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53-512: Glenn Douglas Barnard Cornick (23 April 1947 – 28 August 2014) was an English bass guitarist , best known as the original bassist for the British rock band Jethro Tull from 1967 to 1970. Rolling Stone has called his playing with Tull as "stout, nimble underpinning, the vital half of a blues-ribbed, jazz-fluent rhythm section". Cornick attended Barrow-in-Furness Grammar School for Boys, and then moved to Blackpool . The first group he played with

106-522: A single coil pickup similar to that of a Telecaster . By 1957 the Precision more closely resembled the Fender Stratocaster with the body edges beveled for comfort, and the pickup was changed to a split coil design. The Fender Bass was a revolutionary instrument for gigging musicians. In comparison with the large, heavy upright bass , which had been the main bass instrument in popular music from

159-415: A 30-inch (762 mm) scale-length instrument. The Fender VI , a 6-string bass, was tuned one octave lower than standard guitar tuning. It was released in 1961, and was briefly favored by Jack Bruce of Cream . Gibson introduced its short-scale 30.5-inch (775 mm) EB-3 in 1961, also used by Bruce. The EB-3 had a "mini-humbucker" at the bridge position. Gibson basses tended to be instruments with

212-434: A hybrid between the two. Coated strings have their surface coated with a synthetic layer while tapewound strings feature a metal core with a non-metallic winding. Taperwound strings have a tapered end where the exposed core sits on the bridge saddle without windings. The choice of winding has considerable impact on the sound of the instrument, with certain winding styles often being preferred for certain musical genres. In

265-967: A shorter 30.5" scale length than the Precision. Gibson did not produce a 34-inch (864 mm)-scale bass until 1963 with the release of the Thunderbird . The first commercial fretless bass guitar was the Ampeg AUB-1, introduced in 1966. In the late 1960s, eight-string basses, with four octave paired courses (similar to a 12 string guitar), were introduced, such as the Hagström H8. In 1972, Alembic established what became known as "boutique" or "high-end" electric bass guitars. These expensive, custom-tailored instruments, as used by Phil Lesh , Jack Casady , and Stanley Clarke , featured unique designs, premium hand-finished wood bodies, and innovative construction techniques such as multi-laminate neck-through-body construction and graphite necks. Alembic also pioneered

318-515: A single pickup . Around 100 were made during this period. Audiovox also sold their "Model 236" bass amplifier. In the 1950s, Leo Fender and George Fullerton developed the first mass-produced electric bass guitar. The Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company began producing the Precision Bass , or P-Bass, in October 1951. The design featured a simple uncontoured "slab" body design and

371-555: A six-string bass tuned (low to high) B0, E1, A1, D2, G2, C3, adding a low B string and a high C string. Hilo, Hawaii Hilo is in the District of South Hilo. The city overlooks Hilo Bay and has views of two shield volcanoes , Mauna Loa , an active volcano , and Mauna Kea , a dormant volcano . The Hilo bay-front has been destroyed by tsunamis twice. The majority of human settlement in Hilo stretches from Hilo Bay to Waiākea-Uka , on

424-629: Is Hilo's primary newspaper distribution company along with other newspapers like the Honolulu Star-Advertiser . Asteroid (342431) Hilo is named after Hilo. Hilo also referred to the District of Hilo when the Big Island was divided into six districts by the traditional moku land division. Hilo is now divided in two: North and South Hilo Districts. The District of North Hilo, along Hawaii State Highway 19 from north to south, encompasses

477-460: Is home to Hawaii's only tsunami museum , mostly dedicated to the 1946 Pacific tsunami , and is notable for the banyan trees planted by Babe Ruth , Amelia Earhart and other celebrities. It is home to the Pana'ewa Rainforest Zoo , shopping centers, cafés and other eateries, movie theaters, hotels, restaurants, and a developed downtown area with a Farmers Market. Downtown Hilo is bounded approximately by

530-408: Is on the eastern and windward side of the island. It is classified by the U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place (CDP), and has a total area of 58.3 square miles (151.0 km ), 53.4 square miles (138.3 km ) of which is land and 4.9 square miles (12.7 km ) of which (8.4%) is water. Hilo has a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen : Af ), with substantial rainfall throughout

