67-606: Gerald Robert Vizenor (born 1934) is an American writer and scholar, and an enrolled member of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe , White Earth Reservation . Vizenor also taught for many years at the University of California, Berkeley , where he was Director of Native American Studies. With more than 30 books published, Vizenor is Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley, and Professor of American Studies at
134-547: A community advocate . During this time he served as director of the American Indian Employment and Guidance Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota , which brought him into close contact with numerous Native Americans from reservations. Many found it difficult to live in the city, and struggled against white racism and cheap alcohol. This period is the subject of his short-story collection Wordarrows: Whites and Indians in
201-526: A base roll such as the Dawes Rolls . Blood degree cannot be obtained through adoptive parents. The blood degree on previously issued CDIBs or on the base rolls in the filer's ancestry are used to determine the filer's blood degree (unless they challenge them as inaccurate). Information collected for the filing is held confidential by privacy laws, except if the CDIB is related to assigned duties. A CDIB can show only
268-531: A biomedical complex directly north of Huntington Bank Stadium. The Armory , northeast of the Mall area, is built like a Norman castle . It features a sally-port entrance facing Church Street and a tower that was originally intended to be the professor of military science 's residence. Since it originally held the athletics department, the Armory also features a gymnasium . Today it is home to military science classes and
335-483: A college in 1869. Today, the university's Minneapolis campus is divided by the Mississippi River into an East and West Bank. The Minneapolis campus has several residence halls: 17th Avenue Hall, Centennial Hall, Frontier Hall, Territorial Hall, Pioneer Hall, Sanford Hall, Wilkins Hall, Middlebrook Hall, Yudof Hall, and Comstock Hall. The East Bank, the main portion of the campus, covers 307 acres (124 ha) and
402-681: A day. The university also maintains a vigilant stance on cybersecurity, conducting annual external assessments and updating strategies for risk mitigation. Emergency preparedness is also a key focus, with updated Emergency Operations Plans and disaster recovery protocols ensuring readiness for a variety of potential threats. Minnesota Gophers football player Dominic Jones was convicted of sexual assault in 2008. In July 2009, an appeals court upheld Jones' conviction, but reduced his four-year prison sentence to one year. More than 1,000 sexual assaults on campus were reported between 2010 and 2015. No prosecutions for rape occurred, according to Katie Eichele of
469-533: A greener and quieter campus. It has a grassy mall of its own and can be a bit of a retreat from the more urban Minneapolis campus. Prominent on this campus is Bailey Hall, the St. Paul campus' only residence hall. Campus Connector buses run every five minutes on weekdays when school is in session, and every 20 minutes on weekends, allowing students easy access to both campuses. The Continuing Education and Conference Center, which serves over 20,000 conference attendees per year,
536-464: A leader in medical innovation. In 1954, C. Walton Lillehei and F. John Lewis performed the world's first successful open-heart surgery using cross-circulation. 1955 saw Richard DeWall and Lillehei develop the bubble oxygenator, setting the stage for modern heart-lung machines. This was followed by Lillehei's performance of the first artificial heart valve implant in a human in 1958, and in the same year, Earl Bakken, co-founder of Medtronic, Inc., developed
603-470: A member of the literary movement which Kenneth Lincoln dubbed the Native American Renaissance , a flourishing of literature and art beginning in the mid-20th century. Vizenor has written several studies of Native American affairs, including Manifest Manners and Fugitive Poses. He has edited several collections of academic work related to Native American writing. He is the founder-editor of
670-664: A multitude of social activities between the residence halls. The Athletic area is directly north of the Superblock and includes four recreation/athletic facilities: the University Recreation Center, Cooke Hall, the University Fieldhouse, and the University Aquatic Center . These facilities are all connected by tunnels and skyways, allowing students to use one locker room facility. North of this complex
737-621: A process rather than an end, as the ways of tribal peoples continue to change (as do the ways of others). He also notes that the survival of tribal peoples as distinct from majority cultures, is based in resistance. He continues to criticize both Native American nationalism and Euro-American colonial attitudes. Both his fiction and academic studies have contributed to his being honored as a major Anishinaabe and American intellectual and writer. Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood A Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood or Certificate of Degree of Alaska Native Blood (both abbreviated CDIB)
