Misplaced Pages

#110889

70-531: George Călinescu was born Gheorghe Vișan on 19 June 1899, the son of a housekeeper, Maria Vișan; the child was brought up by his mother's employers, Constantin Călinescu, a worker for Romanian State Railways , and his wife Maria, in their house in Bucharest. The Călinescu family, along with their housekeeper and the child, moved first to Botoșani , then to Iași , where Gheorghe Vișan, the future writer, matriculated at

140-449: A Communist republic in 1947, there was quite a significant amount of investment in railway infrastructure, often to the detriment of other forms of infrastructure. During this period, railways were seen as the symbol of Romania's rapid industrialisation under Communist leaders Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and later by Nicolae Ceaușescu . Aside from an increase in train traffic and the construction of various new lines, especially in rural areas,

210-482: A few have closed completely since 1990, most of which were in rural areas. Overall however, actual railway closures in Romania have been much less drastic than in other former Communist bloc countries, such as Hungary or Eastern Germany; indeed the "closure" figures given include lines which have been taken over by private operators and continue to operate (2010). Some standard gauge lines have in fact reopened since closure in

280-599: A half hours for the 93 kilometres (58 miles) trip (CFR Timetable 1988, table 309). As of 2022 the Turda–Abrud journey by bus takes 2 hours and 45 minutes. Some other line closures were thought imminent especially on the branch lines in Timiș County , which were generally very old and little-used; but most seem to have been reprieved and now are operated by private operators. Between 1,000 and 1,500 km (620 and 930 mi) of railway lines have been divested of CFR control and

350-516: A higher comfort. Fares and timetables can be checked on www.cfrcalatori.ro. InterCity (IC) is CFR's premier train type and is used for daytime express services between major cities, as well as shuttle services between Bucharest and the Black Sea coast and the Carpathian mountain resorts. InterCity trains typically only stop in large cities (generally of over 100,000 inhabitants). InterCity trains are

420-623: A lengthy absence. Dining cars are never used on these trains. In the 2010 schedule, many short and medium distance routes (such as Bucharest–Craiova, Bucharest– Râmnicu Vâlcea – Sibiu , Bucharest– Tulcea , Craiova–Sibiu, Timișoara–Sibiu, Cluj-Napoca–Timișoara) were served by modernized double-decker cars or Desiro trainsets. Some long-distance trains (Bucharest–Timișoara, Bucharest– Târgu Jiu – Arad , Bucharest–Cluj-Napoca– Satu Mare , Bucharest–Iași, Bucharest–Vatra Dornei, Iași–Timișoara, Sighetu Marmației –Bucharest) also use modernized Rapid-style cars. Rolling stock on InterRegional trains has recently been

490-510: A literary education of extraordinary quality. Under Ortiz's guidance Călinescu made his first translations from Italian; during his student days he translated Giovanni Papini 's autobiographical novel Un uomo finito and a novella from Boccaccio 's Decameron . Again with Ortiz's help, he began work at the literary review Roma , the first issue appearing in January 1921, and travelled to Italy with his university colleagues. Călinescu's first book

560-561: A number of new Desiro trainsets in late 2004, which had better insulation and 70 seats instead of 110, thereby increasing the width and pitch of the seats. To this date, CFR continues to use Desiro trains on short and medium-distance routes, even though it has replaced them on several long-distance routes with other rolling stock. In addition to the Desiro DMUs, CFR has purchased 80 new sleeping cars , couchettes and first and second class cars in recent years. The new sleeping cars are now some of

630-429: A number of small branch lines have been closed— especially those designated for industrial purposes or having a narrow gauge . This has been generally done due to greater competition from private bus services as well as generally low passenger numbers on those lines. The narrow gauge line from Turda to Abrud , for example, could not hope to compete with the private car or bus, the journey time being just short of six and

700-518: A reputation for their high levels of comfort, cleanliness and service. The InterCity standard livery was usually grey and blue, especially in the case of the C160-class rolling stock, which is the newest type. Most InterCity rolling stock is open plan (no compartments). When CFR bought the Desiro DMUs, they were mostly used for InterCity trains, but due to complaints related to their comfort levels, they were replaced with standard cars for most routes and now