583-465: Is served by Hilo International Airport , where Hawaiian Airlines , and Southwest Airlines operate. Hilo is served by the county Hele-On Bus . Hilo is served by the Big Island's largest harbor, Hilo Harbor, which is on Hilo Bay . Hilo is home to a number of educational institutions, including two post-secondary institutions, the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo and Hawaiʻi Community College , and

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636-457: Is served by Hilo International Airport . Around 1100 AD, the first Hilo inhabitants arrived, bringing with them Polynesian knowledge and traditions. Although archaeological evidence is scant, oral history has many references to people living in Hilo, along the Wailuku and Wailoa rivers during the time of ancient Hawaii . Oral history gives the meaning of Hilo as "to twist". Originally,

689-410: Is termed a fretless bass . The scale of a bass is defined as the length of the freely oscillating strings between the nut and the bridge saddles. On a modern 4-string bass guitar, 30" (76 cm) or less is considered short scale, 32" (81 cm) medium scale, 34" (86 cm) standard or long scale and 35" (89 cm) extra-long scale. Bass pickups are generally attached to the body of the guitar and located beneath

742-452: Is the annual week-long Merrie Monarch Festival , the world's preeminent hula competition and festival, which brings in visitors and participants from all over the world. It is held in the spring of each year beginning on Easter Sunday. The local orchid society hosts the largest and most comprehensive orchid show in the state, the annual Hilo Orchid Show, which has been presented since 1951 and draws visitors and entrants worldwide. Hilo

795-593: Is the county seat. Hilo is home to county, state, and federal offices. The oldest city in the Hawaiian archipelago, Hilo's economy was historically based on the sugar plantations of its surrounding areas, prior to their closure in the 1990s. While Hilo has a fairly significant tourism sector, it gets less than half the annual visitors as the western coast of the Big Island, which has much sunnier weather and significantly less rain, with sandy and swimmable beaches and numerous major resorts. A main source of tourism in Hilo

848-414: Is the lowest-pitched member of the guitar family. It is a plucked string instrument similar in appearance and construction to an electric or acoustic guitar , but with a longer neck and scale length . The bass guitar most commonly has four strings, though five- and six-stringed models are also relatively popular, and bass guitars with even more (or fewer) strings or courses have been built. Since

901-656: Is usually tuned the same as the double bass, which corresponds to pitches one octave lower than the four lowest-pitched strings of a guitar (typically E , A , D , and G ). It is played primarily with the fingers or thumb, or with a pick . The electric bass guitar is acoustically a relatively quiet instrument, so to be heard at a practical performance volume, it requires external amplification . It can also be used in conjunction with direct input boxes , audio interfaces, mixing consoles, computers, or bass effects processors that offer headphone jacks. The majority of bass pickup systems are electromagnetic in nature. According to

954-674: The Aleutian Islands created a 46-foot-high (14 m) tsunami that hit Hilo 4.9 hours later, killing 159 total in the islands, with 96 deaths in Hilo alone. In response, an early warning system, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center , was established in 1949 to track these killer waves and provide warning. This tsunami also caused the end of the Hawaii Consolidated Railway , and instead the Hawaii Belt Road

1007-572: The Fender Jazz Bass , initially known as the "Deluxe Bass", used a body design known as an offset waist which was first seen on the Jazzmaster guitar in an effort to improve comfort while playing seated. The Jazz bass, or J-Bass, features two single-coil pickups. Providing a more "Gibson-scale" instrument, rather than the 34-inch (864 mm) Jazz and Precision, Fender produced the Mustang Bass ,

1060-562: The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , an "Electric bass guitar, usually with four heavy strings tuned E 1 '–A 1 '–D 2 –G 2 ." It also defines bass as "Bass (iv). A contraction of Double bass or Electric bass guitar." According to some authors the proper term is "electric bass". Common names for the instrument are "bass guitar", "electric bass guitar", and "electric bass" and some authors claim that they are historically accurate. A bass guitar whose neck lacks frets

1113-451: The StingRay , the first widely produced bass with active (powered) electronics built into the instrument. Basses with active electronics can include a preamplifier and knobs for boosting and cutting the low and high frequencies. In the mid-1970s, five-string basses, with a very low "B" string, were introduced. In 1975, bassist Anthony Jackson commissioned luthier Carl Thompson to build

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1166-479: The Wailuku River , Kamehameha Avenue , Ponahawai Street, and Kapiolani Street. The Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation is in Hilo, south of the main town off Hawaii Route 11 , north of Keaʻau . Hilo is home to most of the astronomical observatories on Mauna Kea as well as the ʻImiloa Planetarium and Museum. Astronomy has an economic impact of $ 100 million annually on the island. Astronomy on Mauna Kea

