Glanate was a Gallo-Roman town on the right bank of the Var , which became the episcopal see of Glandève .
57-648: The site was first occupied by Ligurians , probably the Oxybii , in the 6th century BCE; they traded with Massallia (ancient Marseilles) and cultivated vines and olives (coll.) By the 3rd century BCE, the Celto-Ligurian town had taken shape. Its name, in Gaulish , means "a habitation on the riverbank". In 125 BCE, the Romans under Octavian annexed Provence and the undefended site of Glanate surrendered. In time, Glanate acquired
114-539: A certain linguistic classification; it may be Pre-Indo-European or an Indo-European language . Because of the strong Celtic influences on their language and culture, they were also known in antiquity as Celto-Ligurians . The Ligures are referred to as Ligyes (Λιγυες) by the Greeks and Ligures (earlier Liguses ) by the Romans . According to Plutarch , the Ligurians called themselves Ambrones , which could indicate
171-700: A certain mastery in metallurgy. Apart from that, the Polada culture does not correspond to the Beaker culture nor to the previous Remedello culture . The Bronze tools and weapons show similarities with those of the Unetice Culture and other groups in north of Alps . According to Bernard Sergent , the origin of the Ligurian linguistic family (in his opinion distantly related to the Celtic and Italic ones) would have to be found in
228-500: A legend, Brescia and Barra ( Bergamo ) were founded by Cydno, forefather of the Ligurians. This myth seems to have a grain of truth, because recent archaeological excavations have unearthed remains of a settlement dating back to 1200 BC that scholars presume to have been built and inhabited by Ligures. Others scholars attribute the founding of Bergamo and Brescia to the Etruscans . The Canegrate culture (13th century BC) may represent
285-588: A new phase called the Golasecca culture , which is nowadays identified with the Lepontii and other Celto-Ligurian tribes. Within the Golasecca culture territory roughly corresponds with the territories occupied by those tribal groups whose names are reported by Latin and Greek historians and geographers: The Genoa area has been inhabited since the fifth or fourth millennium BC. According to excavations carried out in
342-504: A proconsular army were sent against the Ligurians. The wars continued into the 150s BC, when victorious generals celebrated two triumphs over the Ligurians. Here too, the Romans drove many natives off their land and settled colonies in their stead ( e.g. , Luna and Luca in the 170s BC). During the same period, the Romans were at war with the Ligurian tribes of the northern Apennines. By the end of
399-484: A region of present-day north-western Italy , is named. In pre-Roman times, the Ligurians occupied the present-day Italian region of Liguria , Piedmont , northern Tuscany , western Lombardy , western Emilia-Romagna and northern Sardinia , reaching also Elba and Sicily . They inhabited also the French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Corsica . However, it is generally believed that around 2000 BC ,
456-551: A relationship with the Ambrones of northern Europe. The geography of Strabo , from book 2, chapter 5, section 28 : The Alps are inhabited by numerous nations, but all Keltic with the exception of the Ligurians, and these, though of a different race, closely resemble them in their manner of life. They inhabit that portion of the Alps which is next the Apennines , and also a part of
513-522: A second point made by Delamarre: according to Plutarch , in 102 BC, during the Battle of Aquae Sextiae , Ligurian troops fighting for the Roman Republic were facing the Ambrones (a Germanic tribe from Jutland ), who began to shout " Ambrones! " as a battle cry . The Ligurians, hearing this as identical to an ancient alternate name for their own people ( outôs kata genos onomazousi Ligues ), returned
570-491: Is also discussed by Guy Barruol in his 1969 paper "The Pre-Roman Peoples of South-east Gaul: Study of Historical Geography ". Xavier Delamarre argues that Ligurian was a Celtic language similar to, but not the same as, Gaulish . His argument hinges on two points: firstly, the Ligurian place-name Genua (modern Genoa , located near a river mouth) is claimed by Delamarre to derive from PIE * ǵenu- 'chin, chin bone'. Many Indo-European languages use 'mouth' to mean
627-761: Is divided from Italy by the river Varus , and by the range of the Alps (...) Forum Julii Octavanorum, a colony, which is also called Pacensis and Classica, the river Argenteus , which flows through it, the district of the Oxubii and that of the Ligauni above whom are the Suetri, the Quariates and the Adunicates. On the coast we have Antipolis, a town with Latian rights, the district of the Deciates, and
SECTION 10