770-456: A result, all railway lines in these regions, previously under the ownership of Austria-Hungary or the Russian Empire , were placed under the administration of CFR. This event was significant for Romanian railways because it meant that the large Arad rolling stock and steel factory, previously located on Austro-Hungarian territory, was now part of Romania, and was consequently used to produce

SECTION 10

#1733093774111

840-461: A wide range of rolling stock and locomotives for CFR. During this time, various railway lines were " doubled " — a second set of tracks were laid alongside the original tracks to permit trains to run in opposite directions simultaneously — to increase traffic flow on those routes. The first line to be doubled was the Bucharest– Ploiești – Câmpina line, where doubling was completed in 1912. In

910-580: Is 53-CFR. The first railway line on Romania's present-day territory was opened on 20 August 1854 and ran between Oravița in Banat and Baziaș , a port on the Danube . The line, which had a length of 62.5 km (38.8 mi), was used solely for the transportation of coal. From 12 January 1855, the line was operated by Imperial Royal Privileged Austrian State Railway Company , the Banat province being at that time part of

980-501: Is a cultural and literary magazine from Romania . In its original edition, it was founded on 1 January 1855 by Vasile Alecsandri and published in Iași until 3 December 1855, when it was suppressed. The new series appeared on 10 October 1968 as a continuation of Gazeta Literară . It is the Writers' Union of Romania 's official magazine. The magazine is based in Bucharest and is published on

1050-728: The Austrian Empire . After several improvements in the following months, the line was opened to passenger traffic from 1 November 1856. Between 1864 and 1880, several railways were constructed in the area of the Kingdom of Romania . On 1 September 1865, the English company John Trevor-Barkley began construction on the Bucharest– Giurgiu line. Commissioned by the King of Romania, the line was opened to traffic on 26 August 1869. The Bucharest-Giurgiu line

1120-623: The CFR ) was the state railway carrier of Romania . The company was dissolved on 1 October 1998 by splitting into several successor companies. CFR as an entity existed from 1880, even though the first railway on current Romanian territory was opened in 1854. CFR was divided into four autonomous companies: CFR was headquartered in Bucharest and had regional divisions centered in Bucharest, Brașov , Cluj-Napoca , Constanța , Craiova , Galați , Iași , and Timișoara . Its International Union of Railways code

1190-597: The Communist Party of Romania . He was considered a political liability despite having shown evidence of democratic, left-leaning tendencies throughout the interwar period. In the 1950s, however, he became director of the Institutul de teorie literară și folclor ("The Literary Theory and Folklore Institute") and coordinated the institute's publication, Studii și cercetări de istorie literară și folclor ("Literary Theory and Folklore Studies and Research"), from 1952 to 1965. He

1260-689: The Electroputere factory in Craiova , respectively Întreprinderea de Vagoane Arad (IVA) factory in Arad . After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, which resulted in the fall of Communism, Romania was left with one of the largest, most dense and most frequently used railway networks in Europe; but at the same time having relatively outdated infrastructure. This, combined with the economic decline that Romania faced in

1330-680: The People's Republic of China ( Am fost în China nouă , in 1953), publishing his impressions in these two volumes. From 1948 to 1953 Călinescu was mistrusted and marginalized, despite being named to the Academy of the Romanian People's Republic in 1949; even after destalinization began in the Soviet Union in 1953, the Romanian establishment continued to favor the "wooden-tongued," socialist realist models

1400-438: The 1980s, through the efforts of Călinescu's assistant Alexandru Piru . In November 1964, George Călinescu was diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver and sent for treatment to the sanatorium at Otopeni . On 12 March 1965, in the middle of the night, he died, leaving behind, in the words of Geo Bogza , "a body of work fundamental to the Romanian people." After 1989 there began a period in which Călinescu's civic activity under

1470-451: The 1990s and some narrow-gauge tracks have recently been reopened by SFT (CFR's Railway Tourism Society) for tourism, but are only run occasionally, about twice a month (lines include Abrud-Câmpeni, Târgu Mureș -Band or Moldovița-Vama). All forestry railroads ( căi ferate forestiere in Romanian) still in operation after 1989 have been privatized and sold to the forestry companies. Some, such as

