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41-422: "GFZ" stands for GeoForschungsZentrum (Geo-research Centre). The GFZ was founded in 1992. It is the latest in a long line of research institutes that have been located on the Telegrafenberg. These have included the Central Institute of for Physics of the Earth (ZIPE), which was an institute of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR ( German Democratic Republic ) that was actively involved in Geodesy . The history of

82-621: A scientific degree. In connection with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the scientific institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, located in the former Soviet republics and which were part of the academies of sciences of the Union republics, became part of the new independent states. Only the Russian Federation did not have its own Academy of Sciences during the Soviet Union despite

123-784: The Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities , established in 1992. The academy's numerous institutes were dissolved on December 31, 1991 and partially reorganized into other organizations such as the Leibniz Association , the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres , the Max Planck Society and the Fraunhofer Society . A number of minor institutes and associated projects have been preserved and were transferred to other institutions such as

164-671: The German Archaeological Institute . The German Academy of Sciences at Berlin was the successor to the Brandenburg Society of Sciences , which had been founded by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the year 1700. After the end of World War II, it was re-established upon the SMAD Order No. 187 of July 1, 1946, Leibniz's 300th birthday. The Academy was to become the most eminent scientific institution in Germany. Reorganisation

205-811: The Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community . As the states of Berlin and Brandenburg considered a continuation of the academy as improper due to its role in the GDR, the academy, which had then about 400 members, was disbanded and the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities was established in 1992. On 15 April 1993, 60 of the former academy members created the private organisation Leibniz-Sozietät which claims to represent 300 years of continuous academic tradition. After being renamed to Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin it has now over 300 members, of which most were elected since 1994. Academy of Sciences of

246-536: The Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Brandenburg Society of Sciences , founded in 1700 by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz . The academy was a learned society (scholarship society), in which awarded membership via election constituted scientific recognition. Unlike other academies of science, the DAW was also the host organization of a scientific community of non-academic research institutes. Upon German reunification ,

287-810: The Russian Academy of Sciences was established on the basis of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was formed by a resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union dated July 27, 1925, on the basis of the Russian Academy of Sciences (before the February Revolution – the Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences). In

328-523: The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union located in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic were transferred to the ownership of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In December 1991, elections to the Russian Academy of Sciences were held, and the scientists who took part in these elections, together with the full members of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, constituted the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1992,

369-405: The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union to Moscow – one of the most important steps towards turning it into the headquarters of Soviet science – was carried out in a fire order". In 1935, the permanent secretary of the academy, Vyacheslav Volgin , wrote a letter to Joseph Stalin asking for his release from the position of permanent secretary. In the letter, he stressed that he alone was doing

410-479: The Academy of Sciences, but already in February, under conditions of extreme pressure, they were forced to reconsider their decision. In 1929, a government commission headed by Yuri Petrovich Figatner was sent to Leningrad to "cleanse" the academy. In June–December 1929, by its decision, 128 full-time employees (out of 960) and 520 supernumerals (out of 830) were dismissed from the Academy of Sciences. Sergey Oldenburg

451-453: The Academy's learned society was dissociated from its research institutes and any other affiliates and eventually dissolved in 1992. Since 1993, activities of the AdW's members and college have been continued by the newly established Leibniz Scientific Society (Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften). The AdW's pending and unfinished research projects and holdings were forwarded to and are carried out by

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492-584: The Central Commission for the Improvement of the Life of Scientists. In 1925, its 200th anniversary was solemnly celebrated. A new charter was adopted for this date. The first president of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the well-known scientist, geologist Alexander Karpinsky , who previously held the presidency of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Attempts to establish state and party control over

533-513: The GDR The German Academy of Sciences at Berlin , German : Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (DAW) , in 1972 renamed the Academy of Sciences of the GDR ( Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR (AdW) ), was the most eminent research institution of East Germany (German Democratic Republic, GDR). The academy was established in 1946 in an attempt to continue the tradition of

574-670: The GFZ can be traced back to the Geodätisches Institut Potsdam  [ de ] , an institution of the Prussian Academy of Sciences . Under the directorship of Friedrich Robert Helmert from 1886 to 1917, the institute developed into the world's leading center for scientific geodesy. The current GFZ is supported 90% by the German Ministry of Education and Research , and 10% from the Ministry of Science, Research, and Culture from