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#1733086042645804-462: A ride. Three light-rail stations serve the university along the Green Line : Stadium Village , East Bank , and West Bank . The university partnered with Metro to offer students, staff, and faculty members a Campus Zone Pass that enables free travel on the three stations that pass through campus, as well as a discounted unlimited pass for students. More recently, the university has instituted
871-519: A staff reporter on the Minneapolis Tribune , quickly rising to become an editorial contributor. He investigated the case of Thomas James White Hawk, convicted of a 1967 Vermillion, South Dakota murder and sentenced to death. Vizenor's writings on the case explored the nature of justice in a society dealing with colonized peoples. His work was credited with enabling White Hawk to have his death sentence commuted. During this period Vizenor coined
938-544: A state. The university is currently classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". It is a member of the Association of American Universities . The National Science Foundation ranked University of Minnesota 22nd among American universities for research and development expenditures in 2022 with $ 1.202 billion. The University of Minnesota is considered a Public Ivy university. The Minnesota Golden Gophers compete in 21 intercollegiate sports in
1005-427: A van service, offers rides near and on campus. Both are free and open to all students, staff, and faculty. In addition, the campus has nearly 200 automated external defibrillators (AEDs) and 200 yellow phones for emergency-only calls. The University Police Station has 20 Code Blue phones around campus that immediately connect people to their office. There are also over 2,000 security cameras being monitored 24 hours
1072-551: A variety of functions during the rest of the year. Although the Falcon Heights area code is 651, the university telephone system trunk lines use Minneapolis exchanges and its 612 area code. Walking and riding bicycles are the most common modes of transportation among students. At times, the University Police has occasionally cited individuals for jaywalking or riding bicycles on restricted sidewalks in areas surrounding
1139-613: Is "St. Paul", but "Falcon Heights" is also recognized for use in the street addresses of all campus buildings. The College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences , including the University of Minnesota Food Industry Center and many other disciplines from social sciences to vocational education , are on this campus. It also includes the College of Continuing and Professional Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, and College of Biological Sciences. The extensive lawns, flowers, trees, and surrounding University research farm plots create
1206-563: Is a public land-grant research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota , United States. The Twin Cities campus comprises locations in Minneapolis and Falcon Heights , a suburb of St. Paul, approximately 3 mi (4.8 km) apart. The Twin Cities campus is the oldest and largest in the University of Minnesota system and has the ninth-largest (as of
1273-504: Is also on the St. Paul campus. The St. Paul campus is home to the College of Design's Department of Design, Housing, and Apparel (DHA). Located in McNeal Hall, DHA includes the departmental disciplines of apparel design, graphic design, housing studies, interior design, and retail merchandising. McNeal Hall is also the home to the University's Goldstein Museum of Design . The St. Paul campus
1340-525: Is an official U.S. document that certifies an individual possesses a specific fraction of Native American ancestry of a federally recognized Indian tribe, band, nation, pueblo , village, or community. They are issued by the Bureau of Indian Affairs after the applicant supplies a completed genealogy with supporting legal documents such as birth certificates, showing their descent, through one or both birth parents, from an enrolled Indian or an Indian listed in
1407-565: Is bordered by the Minneapolis neighborhoods of Dinkytown (on the north), Cedar-Riverside (on the west), Stadium Village (on the southeast), and Prospect Park (on the east). On regular weekdays during the school year, the Campus Connectors operate with schedule-less service as often as every five minutes during the busiest parts of the school day (between 7 am and 5:30 pm), slowing to once every 15 or 20 minutes during earlier or later hours. The estimated commute time between St. Paul and
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#17330860426451474-692: Is divided into several areas: the Knoll area, the Mall area, the Health area, the Athletic area, and the Gateway area. The Knoll area, the oldest extant part of the university, is in the northwestern corner of the campus. Many buildings in this area are well over 100 years old, such as some of the 13 in the Old Campus Historic District . Today, most disciplines in this area relate to the humanities . Burton Hall
