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59-539: In September 1992, O'Reilly & Associates published the Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog . The company then created an online version using ViolaWWW , a web browser that introduced enhanced HTML features such as formatting, graphics, scripting, and embedded applets, and demonstrated a kiosk version that was deployed briefly at the Computer Literacy Bookshop in late 1992. In February 1993,

118-778: A database of multilingual volunteers . At the local level, ARC chapters operate volunteer-staffed Disaster Action Teams . ARC feeds emergency workers of other agencies, handles inquiries from concerned family members outside the disaster area, provides blood and blood products to disaster victims and helps those affected by a disaster to access other resources. It is a member of National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (VOAD) and works closely with other agencies such as Salvation Army and Amateur Radio Emergency Service with whom it has memorandums of understanding. ARC works to encourage preparedness by providing important literature on readiness. Many chapters also offer free classes to

177-648: A $ 19.95 flat-rate pricing plan for unlimited monthly access to both the Internet and AOL's private network, and that it would fold GNN into AOL. At the time, GNN was the fifth-largest ISP in the U.S., with 200,000 subscribers, a 3 percent market share. AOL had more than 6 million subscribers. AOL said it would take a charge of as much as $ 75 million in the quarter ending December 31 to reorganize and shut down GNN. In December 2000, an article in The Wall Street Journal said that AOL had, with GNN, an opportunity to build

236-480: A $ 287 million program that re engineered Red Cross Blood Services' processing, testing, and distribution system and established a new management structure. As of 2011, ARC was no longer in the Plasma Services industry. It supplies Baxter BioSciences with items for manufacturing plasma products. On March 1, 1999, ARC became the first U.S. blood bank to implement a nucleic acid testing (NAT) study. This process

295-578: A competitive Web directory, but AOL had not done that, making possible the success of Yahoo! . (At the time of its initial public offering in 1996, Yahoo! was valued at $ 848 million.) In late 1996, AOL closed the Berkeley office of GNN, and laid off about 60 people. Whole Internet User%27s Guide and Catalog The Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog , by Ed Krol , was published in September 1992 by O'Reilly . The Los Angeles Times notes that

354-637: A friend of Barton's, offered advice and support as she sought to establish the American chapter of Red Cross. As Register of Deeds for the District of Columbia, Douglass also signed the American Red Cross's original Articles of Incorporation. The next major disaster was the Johnstown Flood on May 31, 1889. Over 2,209 people died, and thousands more were injured in or near Johnstown, Pennsylvania , in one of

413-468: A humanitarian housing project, begun in 1918, and manufacture of "500,000 dressings" to treat wounds using use of Sphagnum moss in place of cotton, based on the research of John William Hotson . The power of the American Red Cross was soon recognized by the Government which began to see "the value of overseas aid as a tool of statecraft". The American Red Cross was increasingly being used as an arm of

472-503: A local copy of the GNN 'home page' (which is available via electronic mail)." The website was hosted at NEARNET , a project of Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) of Cambridge, Massachusetts . The free service was divided into five parts: The Online Whole Internet Catalog - a forerunner of internet directory services like Yahoo! - was described in the August 1993 press release that introduced GNN as

531-464: A national ambulance service. Furthermore, American Red Cross Emergency Response Vehicles (ERVs) look similar to ambulances. These ERVs instead are designed for bulk distribution of relief supplies, such as meals, drinks and other relief supplies. Although ARC shelters usually assign a nurse to the facility, they are not equipped to provide medical care beyond first aid. The Disaster Services Workforce (DSW) system enrolls volunteers from ARC chapters into

590-508: A national database of responders, classified by their ability to serve in one or more activities within groups. Services include feeding and sheltering ("mass care") warehousing, damage assessment, accounting, communications, public affairs, counseling and others. Responders complete training for the specific services they want to offer, first aid and CPR. As a National Response Framework support agency, ARC shelters, feeds and provides other types of emergency relief to victims of disasters. ARC

649-436: A number of courses that require aquatic facilities to run, such as Lifeguarding and Water Safety Instructor. These courses are generally left to Authorized Providers (colleges, government agencies, fire departments, community centers) and to Licensed Training Providers (LLC. or Inc.). The Scientific Advisory Council is a panel including over 50 nationally recognized medical, scientific, aquatics, and academic experts from across

