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66-477: The project scope includes analyzing alterations in climate, land use and land cover, natural resources including water, agriculture and biodiversity, atmospheric composition, chemical composition and ecological systems that may alter the Earth's capacity to sustain life. Global change research includes activities aimed at describing and understanding the interactive physical, chemical and biological processes that regulate

132-405: A holistic view of the dynamic interaction between the Earth's spheres and their many constituent subsystems fluxes and processes, the resulting spatial organization and time evolution of these systems, and their variability, stability and instability. Subsets of Earth System science include systems geology and systems ecology , and many aspects of Earth System science are fundamental to

198-469: A Carleton-specific program, because full financial aid and academic credits can transfer to other programs, many students choose to study with other schools or organizations. Admission to Carleton has been categorized as "most selective" by U.S. News & World Report . The class of 2028 admittance rate was 17.9% of all applicants, making Carleton the most selective college in Minnesota. Carleton has

264-519: A college in Northfield. Two Northfield businessmen, Charles Augustus Wheaton and Charles Moorehouse Goodsell, each donated 10 acres (4 ha) of land for the first campus. The first students enrolled at the preparatory unit of Northfield College in the fall of 1867. In 1870, the first college president, James Strong , traveled to the East Coast to raise funds for the college. On his way from visiting

330-463: A cup in one hand. In 1997, Sports Illustrated honored Rotblatt in its "Best of Everything" section with the award, "Longest Intramural Event". Rotblatt himself attended the game several times over the course of his life and appreciated the tradition. A highly visible campus tradition is "Friday Flowers", where students can purchase individual flowers from a local florist and place them in one another's mailboxes each Friday of term. This tradition

396-703: A few years, the group evolved to engage in legitimate spiritual exploration. Its legacy remains in campus location names such as the Stone Circle (commonly called "the Druid Circle" ) and the Hill of the Three Oaks. Meetings continue to be held in the Carleton College Cowling Arboretum . President Bill Clinton gave the last commencement address of his administration at Carleton, on June 10, 2000, marking

462-417: A former Chicago White Sox pitcher. Although traditional intramural softball is still played at Carleton, the name "Rotblatt" now refers to a campus-wide annual beer softball game that is played with one inning for every year of the school's existence. The game begins at sunrise and lasts until the slated number of innings have been completed for that year. The only rule for gameplay is that all players must have

528-561: A music festival called Farmstock. Originally a small event with a picnic and acoustic music, the event has evolved into an all-campus affair, featuring the roasting of a whole pig and a full day of live music. The event takes place in the backyard of Farm House—Carleton's sustainability interest house—and is planned and organized by Farm students. The college campus was created in 1867 with the gifts of two 10-acre (4 ha) parcels from local businessmen Charles M. Goodsell and Charles Augustus Wheaton . The 1,040-acre (420 ha) school campus

594-477: A number of Carleton students have participated in Beer Olympics (BO). In recent years, over 100 students have competed. BO is a competition that spans two days and consists of a series of events involving chugging beer (usually Hamms ). These events include the frisbee, in which two students chug four beers out of a frisbee placed on the floor; the high-jump, in which a single student chugs up to eight beers out of

660-486: A one-story-tall beer bong ; and the 40-40, in which a student chugs a 40-ounce beer and runs a 40-yard dash. Every year, a commission of students is elected to plan and organize Beer Olympics. The commission rotates every year, and any changes to the rules must be ratified and explained in the Beer Olympics Manifesto, which as of 2019 was 11 pages long. Every spring since 1979, Carleton students have organized

726-525: A penguin and the graduating year. At the Frisbee Toss Ceremony, students write their name on the frisbee, gather on the Bald Spot in a circle and throw their discs. This officially marks the beginning of a student's time at Carleton. After the toss, each new student collects a disc and eventually returns it to the original owner in the hopes of making a new friend. Each spring term since at least 2002