1541-501: Is home to the College of Education and Human Development . Folwell Hall and Jones Hall are primarily used by the language departments. A residence hall, Sanford Hall, and a student-apartment complex, Roy Wilkins Hall, are in this area. This area is just south of the Dinkytown neighborhood and business area. Northrop Mall is arguably the center of the Minneapolis campus. The plan for the Mall
1608-572: Is home to the University of Minnesota Law School , the Humphrey School of Public Affairs , the Carlson School of Management , various social science buildings, and the performing arts center. The West Bank Arts Quarter includes the Rarig Center , Barbara Barker Center for Dance, Ferguson Hall (School of Music), Ted Mann Concert Hall and Regis Center for Art. Due to the numerous arts departments on
1675-637: Is known to University students and staff for the Meat and Dairy Salesroom, which sells animal food products (such as ice cream, cheese, and meat) produced in the university's state-certified pilot plant by students, faculty and staff. The St. Paul campus borders the Minnesota State Fairgrounds , which hosts the largest state fair in the United States by daily attendance. The fair lasts 12 days, from late August through Labor Day. The grounds also serve
1742-579: Is the Huntington Bank Stadium , Williams Arena , Mariucci Arena , Ridder Arena , and the Baseline Tennis Center. The Gateway area, the easternmost section of campus, is primarily composed of office buildings instead of classrooms and lecture halls. The most prominent building is McNamara Alumni Center . The university is also heavily invested in a biomedical research initiative and has built five biomedical research buildings that form
1809-563: Is the addition to the Architecture building, designed by Steven Holl and completed in 2002. It won an American Institute of Architects award for its innovative design. The Architecture building was then renamed Rapson Hall after the local modernist architect and School of Architecture Dean Ralph Rapson . The university also has a "Greek row" of historic fraternities and sororities located north of campus on University Avenue SE. The West Bank covers 53 acres (21 ha). The West Bank
1876-569: Is to the southeast of the Mall area and focuses on undergraduate buildings for biological science students, as well as the homes of the College of Pharmacy , the School of Nursing , the School of Dentistry , the Medical School , the School of Public Health , and M Health Fairview Hospitals and Clinics. This complex of buildings forms what is known as the University of Minnesota Medical Center . Part of
1943-439: The College of Biological Sciences is housed in this area. Across the street from the University of Minnesota Medical Center Fairview is an area known as the "Superblock", a four-city-block space comprising four residence halls (Pioneer, Frontier, Centennial and Territorial Halls). The Superblock is one of the most popular locations for on-campus housing because it has the largest concentration of students living on campus and has
2010-602: The Lotus Coffman administration. The Mall area is home to the College of Liberal Arts , which is Minnesota's largest public or private college, and the College of Science and Engineering . Behind CMU is another residence hall, Comstock Hall, and another student-apartment complex, Yudof Hall. The Northrop Mall Historic District was formally listed in the National Register of Historic Places in January 2018. The Health area
2077-536: The NCAA Division I Big Ten Conference and have won 29 national championships. As of March 2024, Minnesota's current and former students have won a total of 90 Olympic medals . The University of Minnesota was founded in Minneapolis in 1851 as a college preparatory school , seven years prior to Minnesota's statehood. It struggled in its early years and relied on donations to stay open from donors, including South Carolina Governor William Aiken Jr. In 1867,
Gerald Vizenor - Misplaced Pages Continue
2144-665: The University of California , Santa Cruz, where he was also Provost of Kresge College . He had an endowed chair for one year at the University of Oklahoma . Vizenor next was appointed as a professor at the University of California , Berkeley. He is professor of American Studies at the University of New Mexico . Vizenor was influenced by the French post-modernist intellectuals, particularly Jacques Derrida and Jean Baudrillard . Vizenor has published collections of haiku, poems, plays, short stories , translations of traditional tribal tales, screenplays, and many novels. He has been named as
2211-618: The University of New Mexico . Gerald Vizenor was born to a mother who was Swedish-American and a father who was Anishinaabe. When he was less than two years old, his father was murdered in a homicide that was never solved. He was raised by his mother and paternal Anishinaabe grandmother, along with a succession of paternal uncles, in Minneapolis and on the White Earth Reservation . His mother's partner acted as his informal stepfather and primary caregiver. Following that man's death in 1950, Vizenor lied about his age and at 15 entered
