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29-628: George Tsypin is an American stage designer , sculptor and architect. He was an artistic director, production designer and coauthor of the script for the Opening Ceremony of the Olympic Games in Sochi in 2014. Tsypin was born in Kazgorodok, Kazakhstan (former Soviet Union ), where his parents were in internal exile after being released from GULAG as political prisoners. George Tsypin graduated from

58-1855: A complete set of design drawings that include: In planning, scenic designers often make multiple scale models and renderings . Models are often made before final drawings are completed for construction. These precise drawings help the scenic designer effectively communicate with other production staff, especially the technical director , production manager , charge scenic artist , and prop master . In Europe and Australia , many scenic designers are also responsible for costume design , lighting design and sound design . They are commonly referred to as theatre designers, scenographers , or production designers. Scenic design often involves skills such as carpentry , architecture , textual analysis , and budgeting . Many modern scenic designers use 3D CAD models to produce design drawings that used to be done by hand. Some notable scenic designers include: Adolphe Appia , Boris Aronson , Alexandre Benois , Alison Chitty , Antony McDonald , Barry Kay , Caspar Neher , Cyro Del Nero , Aleksandra Ekster , David Gallo , Edward Gordon Craig , Es Devlin , Ezio Frigerio , Christopher Gibbs , Franco Zeffirelli , George Tsypin , Howard Bay , Inigo Jones , Jean-Pierre Ponnelle , Jo Mielziner , John Lee Beatty , Josef Svoboda , Ken Adam , Léon Bakst , Luciano Damiani , Maria Björnson , Ming Cho Lee , Philip James de Loutherbourg , Natalia Goncharova , Nathan Altman , Nicholas Georgiadis , Oliver Smith , Ralph Koltai , Emanuele Luzzati , Neil Patel , Robert Wilson , Russell Patterson , Brian Sidney Bembridge , Santo Loquasto , Sean Kenny , Todd Rosenthal , Robin Wagner , Tony Walton , Louis Daguerre , Ralph Funicello , and Roger Kirk . Theatre director A theatre director or stage director

87-411: A graduate programme based on the premise that directors are autodidacts who need as many opportunities to direct as possible. Under Fowler, graduate student directors would stage between five and ten productions during their three-year residencies, with each production receiving detailed critiques. As with many other professions in the performing arts, theatre directors would often learn their skills "on

116-399: A performance, which help to establish the setting and enhance the narrative. Backdrops: Painted or digitally projected backdrops and flat scenery that create the illusion of depth and perspective on stage. Lighting : Setting the tone, ambiance, and focal point of the performance, lighting design is an essential component of scenic design. Functionality: In order to meet the demands of

145-525: A team of creative individuals and other staff to coordinate research and work on all the aspects of the production which includes the Technical and the Performance aspects. The technical aspects include: stagecraft, costume design, theatrical properties (props), lighting design, set design, and sound design for the production. The performance aspects include: acting, dance, orchestra, chants, and stage combat. If

174-450: Is a professional in the theatre field who oversees and orchestrates the mounting of a theatre production such as a play, opera, dance, drama, musical theatre performance, etc. by unifying various endeavors and aspects of production. The director's function is to ensure the quality and completeness of theatre production and to lead the members of the creative team into realizing their artistic vision for it. The director thereby collaborates with

203-735: Is an art form that has grown with the development of theatre theory and theatre practice. With the emergence of new trends in theatre, so too have directors adopted new methodologies and engaged in new practices. Interpretation of the drama, by the late twentieth century, had become central to the director's work. Relativism and psychoanalytic theory influenced the work of innovative directors such as Peter Brook , Ingmar Bergman , Peter Stein , and Giorgio Strehler . Kimberly Senior, director of Disgraced on Broadway, explains her role as director by saying “I get to take things that were previously in one dimension and put them into three dimensions using my imagination and intellect and people skills.” Once

232-574: The Moscow Art Theatre in Russia and similarly emancipate the role of the director as artistic visionary. The French regisseur is also sometimes used to mean a stage director, most commonly in ballet . A more common term for theatre director in French is metteur en scène . Post World War II , the actor-manager slowly started to disappear, and directing become a fully fledged artistic activity within