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708-426: A patient or other blood donor. The treated cells are introduced into a patient to help revive normal cell function, replace cells that are lost as a result of disease, accidents or aging, or to prevent illnesses from appearing. Training Services is one of the five divisions of the American Red Cross, responsible for providing health and safety training to the general public as well as the workforce. In fiscal year 2017

767-555: A place where "... subscribers can not only read about [Internet websites], they can actually connect to them with the click of a button." The catalog was organized into ten sections: The GNN marketplace included the following sellers: In addition to selling products, GNNDirect provided, in January 1995, an online way for individuals to make donations to the victims of the Kobe earthquake in Japan, via

826-404: A regular news service, an online magazine, The Whole Internet Interactive Catalog, and a global marketplace containing information about products and services. GNN was one of the pioneers of on-line advertising; it had sponsorship links by early 1994. According to Tim O'Reilly, the first advertiser was Heller, Ehrman, White and McAuliffe , a now defunct law firm with a Silicon Valley office. (GNN

885-501: A useful diplomatic mechanism for softening the effects of American military intervention and securing its political interests. Prior to the United States entry into World War One, the American Red Cross was a neutral organization aiding both the allied and central powers. However, when the United States joined the allied powers, the American Red Cross aid to the central powers ended immediately. On May 10, 1917, President Wilson created

944-410: A variety of biological effects, including depression of immune function, which can result in organ failure and death. Because whole blood is rarely used for transfusion and not kept in routine inventory, leukoreduced red blood supplies are critical. After collection, the whole blood is separated into red cells and plasma by centrifugal. A preservative solution is mixed with the red cells and the component

1003-416: A week. Dougherty held the title of publisher for GNN until it was sold to AOL in 1995. Jennifer Niederst was GNN's Art Director and the sole designer for the website. Public relations for GNN and its various initiatives was handled by Niehaus Ryan Haller . Potential readers were advised that they would need "an Internet connection, a World Wide Web (WWW) browser and a universal resource locator for GNN or

1062-482: Is a co-lead with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for the mass care portion of Emergency Support Function 6. ARC and FEMA share responsibility for planning and coordinating mass care services with FEMA. ARC has responsibilities for other Emergency Support Functions, such as providing health and mental health services. In 1908 an earthquake and tsunami devastated the area surround

1121-466: Is collected directly by hospitals. In December 2004, ARC completed its largest blood processing facility in the United States in Pomona, California , on the campus grounds of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona . For more than 50 years, ARC provided allograft tissue for transplant through sales in its Tissue Services Program. It cared for thousands of donor families who donated tissue and sold

1180-815: Is different from traditional testing because it looks for the genetic material of HIV and hepatitis C (HCV), rather than the body's response to the disease. The NAT tests for HIV and HCV has been licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These tests detect the genetic material of a transfusion-transmitted virus like HIV without waiting for the body to form antibodies, potentially offering an important time advantage over current techniques. Leukocytes (white blood cells) help fight off foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, and abnormal cells. In fact, these foreign leukocytes in transfused red blood cells and platelets are often not well tolerated and have been associated with some types of transfusion complications. Leukocytes in stored blood products can have

1239-458: Is filtered with a leukoreduction filter. The shelf life of this product is 42 days. ARC is moving toward system-wide universal prestorage leukocyte reduction to improve patient care. From 1976 to 1985, the FDA received reports of 355 fatalities associated with transfusion, 99 of which were excluded from further review because they were unrelated to transfusion or involved hepatitis or HIV/AIDS . While

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1298-623: The American Red Cross . In the Spring of 1995, America Online offered to buy GNN from O'Reilly & Associates. The sale took place in June 1995; AOL paid $ 11 million in stock and cash. Lisa Gansky became vice president and general manager of GNN programming after the sale was completed. She moved to AOL from O'Reilly & Associates , where she had been Vice President of Sales. A number of others working at O'Reilly's GNN website also moved, as did

1357-722: The Strait of Messina . The American public donated nearly $ 1 million to the American Red Cross which was sent to Italy via the State Department , alongside $ 800,000 in public funds. The decision to use the State Department to distribute funds, rather than sending them directly to the Italian Red Cross , was indicative of the organization's shift away from the International Red Cross movement and towards US interests. This

1416-654: The Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog was the "first popular book about the medium" and "was later selected by the New York Public Library as one of the most significant books of the 20th century." The title and format were inspired by Stewart Brand 's Whole Earth Catalog . In the May 1993 edition, the World Wide Web was described in terms of Gopher protocol : In addition, Krol notes: Krol compares