#1732884695936684-868: The Apuani , allied with the Carthaginians, providing soldiers to Hannibal's troops when he arrived in Northern Italy, hoping that the Carthaginian general would free them from the neighbouring Romans. Others, like the Taurini, took sides in support of the Romans. The pro-Carthaginian Ligurians took part in the Battle of the Trebia , which the Carthaginians won. Other Ligurians enlisted in the army of Hasdrubal Barca , when he arrived in Cisalpine Gaul (207 BC), in an attempt to rejoin
741-619: The Insubres . The Taurini chief town of Taurasia (modern-day Turin ) was captured by Hannibal's forces after a three-day siege. In 205 BC, Genua (modern-day Genoa ) was attacked and razed to the ground by Mago. Near the end of the Second Punic War, Mago was among the Ingauni , trying to block the Roman advance. At the Battle of Insubria , he suffered a defeat, and later, died of wounds sustained in
798-662: The Statielli (172 BC) and the Velleiates (158 BC). The last Apuani resistance was subdued in 155 BC by consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus . The subjugation of the coastal Ligures and the annexation of the Alpes Maritimae took place in 14 BC, closely following the occupation of the central Alps in 15 BC. The last Ligurian tribes (e.g. Vocontii and Salluvii ) still autonomous, who occupied Provence, were subdued in 124 BC. Ligurian (ancient language) The Ligurian language
855-507: The battle of Clastidium was fought and allowed Rome to take the capital of the Insubres, Mediolanum (modern-day Milan ). To consolidate its dominion, Rome created the colonies of Placentia in the territory of the Boii and Cremona in that of the Insubres. With the outbreak of the second Punic war (218 BC) the Ligurian tribes had different attitudes. Some, like the tribes of the west Riviera and
912-570: The pulpit orator , later Bishop of Amiens , and Jean-Baptiste de Belloy (1752–55), who died a centenarian in 1808, as Archbishop of Paris . By the Concordat of 1801, the diocese of Digne was made to include the two departments of the Hautes and Basses Alpes, in addition to the former diocese of Digne, the Archdiocese of Embrun , the dioceses of Gap , Sisteron and Senez , a very considerable part of
969-660: The Alps are the Salluvii , the Deciates , and the Oxubii (...) The coast of Liguria extends 211 miles, between the rivers Varus and Macra . Just like Strabo, Pliny the Elder situates Liguria between the rivers Varus and Magra . He also quotes the Ligurian peoples living on the other side of the banks of the Var and the Alps. He writes in his book "The Natural History" book III chapter 6 : Gaul
1026-558: The Apennines themselves. This zone corresponds to the current region of Liguria in Italy as well as to the former county of Nice which could be compared today to the Alpes Maritimes . The writer, naturalist and Roman philosopher Pliny the Elder writes in his book "The Natural History" book III chapter 7 on the Ligurians and Liguria: The more celebrated of the Ligurian tribes beyond
1083-695: The Corsican toponymy cited by Jubainville, see: Prehistory of Corsica § Ligurian hypothesis .) The hypothesis of a wider Ligurian substrate has never been generally accepted or conclusively rejected. Other linguists expanded on Jubainville's idea. Julius Pokorny adapted it as one basis of a hypothetical "Pan-Illyrian" (or "Illyro-Venetic") branch of Indo-European, supposedly found across Western Europe. Paul Kretschmer saw evidence for Ligurian in Lepontic inscriptions (although these were later generally seen as Celtic). Hans Krahe , focusing on river names, converted
1140-521: The Iberian Peninsula (then under Carthaginian control ), and the territory of the Ligurians was on the road (they controlled the Ligurian coasts and the south-western Alps). Despite Roman efforts, only a few Ligurian tribes made alliance agreements with the Romans, notably the Genuates. The rest soon proved hostile. The hostilities were opened in 238 BC by a coalition of Ligurians and Boii Gauls, but
1197-611: The Ligures having expelled the Sicanians , an Iberian tribe, from the banks of the river Sicanus , in Iberia. Ligurian sepulchres of the Italian Riviera and of Provence, holding cremations, exhibit Etruscan and Celtic influences. In the third century BC, the Romans were in direct contact with the Ligurians. However, Roman expansionism was directed towards the rich territories of Gaul and
SECTION 20
#17328846959361254-787: The Ligures—as the Ligyes , and to their territory as Ligystike . Scholars of the Classical Era usually considered the Salyes to have originated as either a hybrid of Gauls and Ligures or the result of the westernmost Ligurians coming under the influence of a Celtic elite. Even in antiquity, because of the strong similarities of the Ligures' language and culture to those of the Gaulish Celts, some Greek scholars referred to them as Κελτολίγυες Keltolígues ('Celto-Ligurians'). Herodotus noted that
1311-492: The Ligurians occupied a much larger area, extending as far as what is today Catalonia (in the north-eastern corner of the Iberian Peninsula ). The origins of the ancient Ligurians are unclear, and an autochthonous origin is increasingly probable. What little is known today about the ancient Ligurian language is based on placenames and inscriptions on steles representing warriors. The lack of evidence does not allow
