107-603: The University of Geneva (French: Université de Genève ) is a public research university located in Geneva , Switzerland. It was founded in 1559 by French theologian John Calvin as a theological seminary . It remained focused on theology until the 17th century, when it became a center for enlightenment scholarship. Today, it is the third largest university in Switzerland by number of students. In 1873, it dropped its religious affiliations and became officially secular. In 2009,
214-709: A higher reputation domestically and globally . The University Grants Committee funds eight public universities in Hong Kong . The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government . There are four self-financing universities, namely Hong Kong Metropolitan University , Hong Kong Shue Yan University , Hang Seng University of Hong Kong , and Saint Francis University . In India , most universities and nearly all research institutions are public. Some private undergraduate colleges exist but most are engineering schools that are affiliated with public universities. Private schools can be partially aided by
321-633: A seminary administered by the Company of Pastors , to be the center of public education in Protestant Geneva . With the goal of educating not only pastors but also magistrates for the republic , in 1565 the academy began the teaching of Law . During the French annexation of Geneva (1798–1813), the school was reorganized into a more universal format, with the introduction of degrees and its division in faculties . This process of modernization continued into
428-673: A university institute , and a distance university in Portugal . Higher education in Portugal provided by state-run institutions is not free; students must pay a tuition fee. However, the tuition fee is lower than that of private universities. The highest tuition fee allowed by law in public universities is €697 per year as of 2022. Public universities include some of the most selective and demanding higher learning institutions in Portugal. In Russia , about 7.5 million students study in thousands of universities. Founded in 1755, Moscow State University
535-579: A bachelor programme, one must hold a Swiss maturity diploma or a secondary diploma considered by the University of Geneva to be equivalent. If the degree was not pursued in French, applicants must pass an eliminatory French language test at the beginning of September, which consists of an oral and a written comprehension test and of a piece of argumentative writing. Tuition fees are of CHF 500 per semester. UNIGE's academic year runs from mid-September to mid-June. It
642-652: A candidate's former schoolmates is not encouraged, and indeed rare. It is possible for Austrians of all age groups to take the Matura. Adults from their twenties on are usually tutored at private institutions of adult education before taking their final tests, held separately before a regional examination board. In 2015, the old Matura system was replaced by a new concept called Zentralmatura (centralized Matura). Graduation exams are now put together by bifie (an institution for research in education) and every graduation exam in Austria
749-403: A classroom in which a commissioner must be present. The oral exam is divided into two 15 minute parts (except Czech language and literature, where the preparation time is 20 minutes), first a student draws a number of their question and then begins 15 minutes of preparation often called potítko ("sweat lodge") after the first 15 minutes they are called in to the 15 minute oral exam. The commission
856-471: A degree, candidates may choose as many additional exam subjects as they wish. Students can choose between standard ( közép ) or higher ( emelt ) level for each subject. The exams do not necessarily have to be taken in Hungarian; at the candidate's request, they can be taken in any language (with the exception of Hungarian literature and grammar for obvious reasons). The Hungarian literature and grammar, History,
963-473: A document that contains their grades and which enables them to go to a university. Hungarian students have to take an exam from Hungarian literature and grammar ( "magyar nyelv és irodalom" ), Mathematics ( "matematika" ), History ( "történelem" ), one foreign language ( "idegen nyelv" ), and one more subject of the student's choice that can be anything that the student had learned for at least 2 years in school. While these five subjects are mandatory for obtaining
1070-527: A few private institutions of higher learning, such as the National College of Ireland . However, none of the private institutions have university status and are highly specialized. Almost all universities in Italy are public but have institutional autonomy by law. The Italian state provides the majority of university funding. Therefore, students pay relatively low tuition fees, set by each university according to
1177-535: A free topic, intended to showcase the ability to cover different sides of the topic using extensively the notions and methods learnt in school. The scoring has been changed various times since 1969: The score is calculated by adding up: The students who are able to reach 100 points without needing a bonus can be awarded the lode ("cum laude") praise by the examination board. In Kosovo , Testi i Maturës Shtetërore/Državni maturski ispit (the State Mature Exam)
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#17330852142111284-405: A given topic, but they can also choose to analyse and comment on a text (usually a poem). The second test changes according to the type of school the student attended, so it can be on a wide variety of different subjects, such as pedagogy and psychology , mathematics , foreign language, Latin , and Ancient Greek . It is identical nationwide for schools of the same type. The subject is decided by
1391-1249: A handful of community colleges. In 2008, the Philippine Congress passed Republic Act 9500, declaring the University of the Philippines as the national university to distinguish it from all other state universities and colleges. Other notable public colleges and universities include the Polytechnic University of the Philippines , Technological University of the Philippines , Philippine Normal University , Batangas State University , and Mindanao State University . There are six autonomous public universities in Singapore , including National University of Singapore founded in 1905, Nanyang Technological University founded 1981, Singapore Management University founded in 2000, Singapore University of Technology and Design and Singapore Institute of Technology founded in 2009, and Singapore University of Social Sciences founded in 2017. In Sri Lanka , there are seventeen public universities. Most public universities are funded by
