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81-582: Initiated by U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo , the document is not related to the United Nations ' Geneva Consensus Foundation or to other Geneva -based institutions and was not signed in Geneva due to COVID-19 restrictions. Described as "Pompeo's project", the declaration was submitted by U.S. ambassador Kelly Craft to the UN General Assembly under agenda item 131 for December 2020. While reaffirming

162-632: A " State Sponsor of Terrorism "); he focused U.S.–China relations in opposition to China's policies regarding the oppression of Uyghurs , Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the South China Sea. He was sanctioned by China. He advocated for moving the American Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem and the withdrawal of the United States from the 2015 nuclear deal with Iran . As secretary of state, Pompeo declared that

243-605: A 2015 CNN reportage, Zakaria said that Turkey under Recep Tayyip Erdoğan had become a textbook case of illiberal democracy. Erik Meyersson observed that using Freedom House ’s measure of liberty , Turkey took the last place among electoral democracies in 2015, scoring worse on the liberty measure than some countries that are not even considered electoral democracies. Since 2016, the Philippines under presidents Rodrigo Duterte and Bongbong Marcos has been described as being in an illiberal democracy. It has been described as

324-579: A 2021 interview with a conservative podcast, Pompeo said that "I regret that we didn't make more progress" on North Korea. In August 2018, Pompeo thanked Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman "for Saudi Arabia's support for northeast Syria's urgent stabilization needs". Pompeo and Crown Prince also discussed the situation in war-torn Yemen . Pompeo condemned the military crackdown by the Myanmar Army and police on Rohingya Muslims . In July 2018, Pompeo raised

405-737: A Kremlin aide, they discussed Syria, North Korea, Iran, Venezuela, and the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty ( New START ); Pompeo said he brought up—and Putin again denied—Russian election interference. In October 2019, the State Department web site promoted a speech by Pompeo "On Being a Christian Leader", which he delivered to the American Association of Christian Counselors in his official government role. Pompeo touts Christianity in his speech, describes how he applies his faith to his government work. The promotion of

486-666: A critic of Donald Trump, whom he called " authoritarian ", Pompeo shifted into one of his most staunch supporters after he became the Republican nominee in the 2016 presidential election . Trump appointed him director of the CIA in January 2017 and secretary of state in April 2018. Pompeo is a vocal critic of the Chinese and Cuban Communist Parties (the latter is reflected through his reappointment of Cuba as

567-493: A key component in the rise of illiberal democracies today is populism . Current populist leaders—especially within Western states—have the tendency to promote illiberal values, a notable example being the exclusion of immigrants and openly xenophobic statements. This wave has been labeled as "xenophobic populism". Authors Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser discuss the role of populism in deteriorating liberal democracies. Within

648-687: A mandate to act in any way they see fit as long as they hold regular elections . Lack of liberties such as freedom of speech and freedom of assembly make opposition extremely difficult. The rulers may centralize powers between branches of the central government and local government (exhibiting no separation of powers ). Media are often controlled by the state and strongly support the regime. Non-governmental organizations may face onerous regulations or simply be prohibited. The regime may use red tape , economic pressure, imprisonment or violence against its critics. Zakaria believes that constitutional liberalism can bring democracy, but not vice versa. There

729-504: A member of the Kansas House of Representatives . Pompeo received 59% of the vote (117,171 votes) to 36% for Goyle (71,866). During Pompeo's campaign, its affiliated Twitter account praised as a "good read" a news article that called Goyle, his Indian-American opponent, a "turban topper" who "could be a Muslim, a Hindu, a Buddhist etc. who knows". Pompeo later apologized to Goyle for the tweet. Pompeo received $ 80,000 in donations during

810-477: A new term to remove the positive connotation of democracy from these states and distinguish them from flawed or developing democracies: competitive authoritarianism . According to Wojciech Sadurski , "illiberal democracy is largely an oxymoron" in Poland under Prawo i Sprawiedliwość , because "[b]y dismantling various checks and balances, and the many democratic institutions related to elections and judicial review,