615-876: The General Assembly, it elects every 4 years the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. Presidents of the Academy of Sciences in the Soviet period: The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union consisted of fourteen (from 1956) republican academies (the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic did not have its own academy) and three regional branches in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic: Siberian (1957), Far Eastern (1987) and Ural (1987). and others. Critics noted that, despite

656-598: The International Association of Academies of Sciences was established. The objectives of the activities of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union were to promote the full implementation of scientific advances in the practice of communist construction in the USSR; identification and development of the most important and fundamental areas of science. Coordination was also conducted through regional offices and republican academies of sciences. The research activity of

697-777: The Kazakh and Tajik. In 1933, the Transcaucasian branch was established with branches in Armenia and Azerbaijan, and in 1934, the Kola Research Base. In 1935, Azerbaijan, and in 1936 the Armenian branch of the Transcaucasian branch were transformed into independent branches of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. In 1936, the Northern Base appeared, in 1939 the Uzbek Base, and in 1941, on

738-658: The Soviet Union The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1991. It united the country's leading scientists and was subordinated directly to the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (until 1946 the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union ). In 1991, by the decree of the President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic,

779-562: The Soviet Union as a whole to 1,700, 5,300, and 5,100 successively in 1945, 1970 and 1985. By 1985, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union had: For its achievements, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was twice awarded the Order of Lenin : in 1969 and 1974. In 1932, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union organized its first branches – the Ural and the Far East – and research bases –

820-416: The academy was conducted in a network of institutes, laboratories, observatories. The network of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union included 295 scientific institutions. The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union had its own publishing house , a research fleet, a network of libraries. The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union awarded awards to scientists who have made significant contributions to

861-485: The best expert on the subject". "I'm already 56 years old", Vyacheslav Petrovich continues, "and there is not much time left for science. A few more years – and I will not be able to return to science". Moreover, in a letter to Stalin, he noted that in the party group, he no longer feels the former positive assessment of his work. On August 8, 1935, at a meeting of the Politburo, it was proposed to release Vyacheslav Volgin from

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902-407: The commission to draw up a charter and reorganize the Academy of Sciences was held on February 28, 1930. The draft of the new charter was discussed and approved by the session of the Academy of Sciences on March 31 – April 5, 1930, and it approved the first work plan of the Academy of Sciences for 1931–1932. On April 4, 1930, the charter was adopted at the General Assembly. In 1930, in connection with

943-545: The committee for the management of scientists and educational institutions of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union). In 1934, the Presidium of the academy and 14 scientific institutes were transferred from Leningrad to Moscow (On April 25, 1934, Vyacheslav Molotov signed the corresponding decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union ). As Felix Perchenok noted, "the transfer of

984-493: The decree of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union dated June 26, 1937, this position was abolished altogether, and since that time administrative officers have performed the duties of secretaries. On January 1, 1937, in the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was: From 1945 to 1970, the total number of researchers (including faculty and research personnel of higher education) increased more than sevenfold: from 130 thousand to 950 thousand people. One of

1025-464: The development of science. The total number of active members of the Academy of Sciences on January 1, 1936 – 98 people. In 1989, the academy consisted of: The organs of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union were formed exclusively on an electoral basis. The supreme body is the General Meeting of Academicians and Corresponding Members. To guide the academy in the periods between sessions of

1066-420: The difficult work of an indispensable secretary all the time, while other members of the party group only "threw out ideas", sometimes useful, sometimes fantastic. For five years in this post, Volgin not only could not continue his scientific work, but could not even read books in his specialty, could not follow the development of his science. "Meanwhile", he adds, "I was considered in the well-known narrow field as

1107-648: The electorate to have mostly East Germans elected to the academy in the following decades. The institution became the most eminent academy of the German Democratic Republic , and was accordingly renamed Academy of Sciences of the GDR (Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR - AdW) in 1972, once the division of Germany was accepted as the state of affairs. In the 1980s, the AdW itself had grown to accommodate over 200 members, including around two dozen West German scientists. The academy coordinated research of 59 institutes that employed 22,000 persons. Following

1148-645: The eve of the Great Patriotic War , the Turkmen branch. By the end of 1941, the Academy of Sciences had 7 branches (Azerbaijan, Armenian, Kazakh, Tajik, Turkmen, Uzbek, and Ural), two research bases (Kola and North), and one mountain taiga station. The scientific institutions of the branches and bases of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union at that time had about 1,500 scientific and technical workers, including 12 academicians, 11 corresponding members, 126 doctors, 284 candidates of science, 610 scientists without