1498-540: A list of eight subjects. The Matura exams take place in four separate days usually in the June/July period. The first three days are for each of the compulsory subjects; the fourth day is for the additional exam. The basic marks range from 4 to 10 where a 5 is the lowest passing mark; applicants fill out forms indicating their preferred universities with no ranking between them. The State Matura replaced an admission system conducted individually by each faculty/university which
1605-525: A low-interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board; students must pay back the loan after completing their higher education. In Nigeria , both the federal and state governments may establish public universities. South Africa has 26 public universities which are members of Universities in South Africa. These are categorized as traditional or comprehensive universities. In Tunisia ,
1712-631: A national institution in 1926, the Academy of Athens is the highest research establishment in Greece. Private higher education institutions cannot operate in Greece and are not recognized as degree-awarding bodies by the Greek government. In Ireland , nearly all universities, institutes of technology, colleges, and some third-level institutions are public. The state pays the cost of educating undergraduates, although students must contribute approximately €3,000. There are
1819-404: A personal and intellectual maturity concerning the various subjects of his or her last school year; the examining commission is supposed to ask about every subject, but has got to make sure that the candidate is also able to discuss about a variety of themes explaining and justifying his or her opinion; also, in recent years has become customary for each student to prepare a short essay ( tesina ) on
1926-907: A subject and must be defended in a corresponding oral exam. The grading system is the one universally used in Austrian schools: 1 ( sehr gut ) is excellent; 2 ( gut ) is good; 3 ( befriedigend ) is satisfactory; 4 ( genügend ) is passed and 5 ( nicht genügend ) means that the candidate has failed. In addition, a candidate's Maturazeugnis contains a formalized overall assessment: " mit ausgezeichnetem Erfolg bestanden " (pass with distinction: an average of 1.5 or better, no grade above 3), " mit gutem Erfolg bestanden " (pass with merit: an average of 2.0 or better, no grade above 3), " bestanden " (pass: no grade above 4); and '" nicht bestanden " (fail: at least one grade 5). Candidates who have failed may re-take their exams in September/October or February/March of
2033-467: A third and fourth subject. Each exam consists of a single written test. The second subject must be chosen between: In 2008, according to the statistics on the web site of the Bulgarian Ministry of Education, 76,013 students have registered for the matura exams. Of them only 1748 students registered for a third, voluntary subject. Only 845 of them passed the third examination successfully. Because of
2140-573: A university, not a college, can issue doctorate degrees in Israel. In Japan , public universities are run by local governments, either prefectural or municipal. According to the Ministry of Education , public universities have "provided an opportunity for higher education in a region and served the central role of intellectual and cultural base for the local community in the region" and are "expected to contribute to social, economical and cultural development in
2247-531: A year and have to retake them, pay a partial or full tuition fee, ranging from €500 to €2000 per year. Private universities have existed in Serbia since 1989 but are held in less esteem because they are generally less academically rigorous than the public universities. Of the 74 universities in Spain , 54 are public and funded by the autonomous community in which they are based. University funding differs by region. However,
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#17330852142112354-703: Is maturita or maturitní zkouška . In 2010, the Czech Republic introduced a system of state exams, which divided the previous system into two parts. The first is the state exam, which consists of two compulsory subjects: Czech language and literature and either a foreign language (mostly English , but also German , Russian , Spanish or French ) or mathematics (the combination is chosen by students). The second part consists of Czech language and literature and at least two, but usually three, "profile" subjects, which vary between schools. Gymnázium (similar to grammar school) students usually choose from: The state part of
2461-448: Is a university or college that is owned by the state or receives significant funding from a government. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country (or region) to another, largely depending on the specific education landscape. In contrast a private university is usually owned and operated by a private corporation (not-for-profit or for profit). Both types are often regulated, but to varying degrees, by
2568-423: Is a Latin name for the secondary school exit exam or "maturity diploma" in various European countries, including Albania , Austria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Czech Republic , Hungary , Italy , Kosovo , Liechtenstein , Montenegro , North Macedonia , Poland , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Switzerland and Ukraine . It is taken by young adults (usually aged from 17 to 20) at
2675-571: Is a centralized affair, conducted by the QSHA (Center for Educational Services) which is in charge of selecting tasks, appointing national examiners, grading the sheets; other agencies ensure the safety and integrity of the exams. The three compulsory subjects to complete secondary education are Albanian language and literature, mathematics and a foreign language (English, except for students in dual-language schools). Students in high schools must also take one additional exam which they choose themselves out of
2782-562: Is a public research university and the most prestigious university in Russia. Saint Petersburg State University is a state-owned university that was founded in 1724; it is managed by the government of the Russian Federation . In Serbia , over 85% of college students study at state-operated public universities. Academically well-performing students pay only administrative fees of less than €100 per year. Students who fail multiple classes in