891-446: A state’s own public health policies. The push for sovereign rights comes amidst increased global pressure to support an international right to abortion. On January 28, 2021, U.S. president Joe Biden removed the United States from the declaration. The President continued to encourage other states, such as Burkina Faso and Benin, to withdraw as well. These nations that only permit abortion in certain circumstances and do not prescribe to

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972-651: A visit to the Western Wall with Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu , Pompeo spoke to "the work that our administration's done to make sure that this democracy in the Middle East, that this Jewish state, remains   ... I am confident that the Lord is at work here." On November 16, 2018, a CIA assessment was leaked to the media, that concluded with "high confidence" Saudi Arabia's crown prince Mohammad bin Salman ordered

1053-640: A worldwide capital and stronghold of illiberalism culturally and politically. In the United States , the Republican Party has in recent years faced criticism that it is becoming increasingly illiberal under the leadership of Donald Trump , who was elected president in 2016 and 2024. According to a 2020 study by the V-Dem Institute , the Republican Party has become more illiberal and populist in

1134-578: Is a spectrum of illiberal democracies: from those that are nearly liberal democracies to those that are almost openly dictatorships . One proposed method of determining whether a regime is an illiberal democracy is to determine whether "it has regular, free, fair, and competitive elections to fill the principal positions of power in the country, but it does not qualify as Free in Freedom House 's annual ratings of civil liberties and political rights." A 2008 article by Rocha Menocal, Fritz and Rakner describes

1215-602: Is its relationship to political liberalism. Classical conservatives – such as the Christian Democrats in Europe or the Republican Party in the U.S. before Donald Trump – are/were fervent supporters of political rights and constitutionalism, while illiberalism challenges them. For classical conservatives, the political order is a reflection of the natural and family order, and therefore commands some submission to it. For illiberals, today’s political order

1296-536: Is often used in connection with the policies of Robert Fico 's government, which has been criticised for censorship of criticism of government politicians in media, abolition of the special prosecutor's office, politically motivated abolition of the Radio and Television of Slovakia by Slovak Television and Radio , unjustified exchanges in various expert positions, the cover-up of the accident of government politician Andrej Danko , etc.). The previous cabinet of Robert Fico

1377-475: Is possible that a lack of clarity on the U.S. commitment to deliver F-35s to the UAE could have also played a part in slowing a second wave of normalization." Illiberal List of forms of government The term " illiberal democracy " describes a governing system that hides its "nondemocratic practices behind formally democratic institutions and procedures". There is a lack of consensus among experts about

1458-435: Is rather the weakening of democratic institutions that has led to the rise of populism and the deterioration of liberal democracies. When discussing this matter, Berman through the example of Western states—United States and Europe—has attributed the cause of populist backlash to national government disregarding the interests of average citizens for business elites. In sum, Berman is trying to demonstrate that populism has led to

1539-504: Is room for much improvement in implementing these measures to the fullest extent. Mike Pompeo Michael Richard Pompeo ( / p ɒ m ˈ p eɪ oʊ / ; born December 30, 1963) is an American politician who served in the administration of Donald Trump as director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), from 2017 to 2018 and as the 70th United States secretary of state from 2018 to 2021. He also served in

1620-614: Is the enemy of the natural order and should be fought against. Author Jennifer Gandhi says that many autocrats allow elections in their governance to stabilize and reinforce their regimes. She first says that elections help leaders resolve threats from elites and from the masses by appeasing those capable of usurping power with money and securing the cooperation of the general public with political concessions. Gandhi also claims that illiberal elections serve other useful purposes, such as providing autocrats with information about their citizens and establishing legitimacy both domestically and in

1701-479: Is the position of a nation's law, is central to the declaration. The persons signing the statement "[r]eaffirm [inter alia] that there is no international right to abortion, nor any international obligation on the part of States to finance or facilitate abortion, consistent with the long-standing international consensus that each nation has the sovereign right to implement programs and activities consistent with their laws and policies ... ." Egyptian NGO Nazra described

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1782-606: The CIA , he named his former business partner, Brian Bulatao , the agency's chief operating officer . Pompeo represented Kansas's 4th congressional district from 2011 until his January 2017 appointment to director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). In the 2010 election , Pompeo won the Republican primary for Kansas's 4th District congressional seat with 39% of the vote, defeating state senator Jean Schodorf (who received 24%) and two other candidates. Late in