SECTION 20

#1733093774111

1540-495: The 1990s due to its transition to a market economy, resulted in CFR entering a period of relative decline. Several little-used routes, especially in rural areas, were cut back, and rolling stock, most of which was acquired in the 1970s, entered a period of disrepair. CFR's image, both domestically and abroad, suffered greatly, due to reports of dilapidated trains, poor service and general disarray of management. This situation continued until

1610-927: The Bucharest– Vienna IC service switched from being operated by CFR to being run by Austrian Railways ( ÖBB ) in 2003, leading to numerous complaints that the route should revert to CFR cars instead of Austrian ÖBB cars. Beginning with December 2006, the company introduced the business service on certain IC routes (București Nord–Timișoara Nord, București Nord–Oradea). These wagons were refurbished by CFR Grivița and they provided two classes: standard and standard exclusive. According to class, these rail cars provide leather or fabric-covered armchairs, monitors, individual displays for every seat, 4 channel audio system with earphones, wireless internet access, bar, air conditioning, and they were equipped with an elevator for disabled travellers. As of 1 June 2014, InterCity trains used to operate on

1680-620: The Communist regime was called into question, and in which he was accused of collaborating with the authorities, notably by his former assistant Adrian Marino. A veritable "trial by press" resulted in which all of his works and activities were systematically reevaluated, proving Călinescu's perennial value and ability to offer new generations new perspectives on his own times and the whole history of Romanian literature. Romanian State Railways Căile Ferate Române ( Romanian pronunciation: [ˈkə.ile feˈrate roˈmɨne] ; abbreviated as

1750-472: The Communists seized power in 1947. An intellectual with liberal-left ideas who nonetheless proved flexible enough to write praises of the King under Carol's dictatorship, Călinescu outwardly adhered to the new Communist ideology after 1947, likely noting the practical advantages of such a shift in loyalties. He made numerous research trips to the Soviet Union ( Kiev, Moscova, Leningrad appeared in 1949) and

1820-599: The Desiro DMUs are used for the Regio trains. Express passenger and international IC services, such as the Bucharest-Constanța route, use the Romanian-built Astra AVA-200 cars, which have a maximum speed of 200 km/h (120 mph) and are the most comfortable rolling stock in the CFR fleet. In fact, according to Friends of CFR, a Romanian railway journal, there was a considerable downgrading in quality when

1890-490: The InterRegio 1821/1822 from Arad to Constanța via Deva , Tîrgu Jiu , Craiova and Bucharest also travels to Constanța with an extra sleeperette car and sleeper car. The InterRegio rolling stock is formed of both single-decker cars painted in the painting scheme of CFR Calatori (blue and gray). Single-decker cars are all corridor-type, with the old cars having 8 seats per compartment in second class and 6 in first class whereas

1960-471: The Kingdom of Romania, was also placed under the administration of CFR during this time. Hence, by 1889, the Romanian state became the owner of all of the lines in the Kingdom of Romania, the railway system having a total length of 1,377 km (856 mi). In 1918, the historical regions of Transylvania , Banat , Bassarabia , and Bucovina united with the Kingdom of Romania to form Greater Romania . As

2030-513: The Soviets had begun to abandon. Călinescu's total inability to write convincingly in this style resulted in his continued perception as a reactionary conservative. Nonetheless, he was invited to resume his columns on a permanent basis in 1956, marking the beginning of his rehabilitation. Before the end of his life, all of his works, with the exception of his monumental Istoria , were issued in new editions. Istoria would appear (to great acclaim) only in

2100-500: The Vasser Valley Scenic Railroad, have since become significant tourist attractions. In the early 2000s, CFR began a modernization program to improve its image, which had been plagued both nationally and internationally by reports of poor service and outdated rolling stock. The first phases of the upgrade included the refurbishment of InterCity rolling stock, as well as the expansion of InterCity services. To strengthen

2170-475: The administration of CFR. 1880 therefore marks the start of the Căile Ferate Române institution which survives to this date. The first administration of CFR was made up of Ioan Kalinderu , Eugeniu Stătescu , and Ștefan Fălcoianu . In May 1868, the Romanian state concluded an agreement with another German consortium, known as the "Offenheim Consortium", for the construction of several shorter railways in

