88-547: Ghulam Ahmad or Ghulam Ahmed may refer to: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908), Indian religious figure, founder of the Ahmadiyya movement Ghulam Ahmad Faroghi (1861–1919), scholar of Arabic and Persian language at Bhopal state Peerzada Ghulam Ahmad, known as Mahjoor (1885–1952), Kashmiri poet Ghulam Ahmed Perwez (1903–1985), Pakistani Islamic scholar Ghulam Ahmed Chishti (1905–1994), Indian/Pakistani music composer, one of
176-513: A hermeneutic interpretation of the Qurʾānic verses on account of these miracles. For example, Jesus bringing the dead back to life is understood in the context of bringing back a 'spiritual life' to people who were spiritually dead. Ahmadi scholars regard the contemporary Islamic interpretations relating to the Second Coming of Jesus (see Ahmadi prophetology ) are inaccurate. Ahmadis believe that
264-448: A pledge of allegiance from forty of his supporters at Ludhiana and formed a community of followers upon what he claimed was divine instruction, stipulating ten conditions of initiation , an event that marks the establishment of the Ahmadiyya movement. The mission of the movement, according to him, was the reinstatement of the absolute oneness of God, the revival of Islam through the moral reformation of society along Islamic ideals, and
352-465: A polemical and apologetic tone in favour of Islam, seeking to establish its superiority as a religion through rational argumentation, often by articulating his own interpretations of Islamic teachings. He advocated a peaceful propagation of Islam and emphatically argued against the permissibility of military Jihad under circumstances prevailing in the present age. By the time of his death, he had gathered an estimated 400,000 followers, especially within
440-535: A Christian missionary, Henry Martyn Clark , filed a lawsuit of attempted murder against Ahmad at the court of District Magistrate Captain Montagu William Douglas in the city of Ludhiana . The charge laid against him was that he hired a man by the name of Abdul Hameed to assassinate Clark. However, he was not detained by the police and was declared innocent by the then-magistrate Captain Douglas. In 1900, on
528-589: A book called The Heavenly Decree , in which he challenged his opponents to a "spiritual duel" in which the question of whether someone was a Muslim or not would be settled by God based on the four criteria laid out in the Qur'an, namely, that a perfect believer will frequently receive glad tidings from God, that he will be given awareness about hidden matters and events of the future from God, that most of his prayers will be fulfilled and that he will exceed others in understanding novel finer points, subtleties and deeper meanings of
616-469: A contest will be nothing less than death to him; and calamity will certainly overtake his Zion, for he must bear the consequences either of the acceptance of the challenge or its refusal. He will depart this life with great sorrow and torment during my lifetime. The challenge of "prayer duel" was made by Mirza in September 1902. The Dictionary of American Biography states that after having been deposed during
704-512: A false prophet. Ahmad stated: The best way to determine whether Dowie's God is true or ours, is that Mr. Dowie should stop making prophecies about the destruction of all Muslims. Instead he should keep me alone in his mind and pray that if one of us is fabricating a lie, he should die before the other. Dowie declined the challenge, calling Mirza Ghulam Ahmad the "silly Mohammedan Messiah". Ahmad prophesied: Though he may try hard as he can to fly from death which awaits him, yet his flight from such
792-521: A mortal death, Ahmadis use the following verse in the Quran 5:76: [5:75] The Messiah, son of Mary, was only a Messenger; surely Messengers the like unto him had passed away before him. And his mother was a truthful woman. They both used to eat food. See how We explain the Signs for their good, and see how they are turned away. In the preceding verse, Jesus is compared to the previous Messengers – all of whom had died
880-522: A natural death and none of whom had ascended bodily to Heaven. From the following verse in Al-Imran and Al-Anbiya, the Quran clarifies that all messengers before Muhammad, including Jesus, had died: [3:145] And Muhammad is only a Messenger. Verily, all Messengers have passed away before him. If then he die or be slain, will you turn back on your heels?... [21:8-9] And We sent none as Messengers before thee (Muhammed) but men to whom We sent revelations. So ask
968-620: A passport or a national ID card. Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam Ahmadiyya considers Jesus ( ʿĪsā ) as a mortal man, entirely human, and a prophet of God born to the Virgin Mary ( Maryam ). Jesus is understood to have survived the crucifixion based on the account of the canonical Gospels , the Qurʾān , hadith literature , and revelations ( waḥy and kašf ) to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad . Having delivered his message to