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792-540: A potential donor, William Carleton of Charlestown, Massachusetts , Strong was badly injured in a collision between his carriage and a train. Impressed by Strong's survival of the accident, Carleton donated $ 50,000 to the fledgling institution in 1871. As a result, the Board of Trustees renamed the school, Carleton College , in his honor. The college graduated its first class in 1874, James J. Dow and Myra A. Brown, who married each other later that year. On September 7, 1876,

858-470: A single integrated entity. It is also a system where human impacts have been growing rapidly in recent decades, lending immense importance to the successful development and advancement of Earth System science research. As just one example of the centrality of climatology to the field, leading American climatologist Michael E. Mann is the Director of one of the earliest centers for Earth System science research,

924-410: A sketch comedy troupe, six a cappella groups, four choirs, seven specialized instrumental ensembles, five dance interest groups, two auditioned dance companies, a successful Mock Trial team, a nationally competitive debate program, and the student-run 24-hour KRLX radio station, which employs more than 200 volunteers each term. In five of the last twelve years, Carleton College students received

990-531: A strong history of enrolling students who are in the National Merit Scholarship Program , often enrolling more than any other liberal arts college in the nation. The class of 2026 included 38 National Merit Scholars. Carleton has been in the top 10 liberal arts colleges since 1997 in the U.S. News & World Report rankings. For 2022, it ranks tied for 6th overall, 1st for "Best Undergraduate Teaching", and 21st for "Best Value". In 2019,

1056-409: A writing-rich course, three quantitative reasoning encounters (courses in which students work with quantitative data and arguments), language, international studies, intercultural domestic studies, humanistic inquiry, literary/artistic analysis, arts practice, science, formal or statistical reasoning, social inquiry, and physical education. The average class size at Carleton is 16 students. Carleton

1122-521: Is a sub-discipline of earth system governance , itself a subfield of earth system sciences analyzed from a social sciences perspective. Carleton College Carleton College ( / ˈ k ɑːr l t ɪ n / KARL -tin ) is a private liberal arts college in Northfield, Minnesota . Founded in 1866, the 200-acre (81 ha) main campus is between Northfield and the approximately 800-acre (320 ha) Cowling Arboretum , which became part of

1188-426: Is a weekly satire publication, distributed on Fridays during convocation time. The magazine is printed in grayscale, on 8.5" x 11" paper instead of traditional newsprint. The CLAP is notable for accepting any and all student submissions, allowing any student to have their opinions and jokes published without censorship. Carleton has numerous student traditions and a long history of student pranks, including painting

1254-569: Is on a hill overlooking the Cannon River , at the northeast edge of Northfield. To the north and east is the 800-acre (320 ha) Cowling Arboretum , which was farm fields in the early years of the college. The 0.25-acre (0.10 ha) Jo Ryo En Japanese Garden is located behind Watson Hall in the center of the campus. Several of Carleton's older buildings have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Willis Hall ,

1320-582: Is on the NRHP. Replaced in function by the Gould Library in the 1950s, Scoville was adapted for administrative space. Four nineteenth-century buildings have been demolished. Gridley Hall (1882) was the main women's dormitory for many years, and was torn down in 1967 for construction of the Music and Drama Center. Williams Hall (1880) was the college's first science building, and was demolished in 1961. Seccombe House (1880)

1386-465: Is one of the few liberal arts colleges to run on the trimester system . The most popular majors, by 2023 graduates, were: Studying abroad is common at Carleton: 76% of the senior class of 2018 studied abroad at least once over their four years. Carleton offers a number of its own programs each year, which are led by Carleton faculty and available only to Carleton students. In 2017–2018, 17 such programs were offered. Although many students opt to go on

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1452-483: The Washington Monthly ratings — using criteria of social mobility, research, and service — ranked Carleton the 24th best college in the liberal arts college category. In the 2019 Forbes ranking of 650 American colleges, which combines liberal arts colleges, service academies and national research universities, Carleton is ranked 52nd. Kiplinger's Personal Finance places Carleton 13th in its 2019 ranking of