2278-460: The bystander effect . The U of M also has a SAFE-U emergency notification text messaging system that sends out a notification to all faculty, staff, and students in case of emergency. The commitment to a safe inclusive campus is also articulated through the comprehensive University of Minnesota Safety Plan, aligned with MPact 2025's Commitment 5, Action Item 5.4, emphasizing the need to assess and improve campus safety continually. The establishment of
2345-471: The honeycrisp apple. Note: The flagship University of Minnesota campus is the Twin Cities campus, which comprises grounds in St. Paul and Minneapolis, the latter divided into areas on both the east and west banks of the Mississippi River. Administratively, these are all one campus, but for purposes of simplicity, this article will apply "campus" to its component parts where necessary to avoid confusion with
2412-454: The 2022–2023 academic year) main campus student body in the United States, with 54,890 students at the start of the 2023–24 academic year. It is the flagship institution of the University of Minnesota System and is organized into 19 colleges, schools, and other major academic units. The Minnesota Territorial Legislature drafted a charter for the University of Minnesota as a territorial university in 1851, seven years before Minnesota became
2479-531: The American Indian Literature and Critical Studies series at the University of Oklahoma Press , which has provided an important venue for critical work on and by Native writers. In his own studies, Vizenor has worked to deconstruct the semiotics of Indianness. His title, Fugitive Poses is derived from Vizenor's assertion that the term Indian is a social-science construction that replaces native peoples, who become absent or "fugitive". Similarly,
2546-476: The Aurora Center, until the conviction of Daniel Drill-Mellum in 2016, for the rapes of two fellow students. Drill-Mellum received a six-year prison sentence. It has been alleged that few sexual assaults on campus are reported to University police. Six resulted in arrest from 2010 to 2015; one was determined to be unfounded. In a study by campus police, in the years between 2005 and 2015, sexual assaults at
2613-533: The Bureau of Indian Affairs' Higher Education Grant for college expenses requires a 1/4 degree minimum. A Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood does not establish membership in a tribe. Tribal membership is determined by tribal laws and may or may not require a CDIB or may require a separate tribal determination of ancestry or blood degree. The CDIB is controversial, from a racial politics perspective, and because non-federally recognized tribes are neither eligible for
2680-466: The East Bank is 15 minutes. In 2008, the system carried 3.55 million riders. Although the shuttle service is free, it is comparatively inexpensive to operate; with an operating cost of $ 4.55 million in 2008, the operating subsidy was only $ 1.28 per passenger. Even Metro Transit 's busy Metro Blue Line light rail required a subsidy of $ 1.44 that year, and that was with many riders paying $ 1.75 or more for
2747-498: The French, Poles, Germans and English. In order to cover more general Native studies, Vizenor suggests using the term, "postindian," to convey that the disparate, heterogeneous tribal cultures were "unified" and could be addressed en masse only by Euro-American attitudes and actions towards them. He has also promoted the neologism of " survivance ", a cross between the words "survival" and "resistance." He uses it to replace "survival" in terms of tribal peoples. He coined it to imply
Gerald Vizenor - Misplaced Pages Continue
2814-635: The Minnesota National Guard . Honorably discharged before his unit went to Korea , Vizenor joined the army two years later. He served with occupation forces in Japan, with that nation was still struggling to recover from the vast destruction of the nuclear attacks that ended World War II. During this period, he began to learn about the Japanese poetic form of haiku . Later he wrote Hiroshima Bugi (2004), what he called his " kabuki novel." Returning to
2881-456: The New Fur Trade, some of which was inspired by his experiences. His work with homeless and poor Natives may have been the reason Vizenor looked askance at the emerging American Indian Movement (AIM), seeing radical leaders such as Dennis Banks and Clyde Bellecourt as being more concerned with personal publicity than the "real" problems faced by American Indians. Vizenor began working as
2948-583: The Strategic Safety Advisory Committee and public safety forums fosters community engagement and dialogue on safety concerns and improvements. Additionally, the university has made strides in off-campus safety through nightly patrols in Dinkytown and the introduction of blue light kiosks and mobile light trailers to enhance visibility and security. Other resources help students get home safely. Calling 624-WALK secures an escort for walks to adjacent campuses and neighborhoods, and Gopher Chauffeur,