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#17330935315701056-424: A reformer as early as 1882 but did not take any pledge of allegiance or initiation. In December 1888, Ahmad announced that God had ordained that his followers should enter into a bay'ah with him and pledge their allegiance to him. In January 1889, he published a pamphlet in which he laid out ten conditions or issues to which the initiate would abide by for the rest of his life. On 23 March 1889, he founded
1144-570: A revolt in which his own family was involved, Dowie endeavoured to recover his authority via the law courts without success and that he may have been a victim of some form of mania, as he suffered from hallucinations during his last illness. Dowie died before Mirza, in March 1907. In September 1902 the Rev. John Hugh Smyth-Pigott (1852-1927) proclaimed himself the Messiah and also claimed to be God while preaching in
1232-553: A single Messiah. As such, Ahmadis declare that the Messiah for all major world faiths and mankind has been unified by the advent of a single Promised Messiah ( Mirza Ghulam Ahmad ). Ahmadi's believe that God will cause all world faiths to gradually fade away and gravitate towards the Ahmadiyya faith; that such a process will follow a correlative pattern of circumstances and take a similar amount of time as what it took for Christianity to rise to dominance (e.g. roughly 300 years – Seven sleepers ). The Encyclopedia of Islam states that
1320-573: A small fraction of all Ahmadis and believes in an allegorical understanding of these terms with reference to Ahmad, formed in 1914 when a number of prominent Ahmadis seceded from the main body soon after the election of Mirza Mahmud Ahmad as the second caliph. This group is administered by a body of people called the Anjuman Ishaat-e-Islam ("Movement for the Propagation of Islam"), headed by an Emir . The movement initiated by Ahmad, which
1408-564: Is considered a violation of the quranic and hadith teachings of Muhammad. In particular, contemporary Islamic scholars view the Ahmadiyya belief as a contradiction with the verse in the Quran, Chapter 33 (The Combined Forces), verse 40: "Muhammad is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the Messenger of Allah and Seal of the prophets. And ever is Allah, of all things, Knowing." In his Farewell Sermon , delivered just prior to his death, Muhammad warned his followers and all mankind with
1496-540: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (13 February 1835 – 26 May 1908) was an Indian religious leader and the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement in Islam . He claimed to have been divinely appointed as the promised Messiah and Mahdī —which is the metaphorical second-coming of Jesus ( mathīl-iʿIsā ), in fulfillment of
1584-507: Is not to be misconstrued as being confined to the Heavens alone, making any bodily movement towards God impossible. Ahmadis interpret the Arabic word raised in these verses to mean "exalted". In other words, Jesus' spiritual rank and status was raised to come closer to God as opposed to him dying the accursed death which his adversaries had wished for. To further support the view of Jesus having died
1672-472: Is often seen to have emerged as an Islamic religious response to the Christian and Arya Samaj missionary activity widespread in 19th-century India, and is viewed by its adherents as embodying the promised latter day revival of Islam, has since grown in organisational strength and in its own missionary programme under the leadership of its caliphate. Although it has expanded to over 200 countries and territories of
1760-480: Is the tomb of Jesus of Nazareth. The teaching was further researched by Ahmadi missionaries. Kamal ud-Din and Khwaja Nazir Ahmad (1952), who added to Notovitch's theory of his first earlier visit. Although the material of Notovitch and Ahmad has been refuted by notable historians, such as the Indologist Günter Grönbold (1985) and Norbert Klatt (1988), it has been supported by others such as
1848-523: The mujaddid (reformer) of his era became more explicit. In one of his most well-known and praised works, Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya , a voluminous work, he claimed to be the Messiah of Islam. Muslims have maintained that Jesus will return in the flesh during the last age. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, by contrast, asserted that Jesus had in fact survived crucifixion and died of old age much later in Kashmir , where he had migrated. According to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad,
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#17330935315701936-504: The Arya Samaj held discussion and debate with Ahmad about the truthfulness of Islam and asked for a sign to prove that Islam was a living religion. In order to dedicate special prayers for this purpose and so as to seek further divine guidance, Ahmad travelled to Hoshiarpur upon what he claimed was divine instruction. Here, he spent forty days in seclusion, a practice known as chilla-nashini . He travelled accompanied by three companions to