1518-642: The American Geophysical Union , in cooperation with the Keck Geology Consortium and with support from five divisions within the National Science Foundation , convened a workshop in 1996, "to define common educational goals among all disciplines in the Earth sciences". In its report, participants noted that, "The fields that make up the Earth and space sciences are currently undergoing a major advancement that promotes understanding

1584-585: The Earth system ; the unique environment that the Earth provides for life; changes that are occurring in the Earth system; and the manner in which such systems, environments and changes are influenced by human actions. GCIS has developed information models and ontology to represent the content structure of the NCA3 and its associated provenance information and has been extending its models to incorporate more global change information. Records of objects and relationships within

1650-561: The James-Younger Gang , led by outlaw Jesse James , tried to rob the First National Bank of Northfield. Joseph Lee Heywood , Carleton's Treasurer, was acting cashier at the bank that day. He was shot and killed for refusing to open the safe, foiling the attempt. Carleton later named a library fund after Heywood. The Heywood Society is the name for a group of donors who have named Carleton in their wills. In its early years under

1716-402: The biosphere (living things). Climate is the statistical characterization of the climate system. It represents the average weather , typically over a period of 30 years, and is determined by a combination of processes, such as ocean currents and wind patterns. Circulation in the atmosphere and oceans transports heat from the tropical regions to regions that receive less energy from

1782-461: The magnetosphere —as well as the impact of human societies on these components. At its broadest scale, Earth system science brings together researchers across both the natural and social sciences, from fields including ecology , economics , geography , geology , glaciology , meteorology , oceanography , climatology , paleontology , sociology , and space science . Like the broader subject of systems science , Earth system science assumes

1848-531: The 149 best value liberal arts colleges in the United States. Carleton was ranked 5th in the 2015 Brookings Institution list of "Four-Year or Higher Colleges With the Highest Value-Added With Respect to Mid-Career Earnings", with Carleton adding an estimated 43% in value, raising the predicted mid-career salary of $ 76,236 to $ 117,700. In a 2012 study of higher education institutions, Carleton

1914-591: The Best Delegation award at the World Model United Nations competition. In the 2013–2014 academic year, the school's team ranked among the top 25 in the nation. The Carletonian is the school's newspaper and was founded in 1877. It is distributed weekly on Fridays during the school year. The Cow Print is a satire magazine at Carleton, published and distributed fortnightly. It was founded in 1999. The Carleton Literary Association Paper (The CLAP)

1980-516: The Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University, and its mission statement reads, "the Earth System Science Center (ESSC) maintains a mission to describe, model, and understand the Earth's climate system". Earth's climate system is a complex system with five interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and

2046-670: The Earth as a number of interrelated systems". Recognizing the rise of this systems approach , the workshop report recommended that an Earth System science curriculum be developed with support from the National Science Foundation. In 2000, the Earth System Science Education Alliance (ESSEA) was begun, and currently includes the participation of 40+ institutions, with over 3,000 teachers having completed an ESSEA course as of fall 2009". The concept of earth system law (still in its infancy as per 2021)

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2112-680: The GCIS are represented in a database for the Semantic Web , which can be queried using the SPARQL language. GCIS assigns globally unique persistent identifiers to all of the entities, activities, and agents relevant to provenance. Each identifier is mapped to a uniform resource identifier (URI) in the GCIS namespace, allowing use of those identifiers for the Semantic Web and other linked data systems. By categorizing, annotating, and linking provenance information,

2178-661: The GCIS becomes capable of answering provenance-tracking questions about global change research. The GCIS Ontology promotes representation and documentation by incorporating the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)’s recommendation on provenance modeling (PROV) into the design. The ontology uses the namespace prefix GCIS. A conceptual map of the GCIS Ontology version 1.2 is accessible on the Web. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from About

2244-541: The Global Change Information System . U.S. Global Change Research Program . Earth system Earth system science ( ESS ) is the application of systems science to the Earth . In particular, it considers interactions and 'feedbacks', through material and energy fluxes, between the Earth's sub-systems' cycles, processes and "spheres"— atmosphere , hydrosphere , cryosphere , geosphere , pedosphere , lithosphere , biosphere , and even