George Călinescu - Misplaced Pages Continue

2240-709: The bulk of electrification and line doubling occurred during the Communist period. Also, the railways in Southern Dobruja were left to Bulgaria in 1940 and the ones in Northern Bucovina and Bessarabia were ceded to the Soviet Union in 1947. The first line to be electrified on the Romanian railway network was the Bucharest–Brașov line, which was used by a significant amount of passenger and freight traffic. Works on electrification started on 27 December 1960, and

2310-548: The company. In the same time 12 million further journeys were made using the private operators. The CFR train types are: Regio trains (regional) , formerly Local (Romanian: "Personal") trains (until December 2011), also termed commuter trains ( navete or trenuri de navetiști ), are the most abundant type of trains on the CFR passenger network. They are used for two main purposes, as shuttle, or commuter, trains, linking towns with neighbouring villages, and linking neighbouring cities with each other. Local trains (now Regio), have

2380-563: The construction was at that time 270,000 gold francs per kilometre and was contracted to the German Strousberg consortium. The line was opened in various stages, the first stage (Ploiesti–Bucharest–Galați–Roman) being opened to traffic on 13 September 1872, while the Vârciorova–Ploiești segment was opened some time later, on 9 May 1878. The Vârciorova-Roman line was an important part of Romania's rail infrastructure because it spanned

2450-592: The entire Kingdom and provided an important connection for passengers and freight between several significant Wallachian and Moldavian cities. On 10 September 1868, Bucharest's Gara de Nord (North Station) was finalised. In January 1880, the Romanian Parliament voted to transfer the ownership of the Vârciorova-Roman line from the private administration of the Strousberg consortium to state ownership, under

2520-630: The fastest out of all the train types, having an average speed of 87 km/h (54 mph) in 2004, and also use the most modern and comfortable rolling stock, rivaling the premier services of other European carriers. Due to this, InterCity prices include a significant supplement alongside the base fee. The InterCity rolling stock is either new or refurbished (all IC rolling stock was built after 1995), with air-conditioning, power-plugs (in both 1st and 2nd class carriages) and plush bucket armchairs, as well as complimentary newspapers, free meals and airplane-like service in first class. These trains generally have

2590-683: The financial means to support an infrastructure upgrade. Between 2001 and 2004, the Bucharest-Ploiești West-Câmpina section was rehabilitated, followed by the Câmpina-Sinaia-Predeal section between 2008/2009 and the end of 2011. CFR initiated a major infrastructure project in April 2006 - the modernization of the Bucharest - Constanta line, in order to improve the maximum speed that can be reached on this line (from 140 km/h now, to 160 km/h in 2008). The completion date of this project

2660-557: The first electrified segment, from Brașov to Predeal , opened on 9 December 1965. By 20 April 1966, a further segment was electrified, from Predeal to Câmpina . The entire line was electrified by 16 February 1969, at 25 kV 50 Hz AC . Various lines were also supplemented with double tracks to permit a wider flow of traffic, including: By the mid-1970s, steam traction disappeared completely out of mainstream use, being replaced by standardised diesel and electric locomotives and cars, most of which were built in Romania, at

2730-463: The following routes: Before early 2003, there was also a train type known as InterCityExpress (ICE), which ran from Bucharest to Constanța, but these have been discontinued and transformed into IC and later into IR, while maintaining the same rolling stock. Because of the bad infrastructure as of 2015 InterCity trains are not in use anymore because the fare was too high. There are some trains which are running like InterCity but with InterRegio cost. Now

2800-631: The growth of the Romanian InterCity network, CFR acquired in early 2003 several new Siemens Desiro train sets, some of which were assembled in Arad . Nicknamed "Săgeata Albastră" ("Blue Arrow"), they are used for short and medium distances. The Desiro DMUs were used as icons of the CFR's modernization, despite criticism that the CFR should not have used them on mainline express services, as they were designed for short-distance commuter rail , as seen by their hard seating, low speed and poor noise insulation. CFR responded to these criticisms by introducing