2024-538: The Islamic dispensation . In other words, one whose prophethood which is independent of Muhammad cannot develop a new faith. Contemporary Muslims interpret from the hadith the notion of Jesus's actual physical return in person after the advent of Muhammad. According to the Quran, Jesus' revelation was addressed for the Israelites. Since Jesus had received his revelation independently of Muhammad, this would conversely violate
2112-502: The Islamic prophecies regarding the end times , as well as the Mujaddid (centennial reviver) of the 14th Islamic century . Born to a family with aristocratic roots in Qadian , rural Punjab , Ahmad emerged as a writer and debater for Islam . When he was just over forty years of age, his father died and around that time he claimed that God began to communicate with him. In 1889, he took
2200-600: The Qadi (judge) of Qadian and the surrounding district. The descendants of Mirza Hadi are said to have held important positions within the Mughal Empire and had consecutively been the chieftains of Qadian. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was born on 13 February 1835 in Qadian , Punjab, then part of the Sikh Empire under Ranjit Singh ( r. 1801–1839 ). The surviving child of twins born to an affluent Mughal family. He learned to read
2288-569: The United Provinces , the Punjab and Sindh and had built a dynamic religious organisation with an executive body and its own printing press. After his death he was succeeded by his close companion Hakīm Noor-ud-Dīn who assumed the title of Khalīfatul Masīh (successor of the Messiah). Although Ahmad is revered by Ahmadi Muslims as the promised Messiah and Imām Mahdi, Muhammad nevertheless remains
2376-409: The likeness and personality of Mīrzā G̲h̲ulām Aḥmad , who initiated the foundation of the Ahmadiyya movement. According to Ahmadiyya beliefs, a literal interpretation of the miracles performed by ʿĪsā (Jesus) in the Qurʾān (such as creating birds and bringing back the dead to life) is inconsistent with the Quran and attributes a semi-divine status to Jesus. This understanding is replaced with
2464-471: The Ahmadiyya community by taking a pledge from forty followers. The formal method of joining the Ahmadiyya movement included joining hands and reciting a pledge, although physical contact was not always necessary. This method of allegiance continued for the rest of his life and after his death by his successors . Mirza Ghulam Ahmad proclaimed that he was the Promised Messiah and Mahdi. He claimed to be
2552-800: The Ahmadiyya movement. However, the views remain controversial having been dismissed by some while being supported by others. Anthropological research tends to corroborate a link between the tribes of Israel and the peoples of south/central Asia, specifically the Pashtuns of Afghanistan and the people of Kashmir – as suggested by Ahmad in his book Jesus in India (and by others) – while findings from genetic evidence seem to remain equivocal. Jesus' survival of crucifixion and his natural death have become an important element of Ahmadi belief and Ahmadis have published extensively on this topic. A number of modern Muslim scholars and Muslim intellectuals seem to conform to
2640-511: The Arabic text of the Qur'an and studied basic Arabic grammar and the Persian language from a teacher named Fazil-e-Illahi. At the age of 10, he learned from a teacher named Fazl Ahmad. Again at the age of 17 or 18, he learnt from a teacher named Gul Ali Shah. In addition, he also studied some works on medicine from his father, Mirza Ghulam Murtaza, who was a physician. Ahmad's father, Mirza Ghulam Murtaza ,
2728-720: The Church known as "The Ark of the Covenant" in Clapton in London. This church was originally built by the Agapemonites , a religious movement founded by the Anglican priest Henry James Prince . Mirza Ghulam Ahmad wrote to Smyth-Pigott, informing him that such a blasphemous proposition did not behove man, and that in the future he should abstain from making such claims, or he would be destroyed. This message
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2816-681: The Israelites in Judea , Jesus is understood to have emigrated eastward to escape persecution from Judea and to have further spread his message to the Lost Tribes of Israel . In Ahmadiyya Islam, Jesus is thought to have died a natural death in India . Jesus lived to old age and later died in Srinagar , Kashmir , and his tomb is presently located at the Roza Bal shrine. Although sharing many similarities with
2904-429: The Messiah be discussed. Upon this, there was a clamour among the crowds, and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was informed that the other party alleged that he was at odds with Islamic beliefs and was a disbeliever; therefore, it was not proper to debate with him unless he clarified his beliefs. Ahmad wrote his beliefs on a piece of paper and had it read aloud, but due to the clamour among the people, it could not be heard. Seeing that