2310-526: The Minnesota Baptist Convention. It lasted until 1928, when the Baptists severed the relationship as a result of fundamentalist opposition to Carleton's liberalism, including the college's support for teaching evolution . Non-denominational for a number of years, in 1964 Carleton abolished its requirement for weekly attendance at some religious or spiritual meeting. In 1927, students founded

2376-400: The NRHP. Three connected western dorms were built for men: Burton Hall (1915), Davis Hall (1923), and Severance Hall (1928), and two residence halls were built for women: Nourse Hall (1917) and Margaret Evans Hall (1927). Evans Hall was notable for decades for its subdivision into adjacent columns of rooms off stairwells, rather than the more typical arrangement of floors of rooms on hallways. In

2442-485: The Sun. Solar radiation is the main driving force for this circulation. The water cycle also moves energy throughout the climate system. In addition, certain chemical elements are constantly moving between the components of the climate system. Two examples for these biochemical cycles are the carbon and nitrogen cycles . Earth System science can be studied at a postgraduate level at some universities. In general education,

2508-427: The beginnings of global change studies and programs. Climatology and climate change have been central to Earth System science since its inception, as evidenced by the prominent place given to climate change in the early NASA reports discussed above. The Earth's climate system is a prime example of an emergent property of the whole planetary system, that is, one which cannot be fully understood without regarding it as

2574-427: The book-length Earth System Science: A Closer View (1988), constitute a major landmark in the formal development of Earth system science. Early works discussing Earth system science, like these NASA reports, generally emphasized the increasing human impacts on the Earth system as a primary driver for the need of greater integration among the life and geo-sciences, making the origins of Earth system science parallel to

2640-571: The building. Beginning in 1954, Willis served as the college student union, until it was replaced in 1979 by the Sayles-Hill Student Center, a converted gymnasium. Willis Hall now houses the Economics, Political Science, and Educational Studies offices. Goodsell Observatory , also on the NRHP, was constructed in 1887 and at the time was the largest observatory in the state of Minnesota. It was named for Charles Goodsell, who donated land for

2706-400: The business office. The Great Depression and World War II essentially ended the construction boom for two decades. Boliou Hall was built in 1949 in a modernist style, using yellow sandstone as a major element. It was enlarged using a similar style and materials in the early 1990s. The Library was built in 1956 in a similar style, but was expanded in a brick-based style in the mid-1980s. It

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2772-412: The business/finance/sales sector. Over 10% work in either healthcare or higher education. Pre K-12 education accounts for about 9% of graduates. Carleton graduates with only a bachelor's degree have an average mid-career salary of $ 113,800, according to self-reported data from PayScale . Carleton typically enrolls about 2,000 students, with roughly equal numbers of women and men. As of 2016, 26.5% of

2838-418: The bust from Scoville Library while books were being transferred to the new library. "Schiller" resided in their dorm rooms for a period, only to have the bust taken from them. Possession of the bust escalated into an elaborate competition, which took on a high degree of secrecy and strategy. Schiller's public appearances, accompanied with a cry of "Schiller!", are a tacit challenge to other students to capture

2904-433: The bust. The currently circulating bust of Schiller was retrieved from Puebla , Mexico in the summer of 2003. In 2006, students created an online scavenger hunt, made up of a series of complex riddles about Carleton, which led participants to Schiller's hidden location. The bust was stolen from the winner of the scavenger hunt. At commencement in 2006, the holders of the bust arranged for Schiller to "graduate". When his name

2970-630: The campus in the 1920s. The college offers courses from 33 major programs and 38 minor programs, and has the option for students to design their own majors. Carleton's varsity sports compete at the NCAA Division III level in the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference . The school was founded in 1866, when the Minnesota Conference of Congregational Churches unanimously accepted a resolution to locate

3036-626: The campus. From the late 19th century to the end of World War II, Goodsell Observatory kept the time for every major railroad west of the Mississippi River , including Northern Pacific Railway , the Great Northern Railway , the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railroad , and the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway . Scoville Hall (originally Scoville Memorial Library ), completed in 1896,