1368-634: The Ligurians who lived above Massilia referred to travelling hawkers as sigunnai , a word that strongly resembled the ethnonym of the Sigynnae , a nomadic tribe located at the time in Eastern Europe . However, the term may have been derogatory, and the Sigynnae are generally considered to have been Scythian (or members of another Iranian -speaking tribe). French historian and philologist Marie Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville held that Ligurian may have been
1425-475: The Ligurians' ethnolinguistic origins and identity has remained unresolved. They may have been a pre-Indo-European people; spoken an early Indo-European language, such as a third primary branch of the Italo-Celtic group or an earlier Celtic language (i.e., separate from Gaulish ); and/or gradually come under increasing Gaulish and other influences. Strabo , around the beginning of the first century, wrote of
1482-737: The Massilians. But though the early writers of the Greeks call the Sallyes "Ligures", and the country which the Massiliotes hold, "Ligustica," later writers name them "Celtoligures," and attach to their territory all the level country as far as Luerio and the Rhodanus , Copper begins to be mined from the middle of the 4th millennium BC in Liguria with the Libiola and Monte Loreto mines dated to 3700 BC. These are
1539-591: The Placentia area by subduing the Celelates, Cerdicates, Ilvati and the Boii Gauls and occupying the oppidum of Clastidium. Genua was rebuilt by the proconsul Spurius Lucretius in the same year. Having defeated Carthage, Rome sought to expand northwards, and used Genua as a support base for raids, between 191 and 154 BC, against the Ligurian tribes of the hinterland, allied for decades with Carthage. A second phase of
1596-644: The Po Valley of the facies of the pile dwellings and of the dammed settlements , a society that followed the Polada culture , and is well suited in middle and late Bronze Age . The ancient name of the Po river (Padus in Latin) derived from the Ligurian name of the river: Bod-encus or Bod-incus. This word appears in the placename Bodincomagus , a Ligurian town on the right bank of the Po downstream near today's Turin. According to
1653-458: The Polada culture and Rhone culture , southern branches of the Unetice culture . It is said that the ligurians inhabited the Po valley around the 2,000 B.C., they not only appear in the legends of the Po valley, but would have left traces (linguistic and craft) found in the archaeological also in the area near the northern Adriatic coast. The Ligurians are credited with forming the first villages in
1710-405: The Romans celebrated fifteen triumphs and suffered at least one serious defeat. Historically, the beginning of the campaign dates back to 193 BC on the initiative of the Ligurian conciliabula (federations), who organized a major raid going as far as the right bank of the river Arno. Roman campaigns followed (191, 188 and 187 BC); these were victorious, but not decisive. In the campaign of 186 BC,
1767-516: The Romans wanted to permanently pacify Liguria to facilitate further conquests in Gaul. To that end, they prepared a large army of almost 36,000 soldiers, under the command of proconsuls Publius Cornelius Cethegus and Marcus Baebius Tamphilus , with the aim of putting an end to Ligurian independence. In 180 BC, the Romans inflicted a serious defeat on the Apuani Ligures, and deported 40,000 of them to
Roman Catholic Diocese of Glandèves - Misplaced Pages Continue
1824-498: The Romans were beaten by the Ligurians in the Magra valley. In this battle, which took place in a narrow and precipitous place, the Romans lost about 4000 soldiers, three eagle insignia of the second legion and eleven banners of the Latin allies. In addition, the consul Quintus Martius was also killed in the battle. It is thought that the place of the battle and the death of the consul gave rise to
1881-492: The Second Punic War, however, hostilities were not over yet. Ligurian tribes and Carthaginian holdouts operating from the mountain territories continued to fight with guerrilla tactics. Thus, the Romans were forced into continuous military operations in northern Italy. In 201 BC, the Ingauni signed a peace treaty with Rome. It was only in 197 BC that the Romans, under the leadership of Minucius Rufus, succeeded in regaining control of
1938-512: The battle. Genua was rebuilt in the same year. Ligurian troops were present at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC, which marked the final end of Carthage as a great power. In 200 BC, the Ligures and Boii sacked and destroyed the Roman colony of Placentia , effectively controlling the most important ford of the Po Valley. During the same period, the Romans were at war with the Apuani. Serious Roman efforts began in 182 BC, when both consular armies and