2992-557: The Muslim Ulama . He is known to have engaged in numerous public debates and dialogues with Christian missionaries, Muslim scholars and Hindu revivalists. Ahmad was a prolific author and wrote more than ninety books on various religious, theological and moral subjects between the publication of the first volume of Barahin-i-Ahmadiyya (The Proofs of Ahmadiyya, his first major work) in 1880 and his death in May 1908. Many of his writings bear
3080-461: The Promised Messiah and Mahdi, one of his adversaries prepared a Fatwa (decree) of disbelief against Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, declaring him a Kafir (disbeliever), a deceiver, and a liar. The decree permitted killing him and his followers. It was taken all around India and was signed by some two hundred religious scholars. Some years later, a prominent Muslim leader and scholar, Ahmed Raza Khan ,
3168-510: The Punjab, India, where Mirza Hadi founded the town known today as Qadian during the reign of Mughal emperor Babur his distant relative. The family were all known as Mughals within the British governmental records of India probably due to the high positions it occupied within the Mughal Empire and their courts. Mirza Hadi Beg was granted a Jagir of several hundred villages and was appointed
3256-498: The Qur'an. After announcing his claim to be the Messiah and Mahdi, his opponents demanded that he should produce the "heavenly sign" detailed in the tradition attributed to the 7th-century Imam Muhammad al-Baqir , also known as Muhammad bin Ali, in which a certain sign is stated about the appearance of the Mahdi : For our Mahdi, there are two signs which have never happened since the earth and
3344-527: The Quran that suggest that Jesus did not ascend to Heaven but instead died a natural death on Earth. The verses in Chapter Al-Nisa (4:157-158) indicate that Jesus did not die on the Cross - but rather that God had "raised" Jesus unto God Himself (not into heaven). [4:157-158] And their saying, 'We did kill the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, the Messenger of Allah;' whereas they slew him not, nor crucified him, but he
3432-460: The Seal of Prophethood of Muhammed altogether. Thus Ahmadis regard that, as Ghulam Ahmad was only a follower and reviver of the original Islamic faith, his claim of being a subordinate prophet (in the likeness of Jesus being a subordinate prophet) does not in any way violate the Seal of Prophets (Muhammad). The claim that Mirza Ghulam was a prophet forms a point of contention with mainstream Islam, as it
3520-521: The Unity of God and the status of Muhammad . In 2003, the viewpoint of Roza Bal being Jesus' tomb was covered in a BBC documentary by Richard Denton , Did Jesus Die? . Jesus' possible travels to India are also discussed in a 2008 documentary Jesus in India by Paul Davids . The Ahmadiyya movement advocates the notion of Jesus' survival of crucifixion through a mixture of biblical and quranic analysis. Ahmadiyyas state that there are at least 30 verses of
3608-607: The advent of the Mahdi and the descriptions of his age, which he ascribed to himself and his age. These include assertions that he was physically described in the Hadith and manifested various other signs; some of them being wider in scope, such as focusing on world events coming to certain points, certain conditions within the Muslim community, and varied social, political, economic, and physical conditions. In time, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's claim of being
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3696-415: The archaeologist Fida Hassnain and the writer Holger Kersten . Ahmadi Muslims have published extensively on the topic of Jesus' natural death expanding upon Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's work in light of newer archeological discoveries and historical research. In 1978, Mirza Nasir , the third Khalifa of the Ahmadiyya movement, travelled to London where the international conference of Jesus' Deliverance from
3784-591: The beginning of the sixties. [Kanz al Ummal, part 6, p.120] As Muhammad had lived and died after some 60 years, Jesus must also have died. In other words, as Muhammad had died, this states that there likewise was a death of Jesus. During the Mi'raj , Muhammad had also seen Jesus in the second heaven along with John the Baptist . Thus, because Islam believes the dead cannot dwell amongst the living, it can only indicate that Jesus must also be dead. The Ahmadiyya movement interprets
3872-489: The cause of Islam and the manner of his argumentation against proclaimants of other religions. The teachings that Jesus survived crucifixion, migrating towards the east in search of the Israelite tribes that had settled there and that he died a natural death upon earth, as propounded by Ahmad, have been a source of ongoing friction with the Christian church since they challenge the core beliefs of Christianity and would nullify