1219-409: The "Beatle bass". In 1957, Rickenbacker introduced the model 4000, the first bass to feature a neck-through -body design in which the neck is part of the body wood. The Burns London Supersound was introduced in 1958. With the explosion in popularity of rock music in the 1960s, many more manufacturers began making electric basses, including Yamaha , Teisco and Guyatone . Introduced in 1960,

1272-404: The 1930s, musician and inventor Paul Tutmarc of Seattle , Washington, developed the first electric bass guitar in its modern form, a fretted instrument designed to be played horizontally. The 1935 sales catalog for Tutmarc's company Audiovox featured his "Model 736 Bass Fiddle", a solid-bodied electric bass guitar with four strings, a 30 + 1 ⁄ 2 -inch (775-millimetre) scale length, and

1325-556: The 1950s. Kay Musical Instrument Company began production of the K162 in 1952, while Danelectro released the Longhorn in 1956. Also in 1956, at the German trade fair "Musikmesse Frankfurt" the distinctive Höfner 500/1 violin-shaped bass first appeared, constructed using violin techniques by Walter Höfner , a second-generation violin luthier. Due to its use by Paul McCartney , it became known as

1378-518: The 1960s. The downtown found a new role in the 1980s as the city's cultural center with several galleries and museums opening; the Palace Theater reopened in 1998 as an arthouse cinema . Closure of the sugar plantations (including those in Hāmākua ) during the 1990s hurt the local economy, coinciding with a general statewide slump. Hilo in recent years has seen commercial and population growth. Hilo

1431-566: The Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, and many early pioneers of the instrument, such as Carol Kaye , Joe Osborn , and Paul McCartney were originally guitarists. Also in 1953, Gibson released the first short-scale violin -shaped electric bass, the EB-1, with an extendable end pin so a bassist could play it upright or horizontally. In 1958, Gibson released

1484-471: The Hilo and Waiakea primary and secondary school districts. Charter schools in the area serve primary and secondary students. Although sometimes called a city , Hilo is not an incorporated city, and does not have a municipal government. The entire island, which is between the slightly larger state of Connecticut and smaller Rhode Island in size, is under the jurisdiction of the County of Hawaiʻi , of which Hilo

1537-576: The annual rainfall is above 200 inches (5,100 mm). Monthly mean temperatures range from 71.2 °F (21.8 °C) in February to 76.4 °F (24.7 °C) in August. The highest recorded temperature was 94 °F (34 °C) on May 20, 1996, and the lowest 53 °F (12 °C) on February 21, 1962. The wettest year was 1994 with 182.81 inches (4,643.4 mm), and the driest was 1983, with 68.09 inches (1,729.5 mm). The most rainfall in one month

1590-446: The arranging of the music, being one of the few members of Jethro Tull with some musical training. During his time with the band, he established his stage persona with strong virtuosity and remarkable musical competence. One of the few live recordings of Cornick with Jethro Tull is the video Nothing is Easy - Live at the Isle of Wight , recorded in 1970 and released in 2004. He was fired from

1643-664: The band, mainly because his lifestyle was more inclined to partying than other members'. After leaving Jethro Tull, Cornick played as a session musician for Leigh Stephens on his 1971 album And a Cast of Thousands . In the same year, he formed Wild Turkey, initially with: Graham Williams (guitar), Alan 'Tweke' Lewis (guitar), John "Pugwash" Weathers (ex- Pete Brown & Piblokto! and Gentle Giant ) on drums and Gary Pickford-Hopkins (ex-Eyes of Blue) on vocals; but Weathers and Williams left to join Graham Bond 's Magick before Wild Turkey recorded any material - soon after, Weathers joined

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1696-449: The core. Bass guitar strings vary by the material and cross-sectional shape of the winding. Common variants include roundwound, flatwound, halfwound (groundwound), coated, tapewound and taperwound (not to be confused with tapewound) strings. Roundwound and flatwound strings feature windings with circular and rounded-square cross-sections, respectively, with halfround (also referred to as halfwound, ground wound, pressure wound) strings being