1863-579: The Senate Foreign Relations Committee voted 11–9 in favor of sending Pompeo's nomination to the full Senate, with Senator Chris Coons voting "present" and Johnny Isakson , who was absent that day, voting "yes by proxy". In the interest of saving the committee's time, Coons decided to vote "present", as the vote would have been tied if he had voted no on the nomination with Isakson absent, a situation that would have nullified his vote. The Senate floor vote took place on April 26 and Pompeo

1944-651: The United States House of Representatives from 2011 to 2017. After graduating from the United States Military Academy in 1986 and his obligatory five-year service as a United States Army officer, Pompeo went on to graduate from Harvard Law School . He worked as an attorney until 1998 and then became an entrepreneur in the aerospace and oilfield industries. Pompeo was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 2010 , representing Kansas's 4th congressional district until 2017. Once

2025-722: The sudden withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria , the U.S. mission to degrade and destroy the Islamic State and to counter Iranian influence in the region had not changed. The trip included stops in Jordan , Iraq , Egypt , and the Gulf nations . Pompeo announced on January 23, 2019, that Juan Guaidó would be recognized by the U.S. as the legitimate interim president of Venezuela , and that American diplomats in Caracas would remain at their posts, even as Nicolás Maduro gave them three days to evacuate

2106-516: The "right path". On August 27, 2020, Pompeo, after visiting Omani Sultan Haitham bin Tarik Al-Said , concluded a Middle East trip aimed at encouraging Arab countries to follow the UAE's move. According to Hugh Lovatt of the European Council on Foreign Relations , "...   the lack of any additional public commitments during Secretary Pompeo's regional tour looks like an anti-climax [and] it

2187-699: The 2016 United States elections . At the suggestion of Tony Perkins , president of the Family Research Council , Pompeo planned to hire chaplains at the CIA. In an April 2019 speech at Texas A&M University, Pompeo said "I was the CIA director. We lied, we cheated, we stole. It was like we had entire training courses . . . it reminds you of the glory of the American experiment." President Trump announced on March 13, 2018, that he would nominate Pompeo to serve as secretary of state , succeeding Rex Tillerson , who stepped down on March 31, 2018. On April 23,

2268-717: The 2020 presidential election . After Trump's victory in the 2024 election, Trump declared that Mike Pompeo and Nikki Haley would not be back in his next administration. Pompeo was born in Orange, California , the son of Dorothy (born Mercer) and Wayne Pompeo. His paternal great-grandparents, Carlo Pompeo and Adelina Tollis were born in Pacentro , Abruzzo, Italy, and emigrated to the United States in 1899 and 1900, respectively. In 1982, Pompeo graduated from Los Amigos High School in Fountain Valley, California , where he played forward on

2349-484: The America I Love , returned to his theme that the assassination and dismemberment was of little international consequence, that the victim was not a reporter of much, if any consequence, and was merely an "activist." He further denigrated Khashoggi as, "...cozy with the terrorist-supporting Muslim Brotherhood .” On January 7, 2019, Pompeo began a diplomatic tour of the Middle East to assure regional U.S. partners that, amid

2430-612: The CIA to make covert drone strikes without the Pentagon's involvement , including inside Afghanistan. During Easter weekend 2018, Pompeo visited North Korea and met with Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un to discuss the upcoming 2018 North Korea–United States summit between Kim and Trump. Pompeo usually personally delivered the president's daily brief in the Oval Office . At Trump's request, Pompeo met with former NSA official William E. Binney to discuss his doubts of Russian interference in

2511-559: The CIA's Iran mission center . In August 2017, Pompeo took direct command of the Counterintelligence Mission Center, the department which had helped to launch an investigation into possible links between Trump associates and Russian officials . Former CIA officials, including John Sipher , expressed concern given Pompeo's proximity to the White House and Donald Trump. In September 2017, Pompeo sought authority for

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2592-624: The October 2, 2018, assassination of Washington Post columnist Jamal Khashoggi . Under mounting pressure from lawmakers who wanted action against Saudi Arabia, Pompeo disputed the CIA's conclusion and declared there was no direct evidence linking the Crown Prince to the Khashoggi's assassination. In what was seen as an effort to promote his presumed candidacy in the 2024 Republican presidential primary, Pompeo's book, Never Give an Inch: Fighting for