1995-596: The beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (16th-15th century BC), when north-western Italy appears closely linked regarding the production of bronze artifacts, including ornaments, to the western groups of the Tumulus culture ( Central Europe , 1600 BC - 1200 BC). The bearers of the Canegrate culture maintained its homogeneity for only a century, after which it melded with the Ligurian populations and with this union gave rise to
2052-451: The city between 1898 and 1910, the Ligurian population that lived in Genoa maintained trade relations with the Etruscans and the Greeks, since several objects from these populations were found. In the 5th century BC the first town, or oppidum , was founded at the top of the hill today called Castello (Castle), which is now inside the medieval old town. Thucydides (5th century BC) speaks of
2109-505: The concept into his theory of Old European hydronymy . An identification of Proto-Italo-Celtic (or "Pre-Celtic") with Ligurian was proposed by Camille Jullian (1859–1933). In 1934, Henri Hubert noted that this theory had never been widely supported or conclusively disproven. (Hubert added that its standing had not been assisted by an association with another of Jullian's hypotheses, that there had also been something akin to an Italo-Celtic "unified empire".) The Ligurian–Celtic question
2166-464: The conflict followed (197-155 BC), characterized by the fact that the Apuani Ligurians entrenched themselves on the Apennines, from where they periodically descended to plunder the surrounding territories. The Romans, for their part, organized continuous expeditions to the mountains, hoping to surround and defeat the Ligurians (taking care not to be destroyed by ambushes). In the course of these wars,
2223-545: The diocese of Glandèves and the diocese of Riez , and fourteen parishes in the Archdiocese of Aix and the Diocese of Apt . In 1822 Gap was made an episcopal see and, thus divested of the department of the Hautes Alpes , the present diocese of Digne covers the territory formerly included in the dioceses of Digne, Senez, Glandèves, Riez, and Sisteron. 43°53′N 7°15′E / 43.89°N 7.25°E / 43.89; 7.25 Ligures The Ligures or Ligurians were an ancient people after whom Liguria ,
2280-519: The first Indo-European language spoken in Western Europe and related to Sicel . In his work Premiers Habitants de l'Europe (2nd edition, 1889–1894), Jubainville proposed that Ligurian may have been the first Indo-European language spoken in Corsica, Sardinia, eastern Spain, southern France, and western Italy, based on the occurrence there of an apparent substrate , represented by place names ending in -asco , -asca , -usco , -osco , and -osca , as well as -inco and -inca . (For examples of
2337-412: The first half of 2nd millennium BC perhaps for the arrival of new people from the transalpine regions of Switzerland and Southern Germany . Its influences are also found in the cultures of the Early Bronze Age of Liguria , Romagna , Corsica , Sardinia ( Bonnanaro culture ) and Rhone Valley. There are some commonalities with the previous Bell Beaker Culture including the usage of the bow and
Roman Catholic Diocese of Glandèves - Misplaced Pages Continue
2394-413: The first migratory wave of the proto-Celtic population from the northwest part of the Alps that, through the Alpine passes , penetrated and settled in the western Po valley between Lake Maggiore and Lake Como ( Scamozzina culture ). They brought a new funerary practice— cremation —which supplanted inhumation . It has also been proposed that a more ancient proto-Celtic presence can be traced back to
2451-411: The oldest copper mines in the western Mediterranean basin. It was during this period of the Copper Age in Italy that we find throughout Liguria a large number of anthropomorphic stelae in addition to rock engravings. The Polada Culture (a location near Brescia , Lombardy , Italy) was a cultural horizon extended in the Po valley from eastern Lombardy and Veneto to Emilia and Romagna , formed in
2508-414: The onset of waves of Indo-European migration . Later, the latter would conquer the territories, imposing their culture and language on the Ligurians. A risk of circular logic has been pointed out: if it is believed that the Ligurians are non-Celtic or indeed pre-Indo-European, and if many place names and tribal names that classical authors state are Ligurian seem to be Celtic, it is incorrect to discard all
2565-480: The part of a river that meets the sea or a lake, but it is only in Celtic for which reflexes of PIE * ǵenu- mean 'mouth'. Besides Genua , which is considered Ligurian, this root is found also in Genava (modern Geneva ), which may be Gaulish . However, Genua and Genava may well derive from another PIE root with the form * ǵonu- ' knee ' (so in Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch ). Another possibility may be inferred from
2622-497: The place-name of Marciaso, or that of the Canal of March on Mount Caprione in the town of Lerici (near the ruins of the city of Luni ), which was later founded by the Romans. This mountain had a strategic importance because it controlled the valley of Magra and the sea. In 185 BC, the Ingauni and the Intimilii also rebelled and managed to resist the Roman legions for the next five years, before capitulating in 180 BC. The Apuani, and those of hinterland side still resisted. However,