2870-508: The housekeeper that he used to humiliate was his real mother caused him a psychological trauma. He tried to hide his real origins for the rest of his life. Ramiro Ortiz  [ it ] , who taught Italian language and literature at the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy, exercised a seminal influence over Călinescu's development. Călinescu developed a strong friendship with Ortiz; years later, he would give Ortiz credit for helping him "seize"

George Călinescu - Misplaced Pages Continue

2940-564: The lowest average speed (34.3 km/h in 2004) and the least comfortable (usually oldest) rolling stock, and have a reputation for being very slow, crowded and generally unkempt which is only gradually changing. Regio trains operate mostly on local routes and stop at every station. Train fares for this type are the cheapest, since no supplement is paid, only the base fare, based on distance. Seats are not reservable. The rolling stock on Regio trains differs widely. On routes that link neighbouring cities with each other (such as Bucharest and Pitești ),

3010-621: The management of CFR in January 1889. Meanwhile, during the Romanian War of Independence in 1877, Romania annexed the region of Dobrogea , which had previously belonged to the Ottoman Empire . The Romanian state placed under the management of CFR the Constanța– Cernavodă line, which had been opened during the Ottoman times in 1860. The Bucharest-Giurgiu line, the first line constructed in

3080-601: The members of the Examination Committee. Afterwards he was named lecturer in Romanian literature at the Faculty of Letters of the University of Iași, after having won the competition for the post with the maximum possible score. In 1945, he transferred to the University of Bucharest , from which point he collaborated on the prestigious Revistă a Fundațiilor Regale , edited by Alexandru Rosetti and Camil Petrescu , until it

3150-603: The mode of Honoré de Balzac , often with obvious polemical undertones lurking beneath their apparently objective style. The novel he considered his best, Enigma Otiliei , narrates an unhappy love story; Cartea nunții is a disquisition on marriage; and Bietul Ioanide and Scrinul negru present the problems of intellectuals, all against the backdrop of interwar and immediate postwar Romania. Călinescu also wrote poems ( Lauda lucrurilor ) and plays ( Șun, mit mongol ) while continuing to practice journalism, although Cronicile mizantropului abruptly became Cronicile optimistului after

3220-419: The most modern in Europe, with air conditioning, LCD screens and modern showers in every compartment. In addition to the improvements made to the railways, CFR has modernized several diesel and electric locomotives. As of 1 September 2006, smoking is banned in all CFR trains . CFR services continue to improve. However, some people expressed concern that CFR, which has yet to reach profitability, does not have

3290-663: The new cars have 6 seats per compartment regardless of class (this type of coaches are used now for Regio Trains and rarely on InterRegio Trains). Double-decker cars have 4 seats per row in an open plan. In early 2005, CFR introduced a new double-decker car for medium-distance, highly used Interregional routes such as Bucharest– Predeal . Siemens Desiro trainsets have also been introduced on medium-distance InterRegional routes in Transylvania and Moldavia (Iași– Vatra Dornei ). Longer-distance InterRegional trains often have couchettes, and sleepers started to be added again to consists after

3360-407: The object of CFR's modernisation plan. Various series of cars have been refurbished, and fitted with air-conditioning, ecological toilets, etc. However, a small and rapidly declining number of Rapid rolling stock, mainly on lesser-used routes, remains fairly aged and outdated. As of 2004, Siemens Desiro DMUs have been introduced on medium-distance Rapid routes. Most Rapid rolling stocks are painted in

3430-594: The old fittings. Exceptions to this widespread use of older rolling stock for Local trains is found on some routes (such as Sibiu –Craiova) that are operated using Desiro trainsets, and some others are operated using modernized electric trainsets. The new private operators also use the term Regio using mainly (refurbished) railbuses. InterRegional trains (IR) , formerly Accelerat and Rapid trains (until December 2011), are used for medium and long-distance services that stop only in towns or cities. InterRegional trains have higher speeds. They are also more expensive, requiring

3500-418: The painting scheme of CFR Călători (blue and gray). All cars are uncompartmented and are usually air-conditioned. Sleepers, couchettes and dining-cars are available on most long routes. In the case of travelling such a long distance as mentioned above, it is recommended to book a sleeperette (the passenger can choose between 4–6 passengers in a compartment). The 6 passenger-compartment is the cheapest option for