3015-411: The United States in 1953, Vizenor took advantage of G.I. Bill funding to complete his undergraduate degree at New York University . He followed this with postgraduate study at Harvard University and the University of Minnesota , where he also undertook graduate teaching. After returning to Minnesota, he married and had a son. After teaching at the university, between 1964 and 1968, Vizenor worked as
3082-531: The Universal Transit Pass, which allows most students unlimited access to the Metro Transit light rail and bus networks as well as a number of other transit systems in the area. The Step Up campaign is a program that helps students prevent excessive drinking, as well as sexual assault and other crimes, by teaching them how to intervene and prevent in a positive way. This is done, in part, by explaining
3149-451: The University." Pillsbury Hall is named in his honor. Academic milestones began with Warren Clark Eustis and Henry Martyn Williamson graduating in 1873 as the university's first graduates. Helen Marr Ely was the first female graduate in 1875. The university progressed by awarding its first master's degree in 1880 and conferring its first Ph.D. in 1888. As the 20th century began, the university expanded its academic offerings. In 1908,
3216-575: The Weisman Art Museum is a typical example of his work with curving metallic structures. The abstract structure is considered highly significant because it was built prior to the widespread use of computer-aided design in architecture. It also ushered in a new era of architecture at the university, which continued with the completion of the McNamara Alumni Center in 2000 and Bruininks Hall (formerly STSS) in 2010. Another notable structure
3283-503: The West Bank, it is home to several annual interdisciplinary arts festivals. Wilson Library, the largest library in the university system, is also on the West Bank, as is Middlebrook Hall, the largest residence hall on campus. The St. Paul campus is in the city of Falcon Heights , about 3 mi (4.8 km) from the Minneapolis campus. The default place name for the ZIP code serving the campus
3350-576: The blood degree of one tribe or the total blood degree from all tribes in the filer's ancestry. Some tribes require a specific minimum degree of tribal ancestry for membership, which might require the first type of certificate, while some federal benefits programs require a minimum total Indian blood degree so an individual might require the second type of certificate to qualify. For example, the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians requires at least 1/16 degree of Eastern Cherokee blood for tribal membership, whereas
3417-470: The card nor for the benefits which require one. Some groups, such as the Cherokee freedmen , were often not eligible for a CDIB because they are not Native American by blood or their degree of blood was not recorded in the base rolls (where Freedman was used instead of stating a degree). University of Minnesota The University of Minnesota Twin Cities (historically known as University of Minnesota )
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#17330860426453484-416: The first portable pacemaker, introduced into practice by Lillehei. The latter part of the 20th century saw the university's continued innovation in medical transplantation, including the world's first successful kidney/pancreas transplant in 1967, a bone marrow transplant in 1968, and a living donor pancreas transplant in 1998. Another notable contribution to agriculture came in 1991, with the development of
3551-485: The heart of the university. Johnston's son, Clarence Johnston Jr, was also an architect and designed the original Bell Museum building and Coffman Memorial Union in the 1930s. The Malcolm Moos Health Sciences Tower , which is the tallest building on the Twin Cities campus, is a noted example of brutalist architecture . In more recent years, Frank Gehry designed the Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum . Completed in 1993,
3618-630: The majority of these programs and certificates at its Twin Cities campus. The university has all three branches of the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC). The Twin Cities campus, as well as the campuses at Crookston , Duluth , Morris , and Rochester , are accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC). For incoming undergraduates enrolled in fall 2023, Minnesota received more than 39,000 applications. The Class of 2027 consisted of approximately 6,700 students. For
3685-545: The names of cities. As the largest of five campuses across the University of Minnesota system, the Twin Cities campus has more than 50,000 students; this makes it the ninth-largest campus student body in the United States overall. It also has more than 300 research, education, and outreach centers and institutes. The original Minneapolis campus overlooked the Saint Anthony Falls on the Mississippi River , but it
3752-424: The other two players should be suspended for a year. The university is organized into 19 colleges, schools, and other major academic units: Six university-wide interdisciplinary centers and institutes work across collegiate lines: The university (system-wide) offers 154 undergraduate degree programs, 24 undergraduate certificates, 307 graduate degree programs, and 79 graduate certificates. The university offers
