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39-446: It is specific for the phosphate groups of DNA and attaches itself to regions of DNA where there are high amounts of adenine - thymine bonding. Giemsa stain is used in Giemsa banding, commonly called G-banding , to stain chromosomes and often used to create a karyogram (chromosome map). It can identify chromosomal aberrations such as translocations and rearrangements . It stains

78-538: A differ by more than 4. Phosphate can form many polymeric ions such as pyrophosphate , (P 2 O 7 ) , and triphosphate , (P 3 O 10 ) . The various metaphosphate ions (which are usually long linear polymers) have an empirical formula of (PO 3 ) and are found in many compounds. In biological systems , phosphorus can be found as free phosphate anions in solution ( inorganic phosphate ) or bound to organic molecules as various organophosphates . Inorganic phosphate

117-675: A molar mass of 94.97 g/mol, and consists of a central phosphorus atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. It is the conjugate base of the hydrogen phosphate ion H(PO 4 ) , which in turn is the conjugate base of the dihydrogen phosphate ion H 2 (PO 4 ) , which in turn is the conjugate base of orthophosphoric acid , H 3 PO 4 . Many phosphates are soluble in water at standard temperature and pressure . The sodium, potassium, rubidium , caesium , and ammonium phosphates are all water-soluble. Most other phosphates are only slightly soluble or are insoluble in water. As

156-403: A phosphate is an anion , salt , functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid . It most commonly means orthophosphate , a derivative of orthophosphoric acid, a.k.a. phosphoric acid H 3 PO 4 . The phosphate or orthophosphate ion [PO 4 ] is derived from phosphoric acid by the removal of three protons H . Removal of one proton gives

195-467: A " peak phosphorus " would occur in 30 years and Dana Cordell from Institute for Sustainable Futures said that at "current rates, reserves will be depleted in the next 50 to 100 years". Reserves refer to the amount assumed recoverable at current market prices. In 2012 the USGS estimated world reserves at 71 billion tons, while 0.19 billion tons were mined globally in 2011. Phosphorus comprises 0.1% by mass of

234-473: A high phosphate-to-protein ratio, such as soft drinks, fast food, processed foods, condiments, and other products containing phosphate-salt additives is advised. Phosphates induce vascular calcification , and a high concentration of phosphates in blood was found to be a predictor of cardiovascular events . Phosphates are the naturally occurring form of the element phosphorus , found in many phosphate minerals . In mineralogy and geology, phosphate refers to

273-455: A limited percentage of sodium phosphates. Products sold as TSP substitutes, containing soda ash and zeolites , are promoted as direct substitutes. However, sodium carbonate is not as strongly basic as trisodium phosphate, making it less effective in demanding applications. Zeolites, which are clay based, are added to laundry detergents as water softening agents and are essentially non-polluting; however, zeolites do not dissolve and can deposit

312-859: A molecular form that algae can break down and consume. Calcium hydroxyapatite and calcite precipitates can be found around bacteria in alluvial topsoil. As clay minerals promote biomineralization, the presence of bacteria and clay minerals resulted in calcium hydroxyapatite and calcite precipitates. Phosphate deposits can contain significant amounts of naturally occurring heavy metals. Mining operations processing phosphate rock can leave tailings piles containing elevated levels of cadmium , lead , nickel , copper , chromium , and uranium . Unless carefully managed, these waste products can leach heavy metals into groundwater or nearby estuaries. Uptake of these substances by plants and marine life can lead to concentration of toxic heavy metals in food products. Trisodium phosphate Trisodium phosphate (TSP)

351-805: A rock or ore containing phosphate ions. Inorganic phosphates are mined to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry. The largest global producer and exporter of phosphates is Morocco . Within North America, the largest deposits lie in the Bone Valley region of central Florida , the Soda Springs region of southeastern Idaho , and the coast of North Carolina . Smaller deposits are located in Montana , Tennessee , Georgia , and South Carolina . The small island nation of Nauru and its neighbor Banaba Island , which used to have massive phosphate deposits of