1475-517: The $ 120 million devoted to relief overseas. " The American Red Cross during the war provided food, employment, housing, and medical assistance to millions of civilians displaced by the war. During the course of the war, over one-third of the population of the United States joined the organization and in 1917 and 1918 alone around $ 400 million was raised. Amongst its initiatives was the Pisa Village in Italy,

1534-791: The ARC's assistance was to address the perceived threat of pulverization within an area that a large proportion of U.S. immigrants came from. As a response to the Nicaraguan resentment of the United States occupation of Nicaragua , U.S. officials employed the use of humanitarian relief in attempt to improve relations. $ 10,000 was given to the ARC by Philander Knox to provide relief in the form of blankets, clothing, and food to captured soldiers from José Santos Zelaya 's army. ARC leaders believed that humanitarian relief would be more effective in fostering goodwill and creating stability than any other action. In 1912

1593-738: The American Red Cross War Council to aid funding initiatives and direct the activities of the organization. Throughout the war, the Council raised $ 400 million. The American Red Cross in the war was a quasi-state organization and a non-governmental organization, as it was not officially part of the United States Government. The American Red Cross in the war focused principally on overseas civilian aid and not domestic disaster relief. The American Red Cross spent "less than one million dollars on domestic disaster relief, in comparison to

1652-484: The American Red Cross in Dansville, New York , on May 21, 1881, and was also the organization's first president. She organized a meeting on May 12 of that year at the house of Senator Omar D. Conger ( R , MI ). Fifteen people were present at the meeting, Conger and Representative William Lawrence ( R , OH ) (who became the first vice president) to discuss the start of the American Red Cross. The first local chapter

1711-640: The American Red Cross switched to Brayden/BigRed Manikins. The investment cost $ 1.8 million and increased participants' understanding of the purpose of compressions during CPR. These Manikins have LED lights that mimic blood flow through the body and to the brain, giving students instant visual feedback on their technique. There are three entities that can run American Red Cross courses; The American Red Cross, Authorized Providers, and Licensed Training Providers. The American Red Cross runs many of its own courses that can be conducted on land such as First Aid/CPR/AED and Basic Life Support for Healthcare Providers. There are

1770-891: The American Red Cross trained 2.28 million people how to save lives through their First Aid, CPR or AED courses, water safety and care giving programs. There are a wide variety of course offerings available: In addition to basic level certifications in the above courses, the American Red Cross also offers Instructor level courses and Instructor Trainer (IT) level courses. Instructor level courses are designed to teach participants how to become instructors for American Red Cross courses, whereas Instructor Trainer courses (also known as Instructor Trainer Academies) are designed to certify current instructors to become Instructor Trainers, or people who can teach Instructor level courses. Training Services has an online store where you can purchase supplies including First Aid Kits, CPR key chains, flashlights, and emergency radios. In early 2018 all courses offered by

1829-494: The December 1992 edition: As the Internet and PC operating systems evolved, the book was updated and re-released as two newer editions: American Red Cross The American National Red Cross is a nonprofit humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief, and disaster preparedness education in the United States. Clara Barton founded the organization in 1881 after initially learning of

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1888-583: The FDA has not yet made leukoreduction a requirement, ARC took a leading role in implementing this procedure with a goal of leukoreducing all blood products. More than 70% of ARC red blood cell components undergo prestorage leukoreduction, a filtering process performed soon after blood is donated. ARC operates the Jerome H. Holland blood laboratory in Rockville, Maryland . ARC offers cellular therapies ; this treatment involves collecting and treating blood cells from

1947-446: The GNN website featured original content in six categories: personal finance, sports, education, travel, Story Cafe, and Web Review. GNN continued to offer unique content while part of AOL. In November 1995 it announced its second "Best of the Net" awards. In mid-1996 it introduced a three-minute daily audio clip called "Spanq", hosted by "Trip Anchor" and "Uncle Dutch". The show critiqued what

2006-463: The GNN workplace, which relocated to Berkeley . Lydia Dobyns, who had not been with O'Reilly, was hired as vice president of product marketing and service operations for GNN. When AOL debuted GNN, it was as an Internet service provider (ISP), as a counterpoint to AOL's primary online service, which at the time offered its own content, with limited access to non-AOL Internet websites. The service cost $ 14.95 per month for 20 hours of Internet access, and