3960-721: The central figure in Ahmadiyya Islam. Ahmad's claim to be a subordinate ( ummati ) prophet within Islam has remained a central point of controversy between his followers and mainstream Muslims, who believe Muhammad to be the last prophet. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was a descendant of Mirza Hadi Beg , a member of the Barlas tribe . In 1530, Mirza Hadi Beg migrated from Samarkand (present-day Uzbekistan ) along with an entourage of two hundred people consisting of his family, servants and followers. Travelling through Samarkand , they finally settled in
4048-678: The coming of the Mahdi . Ahmadiyya believes that both the terms, Jesus Son of Mary and Mahdi (as used in Islamic hadith and eschatological literature), designate two titles for the same person. Ahmad , in his treatise Jesus in India (Urdu: Masih Hindustan Mein ), proposed that Jesus survived crucifixion and travelled to India after his apparent death in Jerusalem. The views of Jesus having travelled to India had been put forth prior to Mirza Ghulam Ahmed's publication, most notably by Nicolas Notovitch in 1894. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad expressly rejected
4136-522: The cross was held at the Commonwealth Institute in Kensington . This was attended by a number of scholars and academics who had presented papers discussing the circumstances surrounding the crucifixion of Jesus, in which the Ahmadiyya viewpoint regarding the death of Jesus was presented. Nasir Ahmad's lecture discussed the subject of Jesus' survival from death upon the cross, his travel to the east,
4224-509: The crowd was drifting out of control and that violence was imminent, the police superintendent gave orders to disperse the audience, and the debate did not take place. A few days later, however, a written debate did take place between Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and Maulwi Muhammad Bashir of Bhopal , which was later published. Ahmad is known to have travelled extensively across Northern India during this period of his life and to have held various debates with influential religious leaders. Ahmad published
4312-425: The debate started, there was a discussion on the conditions, which led to the conclusion that the debate should not be upon the death of Jesus, but upon the claims of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. He explained that his claim could only be discussed after the death of Jesus was proven, for Jesus was considered by many to be living and the one who will descend to Earth himself. Only when this belief was refuted could his claim to be
4400-586: The doctrines of vicarious atonement and resurrection , the two principal tenets of Christianity. Western scholars and historians have acknowledged this fact as one of the features of Ahmad's legacy. Ahmad was the first to propose a post-crucifixion journey to India for Jesus and the first—other than the local people —to identify the Roza Bal shrine in Kashmir as the tomb of Jesus. These ideas have been further expanded upon since his death in light of subsequent findings, both by Ahmadis and individuals independent of
4488-416: The expected return of an Israelite prophet after the Islamic prophet Muhammad contravenes the finality of Muhammad's prophethood . Traditional Muslims, however, hold the view that in his second coming - Jesus son of Mary will come as "just ruler" rather than in a prophetic capacity. The ḥadīth prophecies of Jesus are understood in the Ahmadiyya view to be interchangeably linked with the prophecies of
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#17330935315704576-475: The founders of Pakistani film music Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer) (1922–1998), Indian cricketer Ghulam Ahmad (forester) (1923–2003), Pakistani forestry official, later managing director of chrome mining company Ghulam Ahmad Bilour (born 1939), Pakistani politician Ghulam Ahmed Hasan Mohammed Parkar, known as Ghulam Parkar (born 1955), Indian cricketer Ghulam Ahmad Ashai , Kashmiri bureaucrat and political leader [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
4664-477: The fulfilment of various prophecies found in world religions regarding the second coming of their founders. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's followers say that he never claimed to be the same physical Jesus who lived nineteen centuries earlier. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed that Jesus died a natural death, in contradiction to the traditional Muslim view of Jesus' physical ascension to heaven and the traditional Christian belief of Jesus' crucifixion. He claimed in his books that there
4752-577: The global propagation of Islam in its pristine form. As opposed to the Christian and mainstream Islamic view of Jesus (or Isa), being alive in heaven to return towards the end of time, Ahmad asserted that he had in fact survived crucifixion and died a natural death . He traveled extensively across the Punjab preaching his religious ideas and rallied support by combining a reformist programme with his personal revelations which he claimed to receive from God, attracting thereby substantial following within his lifetime as well as considerable hostility particularly from