3819-446: The phrase "cultural schizophrenia" to describe the state of mind of many Natives, who he considered torn between Native and White cultures. His investigative journalism into American Indian activists revealed drug dealing, personal failings, and failures of leadership among some of the movement's leaders. As a consequence of his articles, he was personally threatened. Beginning teaching full-time at Lake Forest College , Illinois, Vizenor
3886-419: The term, "manifest manners," refers to the continued legacy of Manifest Destiny . He wrote that native peoples were still bound by "narratives of dominance" that replace them with "Indians". In place of a unified "Indian" signifier , he suggests that Native peoples be referred to by specific tribal identities, to be properly placed in their particular tribal context, just as most Americans would distinguish among
3953-586: The time of construction. Buffington also designed the exterior of Burton Hall , considered one of the strongest specimens of Greek Revival architecture in Minnesota. Many of the buildings on the East Bank were designed by the prolific Minnesota architect Clarence H. Johnston , including the Jacobean Folwell Hall and the Beaux-Arts edifices of Northrop Auditorium and Walter Library , which he considered
4020-451: The university inaugurated the Program of Mortuary Science, becoming the first state university in the United States to do so. The School of Nursing was established in 1909, the first continuous nursing school on a university campus in the United States. The nursing school later opened its doors to male students in 1949. 20th-century breakthroughs at the University of Minnesota positioned it as
4087-477: The university received land grant status through the Morrill Act of 1862 . With lands taken from Dakota people , the university was able to revive itself after closing in 1858. The Dakota people have not been credited for the expropriation of their lands. An 1876 donation from flour miller John S. Pillsbury is generally credited with saving the school. Since then, Pillsbury has become known as "The Father of
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#17330860426454154-501: The university remained the same or increased despite six sexual assault resources and many anti-crime programs on campus. In August 2020, the University of Minnesota agreed to pay $ 500,000 to a woman who in the fall of 2016, accused several Gophers football players of sexually assaulting her. In February 2017, a University of Minnesota panel cleared four of the 10 Gopher football players the woman accused and agreed with investigators' recommendation that four other players be expelled and
4221-486: The university's Reserve Officers' Training Corps . Several buildings in the Old Campus Historic District were designed by early Minnesota architect LeRoy Buffington . One of the most notable is Pillsbury Hall , designed by Buffington and Harvey Ellis in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. Pillsbury Hall's polychromatic facade incorporates several sandstone varieties that were available in Minnesota during
4288-468: The university. The Washington Avenue Bridge crossing the Mississippi River provides access between the East and West Banks in Minneapolis, on foot and via designated bike lanes and a free shuttle service. Several pedestrian tunnels ease the passage from building to building during harsh weather; they are marked with signs reading " The Gopher Way ". The Minneapolis campus is near Interstates 94 and 35W and
4355-586: Was appointed to set up and run the Native American Studies program at Bemidji State University . Later he became professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis (1978–1985). He later satirized the academic world in some of his fiction. For example, in "The Chair of Tears", in Earthdivers . During this time he also served as a visiting professor at Tianjin University , China. Vizenor worked and taught for four years at
4422-525: Was based on a design by Cass Gilbert , although his scheme was too extravagant to be fully implemented. Several of the campus's primary buildings surround the Mall area. Northrop Auditorium provides a northern anchor, with Coffman Memorial Union (CMU) to the south. Four of the larger buildings to the sides of the Mall are the primary mathematics , physics , and chemistry buildings (Vincent Hall, Tate Laboratory and Smith Hall, respectively) and Walter Library . Smith Hall and Walter Library were built during
4489-472: Was later moved about a mile (1.6 km) downstream to its current location. The original site is now marked by a small park known as Chute Square at the intersection of University and Central Avenues. The school shut down following a financial crisis during the American Civil War, but reopened in 1867 with considerable financial help from John S. Pillsbury . It was upgraded from a preparatory school to
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