2889-410: Is also new is that every student now has to write a graduation paper called VWA ( Vorwissenschaftliche Arbeit or, literally translated, "Pre-scientific paper"). They can choose any topic they want, usually one year before graduating. When they have finished writing it (it should usually be 30.000 to 60.000 characters long), they have to present it to teachers and to the head ( Vorsitzende(r) ). The VWA
2996-463: Is another grade in the Maturazeugnis . In Bulgarian the matura is formally called държавен зрелостен изпит ( Romanization : darzhaven zrelosten izpit , State Maturity Exam) or ДЗИ (DZI), but usually it is called simply матура . There is only one compulsory subject – Bulgarian Language and Literature , but students are required to select an additional subject of their choice; they can also request
3103-401: Is composed mostly of the multiple choice assignments and matching questions assignments, whereas the essay part of the exam requires an essay ranging from 400 to 600 words written with notable understanding of a given literature text. The literature appearing in the exam changes annually; however, the list of works that can appear remains the same. The B level exam literature list consists of
3210-564: Is composed of the class teacher, commissioner and either a principal or a representative principal. The student is examined by the examiner and an assessor. The examiner and the assessor usually agree on a grade which should be assigned to the student and if not the commission takes a vote for the grade. Students can graduate with a grade better than 5 (grades are 1–5, where 1 is the best). Exam duration, for both oral and written exams, as well as preparation time, can be longer for students with disabilities. If students fail in one subject, they have
3317-634: Is consistently ranked one of the top universities in the world. In 2023, the University of Geneva was ranked 49rd overall in the world according to the Shanghai Ranking. It was ranked 125th overall according to the QS ranking and 183rd overall according to the THE ranking. In 2006, Newsweek ranked the university 32nd in the world. The QS World University Rankings ranked the University of Geneva as follows: The Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked
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3424-481: Is divided in two semesters, each one being concluded by an examination session, held respectively at the beginning of January and at the beginning of June. An examination session is held at the end of August and beginning of September as a retake for students who failed their January or June examinations. During the three days before the start of the new academic year, the Journées d'accueil (Welcome Days) are organized by
3531-713: Is mandatory for every high school student in order to get the high school certificate. Without passing the Matura Exam, one cannot apply to any university within Kosovo. It has different number of questions per subject, depending on the High School's profile. It is held every year in June, and with the latest reforms, there are two tests, on two different days: From 2020 to 2022, it has 100 questions (25 per subject) on Albanian, Mathematics, English and another self-chosen subject. This exam change
3638-490: Is now held on the same day. However, the teachers still correct all the exams themselves using an answer sheet that is included in the exam packages. Students can still choose either four or three written exams (maths, German and one foreign language are compulsory; one additional language can also be chosen). When students choose three written exams, they will have to do another three oral exams. When choosing four written exams, only two additional oral exams are necessary. What
3745-540: Is the symbol of Geneva's academic life. It is located in the middle of a park and is host to the faculty of Protestant Theology and to the Faculty of Arts. Its architecture was inspired by Le Corbusier. It hosts the Rectorat and the administration of the university. It is Switzerland's biggest building dedicated to social sciences. It currently hosts the Faculty of Law, of Economics and Management, of Psychology and Education and
3852-407: Is to ease communication inside the university, to inform the students about the research being carried at UNIGE, to convey new opinions and to inform students and teachers of upcoming university events via l'Agenda . Campus is released monthly with the objective to ease communication between the scientific community and the citizens and to be a "bridge between science and city". To be enrolled in
3959-656: The Coimbra Group and the European University Association . The university has a diverse student body, with students from over 150 countries. It is also home to numerous research centers and institutes, including the Global Studies Institute, and the Institute of Global Health. The university was founded in 1559 as the Academy of Geneva ( Académie de Genève ) by French theologian John Calvin , as
4066-459: The Faculty of Translation and Interpreting . The University of Geneva is structured in various faculties and interfaculty centers which are representing teaching, research and service to society in the various disciplines. The university is composed of nine faculties : The university is composed of fourteen interfacultary centers. Amongst others: The university has also several partnerships with
4173-831: The French education model of granting academic degrees , with some minor differences: demi-licence (two years), trois-quarts de licence (three years), licence (four years), diplôme d'études approfondies and diplôme d'études superieures spécialisées (DEA/DESS) (one–two years), and doctorate (three–five years). The university now follows the requirements of the Bologna process : bachelor's (three years), master's (one–two years), in some departments or sections Master of Advanced Studies (one–two years), doctorate (three–five years). UNIGE offers more than 240 types of diplomas: about 30 bachelor's degrees, 70 masters and 78 doctorates. It also provides more than 200 programmes of continuing education in various sectors. Students at UNIGE have
4280-523: The Korea National Open University which offers distance learning. The University of Seoul is a public municipal university. Manas University in Kyrgyzstan is a public higher education institution that offers associate degrees, undergraduate degrees, and graduate and postgraduate degrees. The University of Macau , Macao Polytechnic University , and Macao University of Tourism are