261-650: The Yale School of Drama produced a number of pioneering directors with D.F.A. (Doctor of Fine Arts) and M.F.A. degrees in Drama (rather than English) who contributed to the expansion of professional resident theaters in the 1960s and 1970s. In the early days such programmes typically led to the staging of one major thesis production in the third (final) year. At the University of California, Irvine , Keith Fowler (a Yale D.F.A. and ex-producer of two LORT companies) led for many years

290-507: The chorus , sometimes compose the music, and supervise every aspect of production. The fact that the director was called didaskalos , the Greek word for "teacher," indicates that the work of these early directors combined instructing their performers with staging their work. In medieval times, the complexity of vernacular religious drama, with its large scale mystery plays that often included crowd scenes, processions and elaborate effects, gave

319-433: The 19th century, the role of director was often carried by the actor-manager . This would usually be a senior actor in a troupe who took the responsibility for choosing the repertoire of work, staging it and managing the company. This was the case for instance with Commedia dell'Arte companies and English actor-managers like Colley Cibber and David Garrick . The modern theatre director can be said to have originated in

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348-572: The Dark" (Tony Award Nomination, Outer Critics Circle Award) on Broadway. His book "GEORGE TSYPIN OPERA FACTORY: Building in the Black Void" was published by Princeton Architectural Press in October 2005 (Golden Pen Award); the second book "GEORGE TSYPIN OPERA FACTORY: Invisible City" by the same publisher was released on October 18, 2016. George Tsypin was an artistic director, production designer and coauthor of

377-761: The Moscow Institute of Architecture in 1977, and in the same year, he emerged as a prize-winner at the New and Spontaneous Ideas for the Theatre of the New Generation competition in Paris. Since 1979, he has lived and worked in New York. In 1984, he graduated in set design from New York University. George Tsypin is a sculptor, architect and designer of opera, film and video. He won an International Competition of "New and Spontaneous Ideas for

406-910: The Planet Earth Gallery, one of the Millennium Projects in England: a major installation of moving architectural elements, videos and 200 sculptures. George exhibited his work at the Venice Biennale in 2002. George studied architecture in Moscow and theater design in New York and won numerous awards. He has worked for many years with renowned directors and composers such as Peter Sellars , Julie Taymor , Zhang Yimou , Francesca Zambello , Pierre Audi , Jurgen Flimm , Philip Glass , John Adams , Kaija Saariaho , Andrey Konchalovsky and Baz Halpin. George designed "The Little Mermaid" and "Spider-man: Turn off

435-489: The Renaissance, more complex and realistic sets could be created for scenic design. Scenic design evolved in conjunction with technological and theatrical improvements over the 19th and 20th centuries. Scenic design involves several key elements: Set Pieces : These are physical structures, such as platforms, walls, and furniture, that define the spatial environment of the performance. Props : Objects used by actors during

464-606: The Stage: From Naturalism to Growtowski , and Will's The Director in a Changing Theatre (1976). Because of the relatively late emergence of theatre directing as a performing arts profession when compared with for instance acting or musicianship, a rise of professional vocational training programmes in directing can be seen mostly in the second half of the 20th century. Most European countries nowadays know some form of professional directing training, usually at drama schools or conservatoires , or at universities. In Britain,

493-823: The Theater for Future Generations" some twenty years ago. Since then his opera designs have been seen all over the world, including the Salzburg Festival , Opera de Bastille in Paris, Covent Garden in London, La Scala in Milan and Metropolitan Opera in New York. Mr. Tsypin has worked in all major theaters in America, and in the '90s, he expanded his work to include designs for film, television, concerts as well as exhibitions and installations. The first personal gallery show of his sculpture took place in 1991 at Twining Gallery in New York. He created

522-732: The Wynn Hotel in Las Vegas that premiered in November 2022. His latest project was "Great Chin" in China: the biggest immersive spectacle ever created. George lives in New York with his wife Galina. He has two daughters, Allie, a film director, and Sonja, a cinematographer. Stage designer The origins of scenic design may be found in the outdoor amphitheaters of ancient Greece, when acts were staged using basic props and scenery. Because of improvements in stage equipment and drawing perspectives throughout