3570-512: The payment of a supplement alongside the base fee. Some services of the InterRegional type require a reservation. InterRegional trains are also used for cross-regional long-distance routes (for example, Timișoara to Bucharest). Despite the long distances, InterRegional trains tend to stop in every town (even though they bypass villages) and hence are very popular, though they are seldom used for express travel between two large cities. Since 2009,

SECTION 50

#1733093774111

3640-459: The period between the wars, various other lines were doubled, including: During the 1920s and 1930s CFR also bought several new locomotives and cars, embarking on a plan of widespread modernisation. Diesel traction was introduced, and the Malaxa high-speed DMUs (a modernised version of which are still in use as commuter trains in Banat ) were built. A significant event in the history of the railways

3710-513: The poetics of Romanian folk tales, underlined the range of his interests. From 1932 to 1962, he published monographs, in separate volumes, on such writers as Eminescu, fabulist Ion Creangă , realist novelist Nicolae Filimon , and poet Grigore Alexandrescu , fictionalized biographies, scholarly studies, and essays. He continued presiding over numerous academic and radio conferences and writing thousands of critical reviews until his death in 1965. Călinescu produced heavily descriptive realist novels in

3780-418: The powers of his mind in the ascetic pursuit of an intellectual ideal was transformed into an existential philosophy: Life is transitory, but man can defeat death and oblivion through creation, thus leaving a permanent record of a temporary existence. Călinescu later said, "even if not everyone is in a position to become a Pârvan, everyone can see in him a model, that is to say a way in which he too can accomplish

3850-511: The quality of the rolling stock is much better than those services which provide a shuttle link between cities and rural areas (such as the Timișoara- Berzovia line). Most Regio rolling stock consist of compartment single level and open-plan double-decker cars. As of 2007, most Regio trains, especially on rural routes, have only 2nd class cars. The livery of most Regio cars is painted in the color scheme of CFR Calatori (blue and grey), with

3920-464: The region of Moldavia. The lines, which had a total length of 224 km (139 mi), would run from Roman to Ițcani , from Pașcani to Iași and from Verești to Botoșani . In 1870, the Iași railway station was inaugurated and the lines were progressively opened from December 1869 to November 1871. Due to the poor management of the lines by the Offenheim Consortium, they were placed under

3990-469: The rolling stock built in the 1970s and 1980s. Some very short rural routes in Romania's Bukovina region use rolling stock from the 1940s and 1950s, refitted with bus seats and operating like railbuses . CFR is refurbishing a range of double-decker Local (Regio) cars, that will be used on Local and Accelerat trains. The refurbished cars, painted in the same livery as the old ones, have been introduced since 2003, and are cleaner, although they still use most of

4060-407: The rolling stock used before 2015 for Intercity trains is used now for the InterRegio trains. The speed limit for express passenger trains in Romania is 160 km/h (99 mph). All other trains have a general speed limit of 120 km/h (75 mph). Average operating speeds (including all stops in stations) according to CFR, are in 2018: Rom%C3%A2nia literar%C4%83 România Literară

4130-444: The same renunciations." In 1936, Călinescu received his doctorate in literature from the University of Iași with a thesis on Avatarii faraonului Tla ("The Avatars of Pharaoh Tla"), a posthumous work of Mihai Eminescu whose value he was the first to publicize. In fact, this thesis was an extract from Călinescu's earlier work, Opera lui Mihai Eminescu ("Mihai Eminescu's Work"), which he wrote out longhand in five copies and sent to

4200-490: The windows and traveled for seven (7) days in unimaginable conditions. Many died and were gravely affected by lack of air, blistering heat, lack of water, food or medical attention. These veritable death trains arrived to their destinations, Podu Iloaiei and Călărași , with only one-fifth of their passengers alive. No official apology was released yet by CFR for their role in the Holocaust in Romania. After Romania became