4387-520: The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research controls public universities and guarantees admission to students who earn a Tunisian Baccalaureate . Using a state website, the students make a wish list of the universities they want to attend, with the highest-ranking students getting priority choices. Universities rank students according to the results of their baccalaureate. There are forty public universities in Bangladesh . They are overseen by
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4494-503: The School of Medicine, University of Zagreb , the following criteria needs to be met: they have acquired at least 55% on the compulsory admission exam (select advanced areas in Chemistry, Biology and Physics), and they have passed the A level exams of the compulsory Matura subjects. Their final points are then calculated based on the following: The official term for matura in the Czech Republic
4601-785: The University Grants Commission which was created by the government in 1973. Most universities in Brunei are public. In the People's Republic of China , nearly all universities and research institutions are public. Typically, provincial governments run public universities. However, some are administered by municipal governments or are national , which the central government directly administers. Private undergraduate colleges exist but are primarily vocational colleges sponsored by private entities. Private universities usually cannot award bachelor's degrees. Public universities tend to enjoy
4708-708: The University of Mons in 2009. The state-created university founded in Antwerp in 1971 is now part of University of Antwerp . Hasselt University started as a state-created public institution managed by the Province of Limburg . Similarly, the Province of Luxembourg managed the state-created public university in Arlon which became part of ULiège in 2004. Since 1891, private universities have gradually become state-recognized and funded. Some private, mostly Catholic, organizations are called free institutions, as in administratively free from
4815-437: The constitution of Greece , higher education institutions (HEI) include universities, technical universities, and specialist institutions. HEI undergraduate programs are government-funded and do not charge tuition. A quarter of HEI postgraduate programs are tuition-free. After individual assessments, thirty percent of Greek students are entitled to attend any of the statutory postgraduate programs without tuition fees. Founded as
4922-499: The period of national Restoration . In 1964 Sophie Kanza became the first Congolese woman to graduate from a university when she received her diploma from the University of Geneva with a degree in sociology. The University of Geneva is located in several districts in the eastern part of the city and in the nearby city of Carouge (on the left bank of the Lake Léman and the Rhône ), and
5029-579: The 150 universities in Taiwan are public. Because the Taiwanese government provides funding to public universities, their students pay less than half the tuition fees of those at private universities. Ten public universities were established before the 1980s and are the most prestigious in Taiwan. As a result, most students choose public universities for their tertiary education. In the late 19th century Thailand , there
5136-552: The 21st place in the field of Pharmacy and at the 49th place in Philosophy. In every subject, the university was ranked in the world's top 200. In the 2013 QS ranking, the university was ranked 24th in the world for most international faculty and 20th in the world for most international student body. In 2023, it was ranked 26th best university overall in Europe. In 2016, 16,530 students were studying at UNIGE, of whom 61% were female. 37% of
5243-799: The Code de l'éducation states that " private higher education establishments can in no case take the title of university. " Nevertheless, many private institutions, such as the Catholic University of Lille or the Catholic University of Lyon , use the university as their marketing name. Most higher education institutions in Germany are public and operated by the states . All professors are public servants. Public universities are generally held in higher esteem than their private counterparts. From 1972 through 1998, public universities were tuition-free; however, some states have since adopted low tuition fees. According to
5350-505: The Geneva university championships in basketball, indoor football, rowing, badminton, outdoor football. The university also sends teams to the Swiss university championship in badminton, indoor football, skiing, basketball, fencing, football, golf, ice-hockey, table tennis and volleyball. UNIGE also provides special schedules for students wishing to pursue their high level sporting career and to study at
5457-456: The Ministry a few months before the exam: it is almost always the same for some types of school (for example Mathematics for liceo scientifico ) and it is chosen among the "written" subjects for other schools (for example, it is chosen between Latin and Ancient Greek for liceo classico or one of the three different foreign languages studied, included English, in liceo linguistico ). Finally,
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#17330852142115564-471: The Ministry of Education controls all public universities. Students enroll after completing a 8-4-4 educational program system and attaining a mark of C+ or above. Students who meet the criteria set annually by the Kenya Universities and Colleges Central Placement Service receive government sponsorship, with the government providing part of their university or college fees. Students are also eligible for
5671-652: The Punjab is the biggest public university, followed by University of Karachi . The public universities receive guidance and recognition from the Higher Education Commission . There are more than 500 public higher education institutions in the Philippines that are controlled and managed by the Commission on Higher Education . Of the 500, 436 are state colleges and universities, 31 local colleges and universities, and
5778-515: The Rye , Sophocles' Antigone, Šimić's Preobraženja, and Šoljan's Kratki izlet. The optional subjects are Biology , Chemistry , Computer science , Ethics , Geography , History , Logics , Music , Philosophy , Physics , Politics , Psychology , Religious studies , Sociology , and Visual arts . Optional subjects are available only at a single level. A gymnasium student is considered to have finished their high school education program upon passing only