551-423: The actors, crew, and technical specifications of the show, and sets must be useful and practical. When building the set, designers have to take accessibility, perspectives, entrances, and exits into account. A scenic designer works with the theatre director and other members of the creative team to establish a visual concept for the production and to design the stage environment. They are responsible for developing

580-406: The erecting of a stage and scenery (there were no permanent, purpose-built theatre structures at this time, and performances of vernacular drama mostly took place in the open air), casting and directing the actors (which included fining them for those that infringed rules), and addressing the audience at the beginning of each performance and after each intermission. From Renaissance times up until

609-665: The job"; to this purpose, theatres often employ trainee assistant directors or have in-house education schemes to train young theatre directors. Examples are the Royal National Theatre in London , which frequently organizes short directing courses, or the Orange Tree Theatre and the Donmar Warehouse on London's West End , which both employ resident assistant directors on a one-year basis for training purposes. Directing

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638-420: The production is a new piece of writing or a (new) translation of a play, the director may also work with the playwright or a translator. In contemporary theatre, after the playwright , the director is generally the principle visionary, making decisions on the artistic conception and interpretation of the play and its staging. Different directors occupy different places of authority and responsibility, depending on

667-483: The role of director (or stage manager or pageant master ) considerable importance. A miniature by Jean Fouquet from 1460 (pictured) bears one of the earliest depictions of a director at work. Holding a prompt book, the central figure directs, with the aid of a long stick, the proceedings of the staging of a dramatization of the Martyrdom of Saint Apollonia . According to Fouquet, the director's tasks included overseeing

696-501: The script for the Opening Ceremony of the Olympic Games in Sochi in 2014. He was nominated for an Emmy Award for his work. One of his latest works was the design of New York very popular landmark Sea Glass Carousel in Battery Park at the South tip of Manhattan in close proximity to the former World Trade Center. George designed "Awakening", a groundbreaking $ 150 million spectacle at

725-705: The staging of elaborate spectacles of the Meininger Company under George II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen . The management of large numbers of extras and complex stagecraft matters necessitated an individual to take on the role of overall coordinator. This gave rise to the role of the director in modern theatre, and Germany would provide a platform for a generation of emerging visionary theatre directors, such as Erwin Piscator and Max Reinhardt . Simultaneously, Constantin Stanislavski , principally an actor-manager, would set up

754-529: The structure and philosophy of individual theatre companies. Directors use a wide variety of techniques, philosophies, and levels of collaboration. In ancient Greece , the birthplace of European drama, the writer bore principal responsibility for the staging of his plays. Actors were generally semi-professionals, and the director oversaw the mounting of plays from the writing process all the way through to their performance, often acting in them too, as Aeschylus for example did. The author-director would also train

783-560: The theatre profession. The director originating artistic vision and concept, and realizing the staging of a production, became the norm rather than the exception. Great forces in the emancipation of theatre directing as a profession were notable 20th-century theatre directors like Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko , Vsevolod Meyerhold , Yevgeny Vakhtangov , Michael Chekhov , Yuri Lyubimov (Russia), Orson Welles , Peter Brook , Peter Hall (Britain), Bertolt Brecht (Germany), Giorgio Strehler , and Franco Zeffirelli (Italy). A cautionary note

812-526: The tradition that theatre directors emerge from degree courses (usually in English literature) at the Oxbridge universities has meant that for a long time, professional vocational training did not take place at drama schools or performing arts colleges, although an increase in training programmes for theatre directors can be witnessed since the 1970s and 1980s. In American universities, the seminal directing program at

841-466: Was introduced by the famed director Sir Tyrone Guthrie who said "the only way to learn how to direct a play, is ... to get a group of actors simple enough to allow you to let you direct them, and direct." A number of seminal works on directing and directors include Toby Cole and Helen Krich's 1972 Directors on Directing: A Sourcebook of the Modern Theatre , Edward Braun's 1982 book The Director and

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