4840-470: The heavens were created, i.e., the moon will be eclipsed on the first of the possible nights in the month of Ramadhan and the sun will be eclipsed in the middle of the possible days of the month of Ramadhan. Ahmadis maintain that this prophecy was fulfilled in 1894 and again in 1895, about three years after Ahmad proclaimed himself to be the Promised Mahdi and Messiah, with the lunar and solar eclipse during
4928-438: The idea of Jihad as fundamentally a peaceful religious endeavour rather than chiefly (or unconditionally) a militaristic struggle, in accordance with Ahmad's standpoint on the issue. Furthermore, some Islamic scholars have opined that Jesus has died (Ahmad's assertion) or have expressed their own confusion on this matter, though the majority orthodox position of most Muslims with regard to this issue has not changed. One of
5016-676: The last of the Prophet and my mosque is the last of the mosques of the Prophets. The most rightful of the mosque that may be visited and for which the vigours of the journey may be borne are the Masjid Haram and my mosque; and a Salah in my mosque is more excellent than a salah in any other mosque by one thousand times, except the Masjid Haram." (Reported by al-Bazzar and authenticated by Sheikh Albani in Sahih Targhib No. 1175) This hadith implicates
5104-524: The main sources of dispute during his lifetime and continuing since then is Ahmad's use of the terms nabi ("prophet") and rasul ("messenger") when referring to himself. Most non-Ahmadi Muslims consider Muhammad to be the last of the prophets and believe that Ahmad's use of these terms is a violation of the concept of the Finality of Prophethood . His followers fall into two factions in this regard. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community , which comprises by far
5192-531: The majority of Ahmadis, believes that Ahmad's prophetic status does not in any way infringe the finality of Muhammad's prophethood – to which it is wholly subservient and from which it is inseparable – and is in accordance with scriptural prophecies concerning the advent of the Messiah in Islam. This group is currently headed by Ahmad's fifth caliph, or successor, carrying the title of Khalifatul Masih , an institution believed to have been established soon after his death. The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement , which comprises
5280-453: The month of Ramadhan, according to the Ahmadiyya interpretation of the prophecy. Ahmad declared that this was a sign of his truth and was in fulfillment of the tradition or prophecy. The eclipses being a sign of the Mahdi are also mentioned specifically in the Letters of Rabbani by Ahmad Sirhindi . Scientific historical records indicate these eclipses occurred at the following dates: In 1897,
5368-463: The movement. Ahmadi scholars use hadith and the quranic sources that indicate these strictly rigid ideologies are a fallacy of misplaced concreteness. The following hadith for instance illustrates the context of when Muhammad had declared himself to be the "last of the prophets", with the same breath he had also declared his mosque as the "last" of the mosques. Ayesha narrated that the Prophet (Allah's prayer and salvation be upon him) said : "I am
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#17330935315705456-520: The occasion of the festival of Eid ul-Adha , he is said to have delivered an hour-long sermon extempore in Arabic expounding the meaning and philosophy of sacrifice. This episode is celebrated as one of the important events of the history of Ahmadiyya. The sermon was simultaneously written down by two of his companions and came to be known as the Khutba Ilhamiyya , the revealed or inspired sermon. Ahmadiyya literature states that during this sermon, there
5544-401: The other Islamic views of Jesus , the Ahmadiyya teachings are distinct from the beliefs held by most mainstream Muslims, who deny the crucifixion of Jesus and believe that he ascended bodily to heaven , and will, according to Islamic literary sources , return before the end of time . Ahmadis believe the prophecies surrounding the second advent of the messiah Jesus were fulfilled in
5632-601: The people of the Reminder, if you know not. And We did not give them bodies that ate no food, nor were they to live for ever. [21:34] And We made no mortal before thee (Muhammed) to live on forever. To illustrate the death of Jesus , Ahmadiyya scholars use references to various Islamic hadith. For example, If Jesus and Moses had been alive, they would have had no choice but to follow me. [Kathir vol II, p 245 and al yawaqit wal Jawahir, part 2, page 24] Jesus son of Mary lived for 120 years, and I see myself as only entering upon
5720-506: The post-crucifixion journey of Jesus towards the East and his natural death as an aspect of Ahmadi belief is one of three primary tenets that distinguish Ahmadi teachings from general Islamic ones, and that it has provoked a fatwa against the movement. Contemporary Muslim scholars argue that no prophet can come after Muhammed based upon abstractions from the hadith and this is the principal reason for rejecting and advocating persecution against