5885-452: The Sciences (e.g. biology) and foreign language exams are made up of a written and an oral part, while the standard-level Mathematics exam contains only a written part. (Should a candidate fail their standard-level Mathematics exam, they can have an oral exam in order to pass). The higher-level Mathematics exam consists of both a written and an oral part. The grading scale of the érettségi is
5992-592: The University of Geneva are sciences (molecular biology, bio-informatics, etc.), elementary physics, astrophysics, economics, social sciences, psychology, chemistry, biochemistry and biophysics. UNIGE is home to six national research centers: in genetics (Frontiers in Genetics), in material sciences (MaNEP), in study of emotions (Affective Sciences), in chemical biology (with EPFL), in study of mental illness (Synaptic, with EPFL and Unil), in study of life path (with Unil). UNIGE also carries research in international studies since
6099-422: The University of Geneva as follows: In molecular biology, the impact of the research carried in Geneva was ranked 4th in Europe by Times Higher Education for the period 1999–2009, directly behind the University of Oxford. In physics, the 2024 Shanghai ranking placed the University of Geneva at 3rd place in continental Europe and 15th place globally. The QS 2013 subject ranking placed the University of Geneva at
6206-468: The University of Geneva celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding. Almost 40% of the students come from foreign countries. The university holds and actively pursues teaching, research , and community service as its primary objectives. UNIGE is a member of the League of European Research Universities (including academic institutions such as Amsterdam , Barcelona , Cambridge , Heidelberg , and Milan )
6313-401: The answer sheet (used for scanning students' answers for faster grading process), a concept booklet, a new opaque silver bag, and a piece of paper with barcode stickers used for candidate identification. Before they start taking the exam, students need to stick the barcodes on every booklet, paper and bag that they received. At the end, students gather all the examination material and seal it in
6420-524: The candidate to take certain or all compulsory subject exams at the A level. On the other hand, there are higher-education programmes requiring only the B level exams. In such cases, the candidate taking an exam in a certain subject on the A level is credited more points than a candidate taking the B level exam: 1 point of the A level exam is worth 1.6 points of the B level exam. The three compulsory subjects are: The Croatian language exam has two parts: literature written exam, and an essay. The literature exam
6527-552: The central government establishes homogeneous tuition fees for all public universities which are much lower than those of their private counterparts. The highest tuition fee allowed by law was, as of 2010, €14.97 per academic credit, amounting to roughly €900 a year for an average 60-credit full-time course. Tuition fees at private universities might reach €18,000 a year. Maturity diploma Matura or its translated terms ( mature , matur , maturita , maturità , Maturität , maturité , матура , érettségi )
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#17330852142116634-549: The creation in 2013 of the Global Studies Institute, in finance with the Geneva Finance Research Institute, and in environmental studies, with the creation in 2009 of the Institut des sciences de l'environnement . Famous discoveries have been made by researcher working at UNIGE including the discoveries of extrasolar planets by Michel Mayor , and of quantum teleportation by Nicolas Gisin. The University of Geneva
6741-698: The different buildings are sometimes very distant from each other (the Battelle buildings are for instance more than three kilometers away from the Bastions). The oldest building (1559) is the Collège Calvin , and is no longer a university building. Lectures are given in six different main locations, Les Bastions , Uni Dufour , Sciences I , II and III , Uni Mail and Uni Pignon , Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), and Battelle ; as well as in other less important locations. Built between 1868 and 1871, Uni Bastions
6848-516: The end of their secondary education , and generally must be passed in order to apply to a university or other institutions of higher education . Matura is a matriculation examination and can be compared to A-Level exams , the Abitur or the Baccalauréat . The official name is Matura Shtetërore (State Matura) which was introduced in 2006 by the Ministry of Education and Science replacing
6955-411: The exam is supervised by CERMAT (formerly Centrum pro reformu maturitní zkoušky , "Centre for Maturita Reform; now Centrum pro zjišťování výsledků vzdělávání , "Centre for Determination of Education Results"), a state managed company. CERMAT issues final tests for the state part of the exam, documentation and practical tests, holds training for teachers who correct essays and supervise the students during
7062-593: The exam's challenging nature, students who request a third subject have a significant advantage in the university admissions process. The nationwide leaving exams ( državna matura ) were introduced for gymnasium (and other four-year high school programme) students in the school year 2009/2010. The examinations are conducted by the National Center for External Evaluation of Education ( Nacionalni centar za vanjsko vrednovanje obrazovanja – NCVVO). There are two available terms during which candidates can take their exams:
7169-413: The exams. The main part of the company is the tech centre, which is used for auto correcting the students exams. State exams are subject to continual improvement. Today the tests consist of four exams from which two are state organized and two school organized, in the future the state wants to add at least one more state exam and one more compulsory school exam. In 2012 the state part of the maturita exam
7276-1003: The fee was €1,951 in 2015. Non-European Union students and students who want to complete a second bachelor's or master's degree pay a legal school fee. Annually, these legal school fees range between €7,000 for bachelor programs and €30,000 for master's programs in medicine. The Ministry of Education supervises all universities, including private institutions. Almost all universities in Norway are public and state-funded. In Poland , public universities are established by Acts of Parliament. The government pays all tuition fees and other costs of public university students. In contrast, private citizens, societies, or companies operate private universities that charge tuition fees directly to students. These institutions are generally held in lower regard than public universities. A small number of private universities do not charge fees, such as John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin . There are thirteen public universities,