2065-541: The Red Cross from the country of Switzerland. Barton resigned in 1904 with Mabel Thorp Boardman taking control soon after. It is the designated US affiliate of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the United States movement to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement . The organization is involved with and responsible for the aftercare of notable disasters, such as

2124-491: The State and War Department became concerned with increasing reports of hunger within the country. As a result, Knox asked the ARC to supply food for non-combatants as well. American forces worked with the ARC to open railroads to distribute humanitarian supplies to Managua , Granada , Léon , and other key cities. Although the ARC was a non-governmental agency, its humanitarian efforts lined up with American foreign policy, becoming

2183-408: The United States. Each year, ARC responds to more than 60,000 disasters, including house or apartment fires (making up the majority), hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, hazardous materials spills, transportation accidents, explosions and other natural and man-made disasters. Although ARC is not a government agency, its authority to provide disaster relief was formalized when, in 1905, it

2242-505: The Web and Gopher, stating: He further notes: While Krol notes that a number of web browser options exist, he highlights ViolaWWW stating that, "The one called Viola or 'ViolaWWW' is probably the most feature rich" (p. 227). At the time of publication, HTML editors or "hypertext editors" were rare. Krol states: From inside cover of the November 1994 edition, supplemented with that of

2301-455: The call of the Red Cross.[110] Afterwards, the Italian government conferred upon the two men the honorific of "Cavaliere". Bowdoin and Wood were two of the twenty-one recipients of the American Red Cross silver medal for "specially meritorious service" for that year. Before 1908, the U.S. Congress had only rarely allocated funds for natural disasters; likewise, the level of funding given to Italy

2360-457: The company's CEO, Tim O'Reilly , authorized a four-person " skunkworks " team, led by Dale Dougherty and Lisa Gansky , and began planning for what would become GNN. The website was officially launched in August 1993 at Interop in San Francisco. A press release described GNN as ... a free Internet-based information center that will initially be available as a quarterly. GNN will consist of

2419-560: The dependents of those who perished. During World War Two , the American Red Cross ran the Booker T Washington Service Club in Sydney , Australia . Recent presidents and CEO s include Gail J. McGovern , Elizabeth Dole , Bernadine Healy , Mary S. Elcano, Mark W. Everson and John F. McGuire. In 2007, U.S. legislation clarified the role for the Board of Governors and that of the senior management in

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2478-543: The general public. A major misconception among the general public is that ARC provides medical facilities, engages in search and rescue operations or deploys ambulances. Instead, first responder roles are left to government agencies as dictated by the National Response Framework . Red Cross societies outside the U.S. may provide such functions; for example, the Cruz Roja Mexicana (Mexican Red Cross) runs

2537-429: The most heavily visited web page at the time, was being jointly written by NCSA and GNN, and published on both of their websites. In December, GNN recorded more than 2 million page requests from Web users. By April 1995, GNN staff had increased to 23. In June 1995, it had more than 400,000 regular viewers, of whom 180,000 were registered subscribers. Advertisers such as MasterCard and Zima paid rates of $ 110 to $ 11,000

2596-513: The people who support its work with their donations. Disaster relief focuses on emergency disaster-caused needs. When a disaster threatens or strikes, ARC provides shelter , food and health and mental health services ( Psychological First Aid ) to address basic human needs. The core of American Red Cross disaster relief is assistance to individuals and families to enable them to resume their normal daily activities. The organization provides translation and interpretation when necessary, and maintains

2655-560: The results of the largest study of charitable and nonprofit organization popularity and credibility. The study showed that ARC was ranked as the third "most popular charity/non-profit in America" of over 100 charities researched, with 48% of Americans over age 12 choosing "Love" or "Like A lot" to describe it. ARC supplies roughly 45% of the donated blood in the United States, which it sells to hospitals and regional suppliers. Community-based blood centers supply nearly 50% and approximately 5%

2714-691: The sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912, World War I, the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, World War II, Hurricane Katrina , and the Maui wildfires of 2023 . The American Red Cross offers services and development programs such as blood donations, plasma and tissue services, and additional research. It has also had a long-standing relationship with the US military, providing emergency and non-emergency services, including family communications and recreation. Clara Barton established

2773-559: The sponsor of the "Best of the Net" awards at Internet World in San Jose, California . By that time, GNN was being accessed 150,000 times per week, and had more than 30,000 registered users (subscribers). By November the number had risen to 40,000. By mid-1994, GNN had twelve staff, including sales and marketing, technical, and editorial. By July of that year, GNN had 45 companies as clients, either buying advertising or selling products online at GNN. By year-end, NCSA 's "What's New" page, among

