote research and development (such as nanotechnology company Innovnano, a subsidiary of Companhia União Fabril ). Coimbra has a fresh produce open-air market on every 7th and 23rd days of
11514-549: Was abandoned, but there is local pressure for the line to be reopened. It is also possible to travel by train between Coimbra and Figueira da Foz ( Ramal de Alfarelos ), and Coimbra, Guarda and Vilar Formoso ( Linha da Beira Alta ). Coimbra is served by the A1 motorway, which connects Lisbon to Porto . A regional aerodrome is in Cernache ( Aeródromo Municipal Bissaya Barreto ) (CBP) [PCO], 7.5 kilometres (4.7 miles) southwest of
11628-523: Was also Bishop Elipando: I cried with them for their misfortune and for the loss of this fertile province of the Roman Empire.” Hermeric of the northern Kingdom of the Suebi, whose the capital was Bracara Augusta (former name of Braga), did not lose hope of rescuing the lands that had been taken by Ataces in the south. He crossed the Douro river and appeared with his army before the new walls of Coimbra. But Ataces triumphed and followed Hermeric's retreating army to
11742-408: Was appointed to produce a plan to reduce, suppress, demarcate and establish civil parishes in the city of Coimbra and its suburbs. On 1 January 1911, electric tramways were inaugurated to connect the old quarter with its expanding periphery, which included the residential areas of Celas, Olivais, Penedo da Saudade and Calhabé, all located in the civil parish of Santo António dos Olivais . This
11856-475: Was at the isolated population around Leeuwin, which became known as Karridale. The virtues of the wood were promoted in the 1920s by the state conservator of forests, Charles Lane-Poole , who noted the colonists' preference for other timber as its vulnerability to white ants made it a poor choice for fence posts and railway sleepers. The timber found uses in the state for wagon spokes and wooden pipes, and in England it
11970-414: Was built 58 metres (190 ft) above the ground. The Governor-General of Australia , Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, visited the site and watched the pegging of the tree's ladder and the lopping of branches for the lookout. Prince Henry also participated by using a wood auger to bore holes in the tree for the climbing pegs. The tree and national park are named in his honour. The wooden lookout cabin
12084-425: Was demolished in 1973 for safety reasons, and was replaced with a steel and aluminium cabin and visitors' gallery. The climb was done by stepping on 153 spikes that spiral the tree. In 2023, maintenance work on the Gloucester Tree was carried out to improve the tree's safety. The work included repegging so the public could climb up to 42 metres (138 ft), although the tree remains closed due to work being needed on
12198-585: Was encircled by a fortified wall , of which some remnants are still visible like the Almedina Gate ( Porta da Almedina ). Meanwhile, on the periphery, the municipality began to grow in various agglomerations, notably around the monasteries and convents that developed in Celas, Santa Clara , Santo António dos Olivais . The most important work in Gothic style in the city is the Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Velha , founded on
12312-887: Was estimated that 25% of honey produced in Western Australia was produced in Karri forests. Tourism to this area is also supported by the Karri. Main honey flows occur every four to five years with even larger flows every fifteen years or so. The species is commercially available and sold in seed form. It germinates readily and prefers a protected sunny position, but is known to be both drought- and frost -sensitive. Although too large for most suburban gardens they are suitable in plantations. Seeds will germinate in three to four weeks and have germination rates of 84%. Coimbra Coimbra ( / k oʊ ˈ ɪ m b r ə / , also US : / k u ˈ -, ˈ k w ɪ m b r ə / , UK : / ˈ k ɔɪ m b r ə / , Portuguese: [kuˈĩbɾɐ] or [ˈkwĩbɾɐ] )
12426-413: Was found suitable for scantlings by the national railway and telegraph arms by the postal services and was listed among Lloyds shipbuilding timbers as possessing great strength over large lengths. Fire lookouts were established in the forests using the tallest Karri trees, giving the foresters a commanding view of the landscape. The idea of using karri trees in this way was first suggested in 1937 by
12540-584: Was founded – the Associação Académica de Coimbra (Academic Association of Coimbra), established in 1887. As well, there are some other schools and institutes of higher education in the city: the Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra , a public polytechnic institute; the Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra , a public nursing school ; and some private higher education institutions such as
12654-462: Was only the initiation of the municipality growth. Civil construction projects throughout the region marked the economic activity of the territory, with new areas such as Montes Claros, Arregaça, Cumeada and Calhabé growing in the shadow of the city. Even projects that had been planned at the end of the 19th century gained new initiative, including the expansion of the Santa Cruz neighbourhood ( bairro ),
12768-746: Was opposed by Louise Kingston , the Nationals MP for the South West Region , who called it "unacceptable" for the trees to be closed ahead of the summer tourist season. According to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), there were fears among business owners that tourists would skip or spend less time in Pemberton due to the tree's closure. Before its closure, visitors could climb up 53 metres (174 ft) to its lookout. Those who climbed up were provided with no harnesses, which
12882-465: Was relocated to Coimbra in 1308, but in 1338 King D. Afonso IV returned the University to Lisbon. The University was definitively transferred to the premises of Coimbra Royal Palace in 1537 by King John III , and expanded by 1544 to occupy the Coimbra Royal Palace. Since then, city life has revolved around the state-run university. For many decades, several colleges ( colégios ) established by
12996-483: Was the recipient of the 2006 MIPIM International Design Award; the 2006 ICSC International Design Award; and the 2006 ICSC European Design Award. The two banks of Mondego River at Coimbra, are linked by three main bridges: the Ponte do Açude , the Ponte de Santa Clara (which is the oldest) and Ponte Rainha Santa , also known as Ponte Europa . The Ponte Pedonal de Pedro e Inês is the most recently constructed bridge and
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