7383-604: The following school year. Compulsory subjects for the written finals are always German and Mathematics , as well as a foreign language (usually English , French , Spanish , Italian , Latin or sometimes Ancient Greek ). Schools with a focus on science may require their students to take written finals in Biology or Physics. The Austrian Matura used to be a decentralized affair, however since 2014 tests in Mathematics , German and foreign languages are now centralized and held at
7490-543: The following: Camus' The Stranger , Cesarić's Lirika, Gundulić's Dubravka, Ibsen's A Doll's House , Krleža's The Glembays , Matoš's Pjesme, Novak's Posljednji Stipančići, and Sophocles' Antigone . The A level works are: Camus' Stranger, Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment , Držić's Dundo Maroje, Flaubert's Madame Bovary , Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther , Kafka's The Metamorphosis , Krleža's The Glembays and The Return of Filip Latinovicz, Marinković's Ruke, Nehajev's Bijeg, Poe's The Black Cat , Salinger's The Catcher in
7597-547: The future, but this mostly means that they should finish study on that another school in full length, e.g. 4 years. The official term for the matura exam in Hungary is "érettségi vizsga" or simply "érettségi" . It is usually taken after 12 or 13 years of schooling, at the age of 17 to 19, but may also be taken at a later age. The exam of certain subjects like foreign languages and IT can be completed at an earlier age. Candidates who pass their final exams (school-leaving exams) receive
7704-508: The government through the University Grants Commission , which handles undergraduate placements and staff appointments. The top institutions include the University of Peradeniya founded in 1942 and the University of Colombo founded in 1921. Sri Lanka also has a joint service military university, the General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University , which is operated by the Ministry of Defence . One-third of
7811-675: The government. In Egypt, Al-Azhar University was founded in 970 AD as a madrasa ; it formally became a public university in 1961 and is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in the world. In the 20th century, Egypt opened many other public universities with government-subsidized tuition fees, including Cairo University in 1908, Alexandria University in 1912, Assiut University in 1928, Ain Shams University in 1957, Helwan University in 1959, Beni-Suef University in 1963, Zagazig University in 1974, Benha University in 1976, and Suez Canal University in 1989. In Kenya ,
7918-568: The indiscrimination by the examinees shown by the psychometric analysis. Further enrollment into higher education is conducted on-line via the National Computer System for Applications for Higher Education Institutions ( Nacionalni informacijski sustav prijava na visoka učilišta – NISpVU). Each candidate has the right to attempt to enroll at a maximum of 10 colleges, faculties, schools, and academies of universities, or other types of higher-education institutions. Lists of students with
8025-610: The legislation of the national government until higher education was moved to the control of the three communities in 1990. Consequently, the Flemish , the French , and the German communities determine which institutes of higher education organize and issue diplomas. Until the 1970s, Belgium had two state universities: the University of Liège (ULiège) and the Ghent University (UGent), both founded in 1817. These are often referred to as
8132-1856: The literature students, to establish links between literature student and the working world and to promote the formation given by the Faculté de Lettres . Over the course of its history, a sizeable number of UNIGE alumni have become notable in their fields, both academic, and in the wider world. Affiliates of the University of Geneva have won 10 Nobel prizes. Graduate alumni ( Martin Hairer and Vaughan Jones ) have won 2 Fields Medals. The university has hosted several Nobel laureates as students, researchers and/or professors: Norman Angell (1872–1967), Nobel Peace Prize 1933; Karl Gunnar Myrdal (1898–1987) Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1974; Daniel Bovet (1907–1992), Nobel Prize in Medicine 1957; Niels Kaj Jerne (1911–1994), Nobel Prize in Medicine 1984; Maurice Allais (1911–2010), Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1988; Edmond H. Fischer (1920–2021), Nobel Prize in Medicine 1992; Martin Rodbell (1925–1998), Nobel Prize in Medicine 1994; Alan Jay Heeger (born 1936), Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000; Werner Arber (born 1929), Nobel Prize in Medicine 1978; Kofi Annan (1938–2018), Nobel Peace Prize 2001; Michel Mayor (1942-- ) and Didier Queloz (1966-- ), Nobel Prize in Physics 2019 (jointly with James Peebles ). It has also hosted or graduated three Fields Medal laureates: Vaughan Jones (1952–2020), laureate in 1990, Stanislav Smirnov (born 1970), laureate in 2010 and Martin Hairer (born 1975), laureate in 2014. Public university A public university or public college
8239-527: The national or state governments. India also has an "open" public university, the Indira Gandhi National Open University which offers distance education. In terms of the number of enrolled students, it is now the largest university in the world with over four million students. In Indonesia , the government supports public universities in each province. Funding comes through the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology and
8346-408: The nearby institutions, where students at the university may take courses. The University of Geneva had a budget of roughly 760 million CHF for the year 2016. It mostly comes from the cantonal subventions, the other notable contributors being the federal state and the tuition fees. UNIGE's library facilities are spread across four sites. The journal de l'UNIGE is released biweekly. Its purpose
8453-409: The opaque silver bag they had received, which will then be sent back to NCVVO for grading. The answers of the exam questions are published typically two days after the exam day. Examinees are allowed to file a complaint on grading, or even on the exam questions. On the 2012 Croatian language exam, a total of 7 exam questions were nullified due to multiple possible interpretations of the source text and