2832-562: The state to facilitate the realization of American foreign policy objects. Principally, the American Red Cross enhanced America's image abroad while also disseminating American practices and values throughout Europe. It intervened in European health and welfare practices by introducing American methods. Moreover, after the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia, President Wilson used the American Red Cross as

2891-466: The tissue to more than 1 million transplant recipients. At the end of January 2005, ARC ended its Tissue Services program to focus on its primary missions of Disaster Relief and Blood Services. A leader in the plasma industry, ARC provides more than one quarter of the nation's plasma products. Red Cross Plasma Services provides plasma products that are reliable, cost-effective and as safe as possible. In February 1999, ARC completed its "Transformation",

2950-470: The wake of difficulties following Hurricane Katrina . Members of the board of governors other than the chairman are elected at the annual meeting of chapter delegates. The board appoints the chief executive officer. As of April 2023, the American Red Cross scores four out of four stars at Charity Navigator and A− at CharityWatch . In 1996, the Chronicle of Philanthropy , an industry magazine, released

3009-436: The worst disasters in U.S. history. Many within the organization became frustrated with Barton's leadership style, and Barton resigned from the organization in 1904. Professional social work experts took control and made the group a model of Progressive Era scientific reform. New leader Mabel Thorp Boardman consulted with senior government officials, military officers, social workers, and financiers. William Howard Taft

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3068-457: Was also unprecedented. The ARC's aid to Italy carried important diplomatic meaning for the U.S. due to the large number of Italian emigrants who left for the U.S. every year, and Italy's growing importance within Europe. ARC leaders viewed relief efforts in Italy as a way to demonstrate U.S. care for the nation. Alongside this, disaster relief was seen as a tool for social reform. A fundamental goal of

3127-594: Was determined to bring the organization to America. Barton became President of the American branch of the society, known as the American National Red Cross in May 1881 in Washington. The first chapters opened in upstate New York, where she had connections. John D. Rockefeller and four others donated money to help create a national headquarters near the White House . The abolitionist Frederick Douglass ,

3186-571: Was especially influential. They imposed an ethos of " managerialism ", transforming the agency from Barton's cult of personality to an "organizational humanitarianism" ready for expansion. Among the notable disasters of the Progressive Era that featured American Red Cross involvement was the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912. The New York City chapter joined with the Charity Organization Society to provide funds to survivors and

3245-726: Was established in 1881 at the English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Dansville. Jane Delano (1862–1919) founded the American Red Cross Nursing Service on January 20, 1910. Barton founded the American chapter after learning of the Red Cross in Geneva , Switzerland. In 1869, she went to Europe and became involved in the work of the International Red Cross during the Franco-Prussian War . She

3304-436: Was granted a congressional charter to "carry on a system of national and international relief in time of peace and apply the same in mitigating the sufferings caused by pestilence, famine, fire, floods, and other great national calamities, and to devise and carry on measures for preventing the same." The charter is not only a grant of power but also an imposition of duties and obligations to the nation, to disaster victims and to

3363-400: Was new on the Web, in a format described as "Siskel & Ebert meet Beavis and Butt-Head." GNN Server, a web page server platform (previously NaviServer ) and GNN Editor, an HTML editor (previously NaviPress ), were both groundbreaking for their time. AOL, which had purchased them, rebranded them and made them available for free on GNN. In late October 1996, AOL announced that it would offer

3422-762: Was not, however, the first to do rotating banner ads ; that was pioneered by HotWired in October 1994.) That an online-only "magazine" would support itself by advertising, as GNN planned, was called "remarkable" in a September 1994 review of GNN. In May 1994, at the First International Conference on the World-Wide Web , GNN was voted the "Best Commercial Site", and was among the top three in three other categories: "Best Overall Sites"; "Most Important Service Concept", and "Best Document Design". The next month, GNN presented its own awards to twelve other websites, as

3481-503: Was the ARC's first major response to an international civilian disaster. In December of that year two Americans, Harry Bowdoin and Charles King Wood, were in Taormina when the earthquake occurred. Mr. Bowdoin was spending the winter in Taormina with his invalid mother and Mr. Wood was an artist who had lived in Taormina for several years. These two men entered upon the work of relief answering

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