1749-515: The early 2000s two live Wild Turkey albums were released, Final Performance (2000) and Live In Edinburgh (2001) and in 2006 the fourth studio album, You and Me in the Jungle , was recorded by Cornick, Pickford-Hopkins, Dyche and Gurl, who had all appeared on earlier albums. They were joined by Graham Williams (ex- Racing Cars ) (guitar), John "Pugwash" Weathers (percussion) and former Jethro Tull drummer Clive Bunker, all of whom had played with Cornick in

1802-424: The early 20th century to the 1940s, the bass guitar could be easily transported to shows. When amplified, the bass guitar was also less prone than acoustic basses to unwanted audio feedback . The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in tune more easily than on fretless acoustic or electric upright basses , and allowed guitarists to more easily transition to the instrument. In 1953, Monk Montgomery became

1855-594: The first bassist to tour with the Fender bass, in Lionel Hampton 's postwar big band . Montgomery was also possibly the first to record with the electric bass, on July 2, 1953, with the Art Farmer Septet . Roy Johnson (with Lionel Hampton), and Shifty Henry (with Louis Jordan and His Tympany Five ), were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black , who played with Elvis Presley , switched from upright bass to

1908-557: The flanks of the volcanoes. Hilo is home to the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo , ʻImiloa Astronomy Center , as well as the Merrie Monarch Festival , a week-long celebration, including three nights of competition, of ancient and modern hula that takes place annually after Easter . Hilo is also home to the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation , one of the world's leading producers of macadamia nuts. Hilo

1961-577: The following unincorporated towns and localities: There are locations inland along State Highway 200 including Mauna Kea mountain road, Puu Huluhulu , and others. In the District of South Hilo, along State Highway 19, are the following unincorporated towns and localities: Along State Highway 11 are: There are other locations. Along State Highway 200 and its extension are: There are other locations. Jasmin Iolani Hakes' 2023 book Hula: A Novel , which won Honolulu magazine's award for Book of

2014-608: The maple arched-top EB-2 described in the Gibson catalog as a "hollow-body electric bass that features a Bass/Baritone pushbutton for two different tonal characteristics". In 1959, these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass . The EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance (although the earliest examples have a slab-sided body shape closer to that of the double-cutaway Les Paul Special). The Fender and Gibson versions used bolt-on and set necks. Several other companies also began manufacturing bass guitars during

2067-474: The mid-1950s, the bass guitar has largely come to replace the double bass in popular music due to its lighter weight, the inclusion of frets (for easier intonation ) in most models, and, most importantly, its design for electric amplification. This is also because the double bass is acoustically compromised for its range (like the viola ) in that it is scaled down from the optimal size that would be appropriate for those low notes. The four-string bass guitar

2120-428: The name "Hilo" applied to a district encompassing much of the east coast of the island of Hawaiʻi , now divided into the District of South Hilo and the District of North Hilo. When William Ellis visited in 1823, the main settlement there was Waiākea on the south shore of Hilo Bay . Missionaries came to the district in the early-to-middle 19th century, founding Haili Church . Hilo expanded as sugar plantations in

2173-590: The past. Cornick died in Hilo, Hawaii , on 28 August 2014, due to congestive heart failure . His death was widely reported in the media and specialist publications like the Prog Magazine and Rolling Stone . Jethro Tull bandmate Ian Anderson paid tribute on the band's website. Martin Barre also lamented the death of his friend. Bass guitar The bass guitar , electric bass or simply bass ( / b eɪ s / )

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2226-416: The population. 21.1% of the households had children under the age of 18 living with them. The average household size was 2.71. The age distribution was 21.1% under age 18, 4.5% under age 5, and 21.10% 65 or older. The percent of females are 51.1%. The median household income on the 2020 census was $ 70,356, and the per capita income was $ 34,678. 16.1% of the population is under the poverty line. Hilo

2279-776: The progressive rock band Gentle Giant . They were replaced by Jon Blackmore (guitar and vocals) and Jeff Jones (ex- Man ) (drums) who joined Cornick, Tweke and Pickford-Hopkins to record Wild Turkey's first album Battle Hymn - which only reached number 193 in The Billboard 200. The band released a second album, Turkey , before splitting up. Cornick then joined the German band Karthago, with whom he recorded just one album, Rock'N'Roll Testament , before leaving and moving to Los Angeles to form Paris, with guitarist Bob Welch (ex- Fleetwood Mac ) and Thom Mooney (ex- Nazz ) on drums. They recorded an eponymous album, Paris , in 1975, before Mooney