5808-509: The primary of Ahmad's evidence despite the fact that the four chapters of his book are arranged around evidence from the Gospels , the Quran and hadith, medical literature and historical records–respectively. In his writings Mirza Ghulam Ahmad elaborated that the Roza Bal tomb in Srinagar , that is said by locals in the Srinagar region to contain the grave of a holy Jewish saint known as Yuz Asaf ,
5896-598: The promised Mahdi was a symbolic reference to a spiritual leader and not a military leader in the person of Jesus Christ as is believed by many Muslims. With this proclamation, he also rejected the idea of armed Jihad and argued that the conditions for such Jihad are not present in this age, which requires defending Islam by the pen and tongue but not with the sword. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad wrote two books named Tuhfa-e-Qaiseriya and Sitara-e-Qaiseriya in which he invited Queen Victoria to embrace Islam and forsake Christianity. Some religious scholars turned against him, and he
5984-438: The prophecised Second Coming of Jesus as being of a person "similar to Jesus" ( mathīl-i ʿIsā ), rather than that of Jesus of Nazareth himself. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad professed that the prophecy in traditional religious texts were greatly misunderstood to interpret that Jesus of Nazareth himself would return. Ahmadis consider that the founder of the movement , in both his teachings and character as well as his situation and struggles,
6072-439: The rhetoric of Muhammad being the "last" in the absolute sense. If for instance Muhammad declared his mosque as being "last" of the mosques by the same interpretation this would have invalidated all subsequent mosques that have ever been built after his advent. The Ahmadiyya understanding of the term Khatam an-Nabiyyin (Seal of Prophets) with reference to Muhammad, establishes that a prophet cannot come after Muhammad from outside
6160-406: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Ahmad&oldid=1242720175 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
6248-422: The small two-storied house of one of his followers and was left alone in a room where his companions would bring him food and leave without speaking to him as he prayed and contemplated. He only left the house on Fridays and used an abandoned mosque for Jumu'ah (Friday prayers). It is during this period that he declared God had given him the glad tidings of an illustrious son. Ahmad claimed divine appointment as
6336-566: The theory of a pre-crucifixion visit that Notovitch had proposed, arguing instead that Jesus's travels to India took place after surviving crucifixion. The first response in English to Ahmad's writings came in a book by Howard Walter , an Urdu-speaking American pastor in Lahore , The Ahmadiyya Movement (1918). Walter, like later scholars, identified the Islamic version of the Barlaam and Josaphat story as
6424-419: The world, numbering an estimated 10 to 20 million, it has received a largely negative (often hostile) response from mainstream Muslims who view Ahmad as a false messiah and his teachings as heretical, particularly the teaching that he was a prophet. Pakistan is the only state that specifically requires every Pakistani Muslim to denigrate Ahmad as an impostor and his followers as non-Muslims when applying for
6512-420: Was a change in his voice, he appeared as if in a trance , in the grip of an unseen hand, and as if a voice from the unknown had made him its mouthpiece. After the sermon ended, Ahmad fell into prostration , followed by the rest of the congregation, as a sign of gratitude towards God. Ahmad wrote later: It was like a hidden fountain gushing forth and I did not know whether it was I who was speaking or an angel
6600-433: Was a general decay of Islamic life and a dire need of a messiah. He argued that, just as Jesus had appeared in the 14th century after Moses , the promised messiah, i.e. the Mahdi, must also appear in the 14th century after Muhammad. In Tazkiratush-Shahadatain , he wrote about the fulfillment of various prophecies. In it, he enumerated a variety of prophecies and descriptions from both the Qur'an and Hadith relating to
6688-547: Was a leading religious scholar. He also proposed three conditions that were essential for such a debate: that there should be a police presence to maintain peace, the debate should be in written form (for the purpose of recording what was said), and that the debate should be on the subject of the death of Jesus. Eventually, it was settled, and Ahmad travelled to the Jama Masjid (main mosque) of Delhi accompanied by twelve of his followers, where some 5,000 people were gathered. Before
6776-505: Was a local chieftain ( ra'is ) who served in the Sikh Army. From 1864 to 1868, upon his father's wishes, Ahmad worked as a clerk in Sialkot , where he would come into contact with Christian missionaries with whom he frequently engaged in debate. After 1868, he returned to Qadian, as per his father's wishes, where he was entrusted to look after some estate affairs. During all this time, Ahmad