1189-419: The fact that 98% of the scientific institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union were in the Russian Federation, and 95% of the members of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union worked and lived in the Russian Federation. In fact, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the Russian Academy of Sciences. On November 21, 1991, on the initiative of Russian academicians, a presidential decree

1230-528: The fall of the Berlin Wall, academy members called for a reform of the academy, rejecting the leading role of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany . On 27 June 1990, the new GDR government reorganized the academy, turning it into a public institution. Until late 1991, the former AdW institutes were separated from the academy, evaluated, and either dissolved or assigned to different organisations, mainly

1271-537: The first years of Soviet Russia, the Institute of the Academy of Sciences was perceived rather ambiguously as a closed and elite scientific education. However, in 1918, after negotiations with the then leadership of the Academy of Sciences, which had already been renamed from "Imperial" to "Russian", cooperation began with the new government. The financing of the academy was entrusted to the People's Commissariat for Education and

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1312-530: The humanities, primarily historians). In February – April 1930, a new charter of the Academy of Sciences was developed and approved. The development of the project was entrusted to an academic commission approved by the plenary session of the Committee for the Management of Scientists and Educational Institutions of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union, headed by Vyacheslav Volgin . The first meeting of

1353-471: The notable figures of this time was the economist Lev Gatovsky , which became director of the Institute of Economics of the academy from 1965 to 1971. In 1980 and 1985, the total number of research workers was already 1.4 and 1.5 million, respectively. The total number of scientific, scientific, pedagogical, design and design organizations of various types from 1945 to 1985 also increased steadily and amounted in

1394-427: The permanent secretary. Thus, for the first time in the practice of the Academy of Sciences, its leading core was directively appointed at a meeting of the highest party body with subsequent automatic approval at the General Assembly, and this also became a precedent for subsequent practice. During the period from December 1929 to December 1930, over 100 people were arrested under the "Academic Case" (mainly experts in

1435-401: The post of permanent secretary of the academy. On November 20, 1935, by resolution of the general meeting of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, he was thanked for his work in the governing bodies of the Academy of Sciences and freed from the duties of an indispensable secretary. His place was taken by the former affairs manager of the Council of People's Commissars Nikolai Gorbunov . By

1476-420: The previously independent Academy began in the mid-1920s: in 1925 the academy was subordinated to the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, in 1928, under pressure from the authorities, a number of new Communist members were elected to it. In January 1929, the academicians defiantly failed the three Communist candidates, Vladimir Fritsche , Nikolai Lukin and Abram Deborin , who were running for

1517-459: The reorganization of the Soviet government, the Academy of Sciences was transferred to the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. By the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union of December 14, 1933 "On the transfer of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union to the competence of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union" (before that, it was subordinated to

1558-605: The state of Brandenburg. Between 24 March and 9 July 2017 GFZ shows a bilingual exhibition (German / English) with the title Focus: Earth - Measuring our World in the Haus der Brandenburgisch-Preußischen Geschichte in Potsdam with many exhibits of the history of geosciences on the Telegrafenberg hill. 52°22′57″N 13°03′52″E  /  52.3826°N 13.0644°E  / 52.3826; 13.0644 Academy of Sciences of

1599-524: Was greatly influenced by the ideas of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union . To facilitate publishing, the Akademie Verlag was founded in 1946. The 250th anniversary in 1950 was boycotted by West Germany in protest of the overwhelming influence of the East German authorities. The Socialist Unity Party of East Germany had embraced the two-nation doctrine and increasingly enforced its will upon

1640-541: Was removed from the post of the permanent secretary of the academy at the end of October 1929, defending her independence. After that, the party-state bodies established full control over the academy. A new Presidium of the Academy of Sciences was elected. Even before this, on February 25, 1929, the Politburo issued a special decision: to leave Alexander Karpinsky as president, Gleb Krzhizhanovsky , Nikolai Marr , and Vladimir Komarov as vice-presidents, and Vyacheslav Volgin as

1681-508: Was signed to create the Russian Academy of Sciences , according to which all members of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, including those living in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, automatically became members of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All buildings, large scientific instruments, vessels, scientific equipment and other state property that was in the use and disposal of institutions and organizations of

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