3102-603: The college in 1944, the Stanton Airfield has been operated for commercial use. The world premiere production of the English translation of Bertolt Brecht 's play, The Caucasian Chalk Circle , was performed in 1948 at Carleton's Little Nourse Theater. In 1963, Carleton students founded the Reformed Druids of North America , initially as a means to be excused from attendance of then-mandatory weekly chapel service. Within

3168-519: The college's water tower. Notably, a likeness of President Clinton was painted on the tower the night before his commencement speech in 2000. Early the following morning, college maintenance staff painted over it (although in his speech, Clinton mentioned his amusement and regret it had been covered before he could see it). A bust of Friedrich Schiller , known simply as "Schiller", has made regular, brief appearances at large campus events. The tradition dates back to 1956, when two students absconded with

3234-558: The development of climate models that began to allow the detailed and interacting simulations of the Earth's weather and climate . Subsequent extension of these models has led to the development of "Earth system models" (ESMs) that include facets such as the cryosphere and the biosphere. In the 1980s, where a NASA committee called the Earth System Science Committee was formed in 1983. The earliest reports of NASA's ESSC, Earth System Science: Overview (1986), and

3300-521: The fall of 2012, Evans was heavily refurbished to modernize the internal layout and increase overall occupancy. Music Hall was built in 1914, and since the construction of the Music & Drama Center in 1967 has been referred to as Old Music Hall. Laird Stadium which stands at the site of the football and track field, was built in 1927. Leighton Hall (1920), originally built for the Chemistry department, now houses academic and administrative offices, including

3366-448: The first building on campus, was constructed from 1869 to 1872. Originally the hall contained the men's dormitory, classrooms, library, and chapel. The building was gutted by fire in 1879, after which it was entirely rebuilt within the existing stone shell. The original front of the building became the rear entrance with the construction of Severance Hall in 1928. As new buildings were constructed, various academic departments cycled through

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3432-639: The first presidential visit to the college. Carleton is a small, liberal arts college offering 33 different majors and 37 minors, and is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . Students also have the option to design their own major. Ten languages are offered: Spanish, French, German, Chinese, Japanese, Russian, Arabic, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. The academic calendar follows a trimester system in which students usually take three classes per 10-week term. Degree students are required to take an Argument & Inquiry Seminar in their first year,

3498-466: The first student-run pub in the nation, The Cave . Located in the basement of Evans Hall, it continues to host live music shows and other events several times each week. In 1942, Carleton purchased land in Stanton , about 10 miles (16 km) east of campus, to use for flight training. During World War II , several classes of male students went through air basic training at the college. Since being sold by

3564-406: The large-scale processes involved in mountain and ocean formation. As geology developed as a science , understanding of the interplay of different facets of the Earth system increased, leading to the inclusion of factors such as the Earth's interior , planetary geology , living systems and Earth-like worlds . In many respects, the foundational concepts of Earth System science can be seen in

3630-463: The natural philosophy 19th century geographer Alexander von Humboldt . In the 20th century, Vladimir Vernadsky (1863–1945) saw the functioning of the biosphere as a geological force generating a dynamic disequilibrium, which in turn promoted the diversity of life. In parallel, the field of systems science was developing across numerous other scientific fields, driven in part by the increasing availability and power of computers , and leading to

3696-474: The past, current and future states of the Earth. Earth System science provides a physical basis for understanding the world in which we live and upon which humankind seeks to achieve sustainability". Earth System science has articulated four overarching, definitive and critically important features of the Earth System, which include: For millennia, humans have speculated how the physical and living elements on

3762-581: The presidency of James Strong, Carleton reflected the theological conservatism of its Minnesota Congregational founders. In 1903, modern religious influences were introduced by William Sallmon, a Yale Divinity School graduate, who was hired as college president. Sallmon was opposed by conservative faculty members and alumni, and left the presidency by 1908. After Sallmon left, the trustees hired Donald J. Cowling, another theologically liberal Yale Divinity School graduate, as his successor. In 1916, under Cowling's leadership, Carleton began an official affiliation with