2679-405: The region around the Alps : "many tribes [ éthnê ] occupy these mountains, all Celtic [ Keltikà '] except the Ligurians; but while these Ligurians belong to a different people [ hetero-ethneis ], still they are similar to the Celts in their modes of life [ bíois ]". He also mentioned that earlier (Greek) sources referred to the Salyes (Latin Salluvii )—then the western neighbours of
2736-478: The regions of Samnium . This deportation was followed by another one of 7,000 Ligurians in the following year. These were one of the few cases in which the Romans deported defeated populations in such a high number. In 177 BC other groups of Apuani Ligures surrendered to the Roman forces, and were eventually assimilated into Roman culture during the 2nd century BC, while the military campaign continued further north. The Frinatiates surrendered in 175 BC, followed by
2793-404: The river Varus , which proceeds from Mount Cema, one of the Alps. Transalpine Ligures are said to have inhabited the South Eastern portion of modern France, between the Alps and the Rhone river , from where they constantly battled against the Greek colony of Massalia. The consul, Quintus Opimius, defeats the Transalpine Ligurians, who had plundered Antipolis and Nicaea, two towns belonging to
2850-406: The shout: " Ambrones! " No indisputable evidence has been found that the Ambrones of Jutland had partly Celtic origins, and tribes in other parts of Europe also had similar names, suggesting that either the two ethnonyms were coincidental homophones or that a more distant connection existed. Scholars such as Ernst Gamillscheg, Pia Laviosa Zambotti, and Yakov Malkiel posit that ancient Ligurian
2907-432: The status of a Roman town. (coll., Le Monti) In 406, the Burgundians pillaged the town. Glanate, known by late Antiquity as Glandèves became a bishopric ; the first known bishop was Fraternus in 451 (Le Monti), or Claudius, who ascended the episcopal throne in 541, but Glandèves was probably a see as early as 439. Over the next two centuries, raids by the Burgundians , Francs and Lombards gradually destroyed
SECTION 50
#17328846959362964-515: The town, which was also sacked by the Saracens from 700 until they were driven from Provence by William of Arles in 973. Despite this destruction, Glandèves continued to be a bishopric until the 17th century. However, the population moved to the nearby and much more defensible site of Entrevaux from the start of the 11th century. Among its bishops were Symphorien Bullioud (1508–20), also ambassador from Francis I of France to Pope Julius II and chaplain to Francis I; Francis I Faure (1651–53),
3021-502: The troops of his brother Hannibal. In the port of Savo (modern-day Savona ), then capital of the Ligures Sabazi, triremes of the Carthaginian fleet of Mago Barca , brother of Hannibal, which were intended to cut the Roman trade routes in the Tyrrhenian Sea, found shelter. In the early stages of the war, the pro-Roman Ligurians suffered. The Taurini were on the path of Hannibal 's march into Italy, and in 218 BC, they were attacked by him, as he had allied with their long-standing enemies,
3078-410: The two peoples soon found themselves in disagreement and the military campaign came to a halt with the dissolution of the alliance. Meanwhile, a Roman fleet commanded by Quintus Fabius Maximus routed Ligurian ships on the coast (234-233 BC), allowing the Romans to control the coastal route to and from Gaul and to counter the Carthaginian expansion in Iberia , given that the Pisa - Luni - Genoa sea route
3135-435: Was a pre-Indo-European language, with significant late Indo-European influence, especially Celtic (Gaulish) and Italic (Latin), superimposed on the original language. Their thesis is that the Ligurians were survivors of the ancient pre-Indo-European populations that had occupied Europe from at least the fifth millennium BC. These populations would have had languages of their own families, which they would have preserved until
3192-424: Was now safe. In 222 BC the Insubres , during a war with Romans occupied the oppidum of Clastidium, that at that time, it was an important locality of the Anamari (or Marici ), a Ligurian tribe that, probably for fear of the nearby warlike Insubres, had already accepted the alliance with Rome the year before. For the first time, the Roman army marched beyond the Po, expanding into Gallia Transpadana. In 222 BC,
3249-473: Was spoken in pre-Roman times and into the Roman era by an ancient people of north-western Italy and current south-eastern France known as the Ligures . Very little is known about ancient Ligurian; the lack of inscriptions and the unknown origin of the Ligurian people prevent its certain linguistic classification as a Pre-Indo-European or an Indo-European language . The linguistic hypotheses are mainly based on toponymy and onomastics . The question of
#935064