390-450: A rule, the hydrogen and dihydrogen phosphates are slightly more soluble than the corresponding phosphates. In water solution, orthophosphoric acid and its three derived anions coexist according to the dissociation and recombination equilibria below Values are at 25   °C and 0 ionic strength. The p K a values are the pH values where the concentration of each species is equal to that of its conjugate bases . At pH 1 or lower,

429-698: Is trimethyl phosphate , (CH 3 ) 3 PO 4 . The term also refers to the trivalent functional group OP(O-) 3 in such esters. Phosphates may contain sulfur in place of one or more oxygen atoms ( thiophosphates and organothiophosphates ). Orthophosphates are especially important among the various phosphates because of their key roles in biochemistry , biogeochemistry , and ecology , and their economic importance for agriculture and industry. The addition and removal of phosphate groups ( phosphorylation and dephosphorylation ) are key steps in cell metabolism . Orthophosphates can condense to form pyrophosphates . The phosphate ion has

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468-523: Is a mixture of methylene blue , eosin , and Azure B . The stain is usually prepared from commercially available Giemsa powder. A thin film of the specimen on a microscope slide is fixed in pure methanol for 30 seconds, by immersing it or by putting a few drops of methanol on the slide. The slide is immersed in a freshly prepared 5% Giemsa stain solution for 20–30 minutes (in emergencies 5–10 minutes in 10% solution can be used), then flushed with tap water and left to dry. Phosphate In chemistry ,

507-460: Is also used to visualize the classic "safety pin" shape in Yersinia pestis . Giemsa stain is also used to visualize chromosomes . This is particularly relevant for detection of Cytomegalovirus infection, where the classical finding would be an " owl-eye " viral inclusion. Giemsa stains the fungus Histoplasma , Chlamydia bacteria, and can be used to identify mast cells . Giemsa's solution

546-408: Is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na 3 P O 4 . It is a white, granular or crystalline solid, highly soluble in water, producing an alkaline solution. TSP is used as a cleaning agent , builder , lubricant , food additive , stain remover , and degreaser . As an item of commerce TSP is often partially hydrated and may range from anhydrous Na 3 PO 4 to

585-442: Is an approved flux for use in hard soldering joints in medical-grade copper plumbing. The flux is applied as a concentrated water solution and dissolves copper oxides at the temperature used in copper brazing. Residues are water-soluble and can be rinsed out before plumbing is put into service. TSP is used as an ingredient in fluxes designed to deoxygenate nonferrous metals for casting. It can be used in ceramic production to lower

624-1340: Is generally denoted P i and at physiological ( homeostatic ) pH primarily consists of a mixture of [HPO 4 ] and [H 2 PO 4 ] ions. At a neutral pH, as in the cytosol (pH = 7.0), the concentrations of the orthophoshoric acid and its three anions have the ratios [ H 2 PO 4 − ] [ H 3 PO 4 ] ≈ 7.5 × 10 4 [ HPO 4 2 − ] [ H 2 PO 4 − ] ≈ 0.62 [ PO 4 3 − ] [ HPO 4 2 − ] ≈ 2.14 × 10 − 6 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {[{\ce {H2PO4-}}]}{[{\ce {H3PO4}}]}}&\approx 7.5\times 10^{4}\\[4pt]{\frac {[{\ce {HPO4^2-}}]}{[{\ce {H2PO4-}}]}}&\approx 0.62\\[4pt]{\frac {[{\ce {PO4^3-}}]}{[{\ce {HPO4^2-}}]}}&\approx 2.14\times 10^{-6}\end{aligned}}} Thus, only [H 2 PO 4 ] and [HPO 4 ] ions are present in significant amounts in

663-428: Is generally not recommended for cleaning bathrooms because it can stain metal fixtures and can damage grout . With the formula 4Na 3 PO 4 · NaOCl ·44H 2 O the material called chlorinated trisodium phosphate is used as a disinfectant and bleach , like sodium hypochlorite . It is prepared using NaOCl in place of some of the base to neutralize phosphoric acid . In the U.S., trisodium phosphate

702-401: Is typically rare can have significant ecological consequences. For example, blooms in the populations of some organisms at the expense of others, and the collapse of populations deprived of resources such as oxygen (see eutrophication ) can occur. In the context of pollution, phosphates are one component of total dissolved solids , a major indicator of water quality, but not all phosphorus is in