6864-413: Was also his physician), when, on 26 May 1908, he died from dysentery. His body was subsequently taken to Qadian and buried there; he had previously claimed that an angel had told him that he would be buried there. By the time of his death, he had gathered an estimated 400,000 followers, especially within the United Provinces , the Punjab and Sindh . Mirza Ghulam Ahmad married twice. His first wife
6952-450: Was arranged for dignitaries where Ahmad, upon request, spoke for some two hours explaining his claims, teachings and speaking in refutation of objections raised against his person; here, he preached reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims. He completed writing his last work, entitled Message of Peace , a day before his death. Ahmad was in Lahore at the home of Dr. Syed Muhammad Hussain (who
7040-429: Was at the time considered a centre of religious learning and home to many prominent religious leaders, in 1891, with the intention of distinguishing what he believed to be the truth from falsehood. He published an advertisement in which he invited the scholars to accept his claim and to engage in a public debate with him regarding the life and death of Isa (Jesus), particularly Maulana Syed Nazeer Husain (1805–1901), who
7128-708: Was his maternal cousin Hurmat Bibi. Later, they separated and lived separately for a long time. With his first wife, Hurmat Bibi, he had two sons: With his second wife, Nusrat Jahan Begum , he had ten children, five of whom died in infancy: Although Mirza Ghulam Ahmad aroused much opposition particularly from Muslim leaders owing to his messianic claims, opinion of him was not entirely negative. Many leading Muslim scholars, theologians and prominent journalists who were his contemporaries or had come into contact with him, had, despite differing with him in matters of belief, praised his personal character and acclaimed his works in
7216-402: Was known as a social recluse because he would spend most of his time in seclusion studying religious books and praying in the local mosque. As time passed, he began to engage more with the Christian missionaries, particularly in defending Islam against their criticism. He would often confront them in public debates, especially the ones based in the town of Batala . In 1886, certain leaders of
7304-438: Was likewise a circumstantial representation of that of Jesus's struggles. Adherents of the Ahmadiyya movement assert that the expected arrival of a latter day Messiah is represented across all major faiths. The prophecy of the messiah historically diverged into several theories and distinct interpretations which filtered across through the world's religious movements. The original Messianic prophecy nonetheless, only referred to
7392-478: Was made to appear to them like one crucified; and those who differ therein are certainly in a state of doubt about it; they have no definite knowledge thereof, but only follow a conjecture; and they did not convert this conjecture into a certainty; On the contrary, Allah raised him to Himself. And Allah is Mighty, Wise. As the Quran speaks of God being Omnipresent in the Earth and in the hearts of mankind, God's existence
7480-444: Was often branded as a heretic, but many religious scholars praised him like Sir Syed Ahmed Khan , Maulana Abul Kalam Azad among many others who praised him for his defense of Islam . After his death, opponents accused him of working for the British government due to the termination of armed Jihad , since his claims of being the Mahdi were made around the same time as the Mahdi of Sudan ( Muhammad Ahmad ). Following his claim to be
7568-639: Was sent in November 1902. Newspapers in America and Europe published Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's notification. Despite this prophecy, Smyth-Piggot continued to claim divinity both before and after Mirza Ghulam's death in 1908, as reported by various contemporary newspapers at the time. Towards the end of 1907 and early 1908, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to have received numerous revelations informing him of his imminent death. In April 1908, he travelled to Lahore with his family and companions. Here, he gave many lectures. A banquet
7656-405: Was speaking through my tongue. The sentences were just being uttered and every sentence was a sign of God for me. In 1899, Scottish-born American clergyman John Alexander Dowie laid claim to be the forerunner of the second coming of Christ. Ahmad exchanged a series of letters with him between 1903 and 1907. Ahmad challenged him to a prayer duel, where both would call upon God to expose the other as
7744-589: Was to travel to the Hejaz to collect the opinions of the religious scholars of Mecca and Madina. He compiled these opinions in his work Husamul Haramain (The Sword of the Two Holy Mosques) in it, Ahmad was again labelled an apostate. The unanimous consensus of about thirty-four religious scholars was that Ahmad's beliefs were blasphemous and tantamount to apostasy and that he must be punished by imprisonment and, if necessary, by execution. Ahmad went to Delhi , which
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