8560-419: The option to repeat the subject, if they fail more than one subject, then they have to repeat the complete set of exams including the written part. All students have a maximum of three attempts to succeed in this exam, if they fail to succeed they end secondary school without the maturita and are unable to apply for college or university. They still have a chance to do maturita exam on another secondary school in
8667-585: The possibility to study abroad for a semester or a year during their degree. Partner universities include Free University of Berlin , Harvard Law School , École Normale Supérieure , Trinity College Dublin , Erasmus University of Rotterdam , Université Libre de Bruxelles , King's College London , McGill University , HEC Montreal , University of Ottawa , University of Oxford , Uppsala University , Johns Hopkins University , University of Michigan , UCLA , University of Southampton , University of Sydney , University of Tokyo . The key sectors of research at
8774-512: The provincial and municipal governments. Some of the public universities in Iran offer tuition-free and tuition-based programs. State-run universities are highly selective and competitive. There are nine official universities in Israel , a few dozen colleges, and about a dozen foreign university extensions. The Council for Higher Education in Israel supervises all of these institutions academically. Only
8881-688: The public universities in Macau . There are twenty public universities in Malaysia , funded by the government but governed as self-managed institutions. Tribhuvan University was the first public university in Nepal . It operates through six different institutes and is affiliated with various colleges. There are government-funded Purbanchal University and Pokhara University . There are 107 public universities in Pakistan , compared to 76 private universities. University of
8988-801: The region". This contrasts with the research-oriented aspects of national universities. In 2010, 127,872 students were attending 95 public universities, compared to 86 national universities and 597 private universities in Japan. Many public universities are relatively new; in 1980, there were only 34 public universities in Japan. Since July 2003, public universities may incorporate under the Local Independent Administrative Institutions Law. In South Korea , most public universities are national. There are 29 national universities, eighteen special universities, and ten educational universities. In addition, there are two national colleges and
9095-420: The results of these tests and students can be accepted based on these results, however, they still have to succeed in the maturita exam. The examination itself is also divided between written and oral parts but not all subjects require both written and spoken input (for example math is formed by a written test only). Usually both the written and the oral part of the exam are set in late spring. The state part of
9202-400: The right to enrollment are processed by the central computers of each institution's division. The rank is formed based on Matura exams points and optional additional criteria or extra points set by the institution that ranks the applicants, for example, admission exams, or GPA of final grades of each year in certain or all high school subjects. For example, for a domestic student to enroll at
9309-404: The same as the usual grading used in Hungarian schools but the percentages differ: excellent (5), good (4), medium (3), pass (2), and fail (1). In Italy the examination is commonly called (esame di) maturità ("maturity exam") or just esame di Stato ("state exam"), but the official name is esame di Stato conclusivo del corso di studio di istruzione secondaria superiore ("Final state exam of
9416-468: The same day throughout Austria. There is only one external examiner: candidates are set tasks both for their written and oral finals by their own (former) teachers. Formally, however, there is an examination board consisting of a candidate's teachers/examiners, the headmaster/headmistress and one external Vorsitzende(r) (head), usually a high-ranking school official or the head of another school. Oral exams are held publicly, but attendance by anyone other than
9523-676: The same for all public universities. Except for some fields of study, notably medicine, all Austrians who pass the Matura exam have the right to attend any public university. Overenrolled degree programs have introduced additional entrance exams that students must pass in the first year or before starting the degree, especially with scientific subjects such as biology, chemistry, and physics. Private universities have existed since 1999 but are considered easier than public universities and thus hold less esteem. All public universities in Belgium were operated under
9630-523: The same half-day about a month later (usually in June); The higher vocational education schools (BHS) such as HBLAs, HTLs, and HTBLAs follow a similar format. All examinations are held at the school which the candidate last attended. Candidates have the option to write a scholarly paper (called Fachbereichsarbeit ) to be submitted at the beginning of the February preceding the final exams, which, if accepted, counts as
9737-424: The same time. Alumni UNIGE is the alumni association of the University of Geneva, it offers a network of several thousand people to its members, as well as other advantages, such as discount prizes, special events, access to the official networking platform. Atout-lettres is the alumni association of the literature students of the university, founded in 1997. Its purpose is to prepare the professional insertion of
9844-399: The school based Provimet e Pjekurisë (Maturity Examination). The Matura is the obligatory exam after finishing the gjimnaz (secondary school) to have one's education formally recognized and to become eligible to enroll in universities. Vocational schools, art schools and schools participating in pilot programs are part of the Matura with different exam structures and subjects. The Matura
9951-1079: The state despite being state-funded. As of 2022, the communities fund all recognized universities, public and private, which follow the same rules and laws. The state runs most public universities in Croatia . Students who perform well academically pay only administrative fees which are less than €100 per year. Students who fail multiple classes in a year must retake the courses and pay a partial or full tuition fee. Almost all universities in Denmark are public and are held in higher esteem than their private counterparts. Danish students attend university for free. All universities in Finland are public and free of charge. Most universities and grandes écoles in France are public and charge very low tuition fees—less than €1000 per year. Major exceptions are semi-private grandes écoles such as HEC , EMLyon or INSEAD . Article L731-14 of