3828-399: The president's office. Sayles-Hill was built as the first school gymnasium in 1910, and converted to a student center in 1979. The eclectic styles of the eight buildings that made up the college in 1914, when Donald Cowling became president, were replaced by a uniform Collegiate Gothic style for the nine buildings erected during his tenure. Skinner Memorial Chapel , completed in 1916, is on

3894-444: The subjects of physical geography and climate science . The Science Education Resource Center , Carleton College , offers the following description: "Earth System science embraces chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics and applied sciences in transcending disciplinary boundaries to treat the Earth as an integrated system. It seeks a deeper understanding of the physical, chemical, biological and human interactions that determine

3960-455: The surface of the Earth combine, with gods and goddesses frequently posited to embody specific elements. The notion that the Earth, itself, is alive was a regular theme of Greek philosophy and religion. Early scientific interpretations of the Earth system began in the field of geology , initially in the Middle East and China, and largely focused on aspects such as the age of the Earth and

4026-526: The total student population are domestic students of color, 10.9% are among the first generation in their family to attend college, and 83.5% are U.S. citizens from out of state. 10.2% of students are international , with the most represented countries being China (4.3%), South Korea (0.8%), India (0.7%), Canada (0.7%), and Japan (0.4%). The school's nearly 240 active student organizations include three theater boards (coordinating as many as ten productions every term), long-form and short-form improv groups and

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4092-517: Was called at the appropriate moment, the bust was pulled from behind the podium and displayed. In March 2010, the bust of Schiller appeared on The Colbert Report . The appearance was organized by custodians of Schiller who contacted Peter Gwinn , a Carleton alumnus who was a writer for the program. The bust also appeared on a Halloween broadcast of A Prairie Home Companion on Minnesota Public Radio. In 1964, Carleton students named an intramural slow-pitch softball league after Marv Rotblatt ,

4158-428: Was in the news after three students died in a car accident en route to a frisbee tournament in 2014. Students at the nearby St. Olaf College sent over Friday Flowers for each student's mailbox. Later that fall, after a St. Olaf student died, Carleton returned the gesture. Every first year student receives a frisbee on their first day of orientation. The design of the disc changes from year to year but always includes

4224-1129: Was listed as the most chosen as a peer institution, followed by Princeton and Oberlin . In the 2023–2024 school year, 14 Carleton graduates obtained a Fulbright grant from 54 applications. Among liberal arts colleges, the school is a "Top Producer of Fulbright Awards for American Students". Carleton has produced 75 Watson Fellows . Of those who applied, on average over 80% of Carleton graduates are accepted to medical school and about 90% to law school. Within five years of graduating, between 65% and 75% of graduates pursue postgraduate studies. The 15 most common graduate or professional schools attended by Carleton students are University of Minnesota–Twin Cities , University of Wisconsin–Madison , University of Michigan–Ann Arbor , Harvard , University of Chicago , University of Washington , Columbia , UC Berkeley , Northwestern , NYU , Yale , and Stanford . The most commonly pursued graduate programs are law, medicine, education, business administration, history, and chemistry. Over 20% of all Carleton graduates since 1990 work in

4290-673: Was renamed the Gould Memorial Library in 1995 for former President Larry Gould . Musser and Myers Halls were built in 1958 as men's and women's dorms respectively, in a bare-bones modernist brick style. Minoru Yamasaki , architect of the Northwestern National Life Building in Minneapolis and of the original New York World Trade Center , designed five buildings at Carleton in the 1960s. Olin Hall of Science (1961) has

4356-406: Was used for music instruction until 1914, and was located near the site of the current Skinner Chapel. The first observatory (1878) was replaced by Goodsell Observatory in 1887, and the old building was demolished in 1905 to make way for Laird Hall. Laird Hall was built for science classes in 1905; the classical-revival building now houses the English department and administrative offices, including

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