741-575: The Plasmodium species that cause malaria and some other spirochete and protozoan blood parasites. It is also used to stain Wolbachia cells in host tissue. Giemsa stain is a classic blood film stain for peripheral blood smears and bone marrow specimens. Erythrocytes stain pink, platelets show a light pale pink, lymphocyte cytoplasm stains sky blue, monocyte cytoplasm stains pale blue, and leukocyte nuclear chromatin stains magenta. It

780-409: The arbuscular mycorrhizal pathway and the direct uptake pathway. Hyperphosphatemia , or a high blood level of phosphates, is associated with elevated mortality in the general population. The most common cause of hyperphosphatemia in people, dogs, and cats is kidney failure. In cases of hyperphosphatemia, limiting consumption of phosphate-rich foods, such as some meats and dairy items and foods with

819-499: The dihydrogen phosphate ion [H 2 PO 4 ] while removal of two protons gives the hydrogen phosphate ion [HPO 4 ] . These names are also used for salts of those anions, such as ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and trisodium phosphate . In organic chemistry , phosphate or orthophosphate is an organophosphate , an ester of orthophosphoric acid of the form PO 4 RR′R″ where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic groups. An example

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858-453: The dodecahydrate Na 3 PO 4 ·12H 2 O . Most often it is found in white powder form. It can also be called trisodium orthophosphate or simply sodium phosphate . Trisodium phosphate is produced by neutralization of phosphoric acid using sodium carbonate , which produces disodium hydrogen phosphate . The disodium hydrogen phosphate is reacted with sodium hydroxide to form trisodium phosphate and water. Trisodium phosphate

897-606: The hydroxyl groups have been replaced by fluoride ions. Phosphates are medicinal salts of phosphorus. Some phosphates, which help cure many urinary tract infections , are used to make urine more acidic. To avoid the development of calcium stones in the urinary tract, some phosphates are used. For patients who are unable to get enough phosphorus in their daily diet, phosphates are used as dietary supplements, usually because of certain disorders or diseases. Injectable phosphates can only be handled by qualified health care providers. Plants take up phosphorus through several pathways:

936-442: The phosphagens in muscle tissue. Similar reactions exist for the other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates . An important occurrence of phosphates in biological systems is as the structural material of bone and teeth. These structures are made of crystalline calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite . The hard dense enamel of mammalian teeth may contain fluoroapatite , a hydroxy calcium phosphate where some of

975-449: The trophozoite Trichomonas vaginalis , which presents with greenish discharge and motile cells on wet prep. Giemsa stain is also a differential stain , such as when it is combined with Wright stain to form Wright-Giemsa stain. It can be used to study the adherence of pathogenic bacteria to human cells. It differentially stains human and bacterial cells purple and pink respectively. It can be used for histopathological diagnosis of

1014-456: The EU. They are commonly used as acidity regulators and have the collective E number E339 . The United States Food and Drug Administration lists sodium phosphates as generally recognized as safe . Trisodium phosphate has gained a following as a nutritional supplement that can improve certain parameters of exercise performance. The basis of this belief is the fact that phosphate is required for

1053-597: The United States) account for about 70% of world production. In ecological terms, because of its important role in biological systems, phosphate is a highly sought after resource. Once used, it is often a limiting nutrient in environments , and its availability may govern the rate of growth of organisms. This is generally true of freshwater environments, whereas nitrogen is more often the limiting nutrient in marine (seawater) environments. Addition of high levels of phosphate to environments and to micro-environments in which it

1092-400: The acid is completely dissociated as the phosphate ion, (PO 4 ) . This means that salts of the mono- and di-phosphate ions can be selectively crystallised from aqueous solution by setting the pH value to either 4.7 or 9.8. In effect, H 3 PO 4 , H 2 (PO 4 ) and H(PO 4 ) behave as separate weak acids because the successive p K