10058-494: The student's family wealth, the course of study, and exam performance. A few scholarships are available for the best low-income students at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. However, for research, private funding ranges from low to non-existent, compared to most European countries. The Netherlands Ministry of Education funds most public universities. Dutch citizens and those from European Union countries pay an annual tuition fee for their first bachelor's or master's degree;
10165-447: The student's school, three external teachers and an external president of the board. Every year the Ministry of Education decides which subjects will be assigned to external teachers; these are different depending on the type of school. The exam is divided into written and oral sections. The written section consists of three tests. The first one is Italian and is identical nationwide: students are required to write an essay, an article on
10272-408: The students were non-Swiss, originating from 151 countries. 4,449 teachers and collaborators, of whom 49% are female, are working for UNIGE. The Bureau des sports organizes all the sports related activity at UNIGE. Free sports lessons are given every day and it suffices to show one's student card to access. Other lessons organization with the university's partners demand a small fee. UNIGE is home to
10379-472: The summer term, taking place usually during June, and the fall term, typically occurring during September. Many university faculties and other higher-education institutions already have their applications closed by the end of the summer term due to having reached their first-year students enrollment quota for the upcoming academic year. The compulsory subjects are available at the basic (B) or higher (A) level exams. Certain higher-education institutions require
10486-403: The third test is about a maximum of five selected subjects of the last year, and it is written by every single examining commission. The student does not know before which subjects are in the text. Starting the school year 2018–2019 the third test will be abolished leaving the first and the second written tests and the oral test. The interview section is to assess that the student has really reached
10593-411: The three compulsory subjects (alongside fulfilling the other prerequisites set by their high school); if a student fails a Matura exam on an optional subject, that subject simply will not be listed on their certificate. Students receive their exams in sealed opaque silver bags which they personally open typically by piercing the top with a pen and thus breaking the seal. Inside they get the exam booklet,
10700-498: The two historic state universities. In 1965, small specialized single-faculty public institutions were recognized as universities, including the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and the Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech ; both are now part of the University of Liège . The Belgian state created smaller public universities that have since merged with larger institutions, including the public university at Mons in 1965 which became part of
10807-465: The university to introduce the new students to the city and the facilities, tips are also given on how to succeed at university. A second chapter including city tours, outdoor concerts and animations is also organized by the student association UniAccueil (AUA) to celebrate the new academic year. Before 2005, the university applied various very different models, depending on Faculties, and sometimes even on Departments (or "Sections"). Some Faculties applied
10914-444: The upper secondary cycle of studies"). This is the final exam for secondary school, which students are normally required to pass in order to be admitted to colleges and universities. In Italy, the maturità is informally regarded as a rite of passage from adolescence to adulthood, after which secondary school graduates get ready for higher education and/or a job. Examination boards are composed of three internal teachers belonging to
11021-409: The written exam is set to one day in which students in the whole country write identical tests, different tests are always issued on the day the exam takes place. The school (profile) part is always different and is based on requirements of the school which issues the test so it may be both written and spoken, but it can also be only one of the options. The oral part of the maturita exam takes part in
11128-614: Was a high demand for professional talent by the central government. In 1899, the King founded the School for Training of Civil Officials near the northern gate of the royal palace. Graduates from the school became royal pages, a traditional entrance into the Mahattai Ministry or other government ministries. As of 2019, Thailand has nineteen public universities. In Austria , most universities are public. The state regulates tuition fees, making costs
11235-597: Was made due to Covid-19 and the students have higher requirements, since they have to obtain more than 40 points to pass. The tests are held on the same day for every school, usually in the middle of June. There is also a similar test for the Primary School pupils as well, called Testi i Semi-Maturës Shtetërore/Državni malomaturski ispit (State Semi-Matura Exam) which has 100 questions, and is mandatory for every pupil who will continue to High School. The Semi-Matura Exam has also changed in June 2022. It now has 200 points and it
11342-599: Was seen as abusive. The official term for Matura in Austria is Reifeprüfung . The document received after the successful completion of the written and oral exams is called Maturazeugnis . In the Gymnasium (AHS), which, as opposed to vocational schools, focuses on general education, the Matura consists of three to four written exams (referred to as Klausurarbeiten , four to five hours each) to be taken on consecutive mornings (usually in May) and two to three oral exams to be taken on
11449-427: Was split into two difficulty levels – students could choose between basic and advanced tests. This solution was found to be ineffective and was canceled the following year. The Czech Republic also has a separate examination system called Národní srovnávací zkoušky ("National Comparative Test"), owned and managed by the private company Scio, s.r.o. which provides tests for all subjects. Some Czech universities recognize
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