4270-648: The works were officially completed, trains could run very fast, reducing journey times, reaching 160 km/h. Today, the only CFR railway where trains can run at 160 km/h is between Bucharest and Constanța in two hours. CFR Călători, the passenger service division of CFR, operates seven types of passenger train , both on Romania's territory, with rolling stock and locomotives , or internationally, with rolling stock. Also, CFR operates international trains on Romanian territory with its own locomotives. The train types vary in terms of speed and type of rolling stock. In 2015, approximately 55 million passenger journeys were made with

SECTION 60

#1733093774111

4340-543: The year 1998, when Societatea Națională a Căilor Ferate Române (The National Society of Romanian Railways) was split into five independently administered companies : Compania Națională de Căi Ferate "CFR" SA (National Railway Company "CFR" – dealing with infrastructure), CFR Călători (CFR Passenger Services – the operator of passenger trains), CFR Marfă (Freight transport company), CFR Gevaro (Services linked with restaurant cars) and SAAF (dealing with excess rolling stock to be sold, leased or scrapped). Since 1989,

4410-557: The școala "Carol I" (affiliated to the Boarding High School ). In 1907, Maria Vișan accepted the Călinescus' offer to formally adopt her son, who then took the name Gheorghe Călinescu. This was his real name until his death, but, because he used the pen name G. Călinescu, after his death an apocryphal, wrong, "George Călinescu" name was forged by the common use. As a child Călinescu did not know who his real mother was. Finding out that

4480-427: Was closed down when the King abdicated in 1947. After 1947, he was published consistently in magazines such as Gazeta literară (later to become România literară ) and Contemporanul , also collaborating on Roma , Universul literar , Viața literară , Sburătorul , and Gândirea . Călinescu was deposed from his position at the Faculty of Letters of the University of Bucharest after the establishment in power of

4550-458: Was focused on Vasile Pârvan, the director of the Accademia di Romania . Călinescu was captivated by Pârvan's erudition and work ethic, but also by his existential philosophy . Călinescu would always return to this "spiritual father" whenever the difficulties of life seemed to bring him to his knees. Călinescu observed that while Pârvan's natural aptitude was fairly common, his tendency to exercise all

4620-422: Was originally the second half of 2009, but the project had long delays, to be finally completed in the winter of 2011, although Ciulnița and Fetești railway stations were only partially modernized. The immediate consequence was the difficulty of moving on this route due to the works, the duration of a trip increasing by at least an hour and a half and leading to the dissatisfaction of travelers . But since 2012, when

4690-581: Was reinvited to his post at the Faculty of Letters only in 1961; in the meantime, he produced numerous writings on wide-ranging subjects, from the aesthetic of folk tales to the history of Spanish literature . Călinescu was the author of several fundamental texts of Romanian literary history ( Viața lui Mihai Eminescu, Opera lui Mihai Eminescu, and Viața lui Ion Creangă among others). After 1945, he published significant writings on world literature (including Impresii asupra literaturii spaniole, and Scriitori străini .) His study Estetica basmului , devoted to

4760-650: Was the Grivița Strike of 1933 , which occurred during the Great Depression and resulted in violent clashes between railway workers and police. During World War II , CFR (Romanian Railways) was involved in the transport of Jewish and Romani people from Bessarabia , Bukovina and Regat to concentration camps set up in Transnistria . In a notable example, during the Iași pogrom events, Jews were forcibly loaded onto freight cars with planks hammered in place over

4830-521: Was the first railway built on Romanian territory at that time (considering that the Oravița-Baziaș line was part of Austria-Hungary, even though it now lies on Romanian territory). In September 1866, the Romanian Parliament voted for the construction of a 915 km (569 mi) railway, from Vârciorova in the south to Roman in the north, via Ploiești , Bucharest, Buzău , Brăila , Galați, and Tecuci , all important population centres. The price for

4900-702: Was written in Italian under the title Alcuni missionari catolici italiani nella Moldavia nei secoli XVII e XVIII, which appeared in 1925 and treated the Vatican 's Counter-Reformation propaganda efforts in Baroque Moldavia with heavy reliance on unpublished sources found in the Vatican Archives. If in Bucharest , alongside Ramiro Ortiz, Călinescu realized his vocation as a creative artist and scholar, his attention in Rome

#110889