1131-628: The average phosphate rock has roughly 3.7% phosphorus by weight. Some phosphate rock deposits, such as Mulberry in Florida, are notable for their inclusion of significant quantities of radioactive uranium isotopes. This is a concern because radioactivity can be released into surface waters from application of the resulting phosphate fertilizer . In December 2012, Cominco Resources announced an updated JORC compliant resource of their Hinda project in Congo-Brazzaville of 531 million tons, making it

1170-600: The average rock (while, for perspective, its typical concentration in vegetation is 0.03% to 0.2%), and consequently there are quadrillions of tons of phosphorus in Earth's 3×10 -ton crust, albeit at predominantly lower concentration than the deposits counted as reserves, which are inventoried and cheaper to extract. If it is assumed that the phosphate minerals in phosphate rock are mainly hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite, phosphate minerals contain roughly 18.5% phosphorus by weight. If phosphate rock contains around 20% of these minerals,

1209-517: The basis for a plethora of cleaning products sold in the mid-20th century. TSP is still sold and used as a cleaning agent, but since the late 1960s, its use has diminished in the United States and many other parts of the world because, like many phosphate-based cleaners, it is known to cause extensive eutrophication of lakes and rivers once it enters a water system. Although it is still the active ingredient in some toilet bowl-cleaning tablets, TSP

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1248-468: The best quality, have been mined excessively. Rock phosphate can also be found in Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Western Sahara, Navassa Island , Tunisia, Togo, and Jordan, countries that have large phosphate-mining industries. Phosphorite mines are primarily found in: In 2007, at the current rate of consumption, the supply of phosphorus was estimated to run out in 345 years. However, some scientists thought that

1287-404: The cytosol (62% [H 2 PO 4 ] , 38% [HPO 4 ] ). In extracellular fluid (pH = 7.4), this proportion is inverted (61% [HPO 4 ] , 39% [H 2 PO 4 ] ). Inorganic phosphate can also be present as pyrophosphate anions [P 2 O 7 ] , which give orthophosphate by hydrolysis : Organic phosphates are commonly found in

1326-546: The energy-producing Krebs cycle central to aerobic metabolism. Phosphates are available from a number of other sources that are much milder than TSP. In the Western world, phosphate usage has declined because of damage it causes to lakes and rivers through eutrophication. By the end of the 20th century, many products that formerly contained TSP were manufactured with TSP substitutes, which consist mainly of sodium carbonate along with various admixtures of nonionic surfactants and

1365-428: The flow point of glazes. TSP is still in common use for the cleaning, degreasing, and deglossing of walls prior to painting. TSP breaks the gloss of oil-based paints and opens the pores of latex-based paint , providing a surface better suited for the adhesion of the subsequent layer. Sodium phosphates including monosodium phosphate , disodium phosphate , and trisodium phosphate are approved as food additives in

1404-496: The form of esters as nucleotides (e.g. AMP , ADP , and ATP ) and in DNA and RNA . Free orthophosphate anions can be released by the hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP or ADP. These phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions are the immediate storage and source of energy for many metabolic processes. ATP and ADP are often referred to as high-energy phosphates , as are

1443-464: The largest measured and indicated phosphate deposit in the world. Around 2018, Norway discovered phosphate deposits almost equal to those in the rest of Earth combined. In July 2022 China announced quotas on phosphate exportation. The largest importers in millions of metric tons of phosphate are Brazil 3.2, India 2.9 and the USA 1.6. The three principal phosphate producer countries (China, Morocco and

1482-401: The phosphoric acid is practically undissociated. Around pH 4.7 (mid-way between the first two p K a values) the dihydrogen phosphate ion, [H 2 PO 4 ] , is practically the only species present. Around pH 9.8 (mid-way between the second and third p K a values) the monohydrogen phosphate ion, [HPO 4 ] , is the only species present. At pH 13 or higher,

1521-481: Was at one time extensively used in formulations for a variety of consumer-grade soaps and detergents, and the most common use for trisodium phosphate has been in cleaning agents. The pH of a 1% solution is 12 (i.e., very basic ), and the solution is sufficiently alkaline to saponify grease and oils. In combination with surfactants , TSP is an excellent agent for cleaning everything from laundry to concrete driveways. This versatility and low manufacturing price made TSP

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