2332-408: The strings. They are responsible for converting the vibrations of the strings into analogous electrical signals, which are in turn passed as input to an instrument amplifier . Bass guitar strings are composed of a core and winding . The core is a wire which runs through the center of the string and is generally made of steel, nickel, or an alloy . The winding is an additional wire wrapped around

2385-536: The surrounding area created jobs and drew in many workers from Asia . For example, by 1887, 26,000 Chinese workers worked in Hawai'i's sugar cane plantations, one of which was the Hilo Sugar Mill. At that time, the Hilo Sugar Mill produced 3,500 tons of sugar annually. A breakwater across Hilo Bay was begun in the first decade of the 20th century and completed in 1929. On April 1, 1946, an 8.6-magnitude earthquake near

2438-615: The use of onboard electronics for pre-amplification and equalization. Active electronics increase the output of the instrument, and allow more options for controlling tonal flexibility, giving the player the ability to amplify as well as to attenuate certain frequency ranges while improving the overall frequency response (including more low-register and high-register sounds). 1976 saw the UK company Wal begin production of their own range of active basses. In 1974 Music Man Instruments, founded by Tom Walker, Forrest White and Leo Fender , introduced

2491-591: The year. Its location on the windward coast (relative to the trade winds ), makes it the fourth-wettest city in the United States, behind the southeast Alaskan cities of Whittier , Ketchikan and Yakutat , and one of the wettest in the world. An average of around 126.72 inches (3,220 mm) of rain fell at Hilo International Airport annually between 1981 and 2010, with 272 days of the year receiving some rain. Rainfall in Hilo varies with altitude, with more at higher elevations. At some weather stations in upper Hilo

2544-500: Was "The Executives", a group that played versions of famous songs in clubs and pubs. Later, he joined a soul band called John Evan Smash in which Ian Anderson and guitarist Mick Abrahams were also members. Drummer Clive Bunker , who was a friend of Abrahams, then joined them to form Jethro Tull . Cornick toured and recorded with Jethro Tull from late 1967 to late 1970. He played on the band's first three albums, This Was , Stand Up and Benefit , playing an important role in

2597-455: Was 50.82 inches (1,290.8 mm) in December 1954. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 27.24 inches (691.9 mm) on November 2, 2000. Hilo's location on the shore of the funnel-shaped Hilo Bay also makes it vulnerable to tsunamis . See or edit raw graph data . As of the census of 2020, 44,186 people lived in 16,225 households in the census-designated place. The population density

2650-507: Was 796.7 inhabitants per square mile (307.6/km ). The 16,905 housing units reflected an average density of 311.3 per square mile (120.2/km ) in 2010 (No update on the Census for 2020). The racial makeup was 32% Asian , 18.4% White , 10% Native Hawaiian & Pacific Islander , 0.8% African American , 0.1% American Indian & Alaska Native , 0.6% from other races , and 38.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13% of

2703-426: Was built north of Hilo using some of the old railbed. On May 22, 1960, another tsunami, caused by a 9.5-magnitude earthquake off the coast of Chile that day, claimed 61 lives, allegedly due to the failure of people to heed warning sirens. Low-lying bayfront areas of the city on Waiākea peninsula and along Hilo Bay, previously populated, were rededicated as parks and memorials. Hilo expanded inland beginning in

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2756-480: Was developed at the invitation of the Hawaii Chamber of Commerce following the collapse of the sugar cane industry. Hilo is served by KWXX (94.7FM Hilo/101.5FM Kona), B93/B97 (93.1FM Kona/97.1FM Hilo), The Wave (KHBC 92.7FM Hilo), and KPUA (970AM Hilo) radio stations. Public Access television is provided through Nā Leo TV . The Hawaii Tribune-Herald , of Oahu Publications Inc., a subsidiary of Black Press ,

2809-594: Was replaced by Hunt Sales (ex- Todd Rundgren's Runt ), and in 1976 recorded Big Towne, 2061 . Paris disbanded in 1977. In 1996, Cornick participated in a Jethro Tull tribute, called To Cry You A Song - A collection of Tull Tales , playing on the songs "Nothing Is Easy", "To Cry You a Song", "New Day Yesterday", "Teacher" and "Living in the Past", together with the former Tull members Clive Bunker , Mick Abrahams and Dave Pegg , together with John Wetton , Glenn Hughes , Robby Steinhardt , Wolfstone and Keith Emerson . In

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