2673-638: The President did with the Golan Heights is recognize the reality on the ground and the security situation necessary for the protection of the Israeli state." In January 2020, the Trump administration approved a drone strike that assassinated Iranian General Qasem Soleimani . Pompeo was reportedly among the most hawkish advisors within the administration during the meeting in which Trump decided to assassinate Soleimani. On

2754-842: The U.S. Army at the rank of captain . In 1994, Pompeo earned a juris doctor from Harvard Law School , where he was an editor of the Harvard Law Review and the Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy . After graduating from law school, he worked as a lawyer for Williams & Connolly in Washington. In 1996, Pompeo moved to Wichita, Kansas , where he and three West Point friends, Brian Bulatao , Ulrich Brechbuhl , and Michael Stradinger, acquired three aircraft-parts manufacturers there (Aero Machine, Precision Profiling, B&B Machine) and in St. Louis (Advance Tool & Die), renaming

2835-661: The U.S.'s human rights policy should prioritize religious liberty and property rights . During his tenure, the U.S. moved the U.S. Embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, and brokered the Abraham Accords , which normalized diplomatic relations between Israel and the United Arab Emirates . He was among the staunchest Trump loyalists in the Cabinet and routinely flouted State Department norms in aid of Trump's objectives, including supporting Trump's efforts to overturn

2916-570: The U.S.'s traditional democratic allies. International relations scholars Daniel Drezner , Richard Sokolsky, and Aaron David Miller described Pompeo as the worst secretary of state in American history, citing numerous foreign policy failures, fealty to Trump at the cost of U.S. national interest, and improprieties in office. Pompeo played a role in Trump's three summits with North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong Un . The summits failed to achieve any reduction in North Korea's nuclear arsenal . In

2997-490: The United States had given a "green light" for Turkey to attack the Kurds . In November 2019, Pompeo said the U.S. no longer views Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank as a violation of international law, breaking with decades of U.S. policy. In rejecting a claimed double standard in recognizing Israel 's annexation of the Golan Heights but placing sanctions on Russia for annexing Crimea in 2014 , Pompeo said "What

3078-407: The agenda being perpetrated on them at a global scale. These decisions prompted U.S. lawmakers to express concern for the new administration's preservations of families and individual well-being. The declaration was signed by Iván Duque of Colombia , but was withdrawn by Gustavo Petro shortly after taking office as president. On January 17, 2023, Brazil president Lula da Silva removed Brazil from

3159-506: The alternatives. In reality, the non-consolidation of democracy has led to the rise of hybrid regimes that possess "illiberal values". In a 2014 speech, after winning re-election for the first time, Viktor Orbán , Prime Minister of Hungary described his views about the future of Hungary as an "illiberal state". In his interpretation the "illiberal state" does not reject the values of the liberal democracy , rather modern social liberalism , calling it corrupt and unfair and states that

3240-406: The article, Mudde and Kaltwasser say that populism—although surrounded by negative connotations—is democratic in nature, as it gives a voice to the people and heavily follows the idea of majoritarian rule. The problem arises within liberal democracies, as the authors say that liberal values and democracy internally contradict each other. Democracy promises majoritarian rule while liberal values promise

3321-411: The basketball team. In 1986, Pompeo graduated first in his class from the United States Military Academy at West Point , where he majored in engineering management . He was a classmate of Brian Bulatao and Ulrich Brechbuhl , who later helped him found Thayer Aerospace. Today, the tight-knit group of graduates—some cheekily refer to themselves (Mike Pompeo, Ulrich Brechbuhl and Brian Bulatao), as

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3402-474: The book countered that Pacific Asia was not converging on liberal democracy but had instead taken an illiberal turn. Political philosopher Daniel A. Bell contributed a chapter on Confucianism as offering an alternative, illiberal approach to democracy. The term illiberal democracy was then used and popularized by Fareed Zakaria in a regularly cited 1997 article in the journal Foreign Affairs . According to Zakaria, illiberal democracies are increasing around

3483-422: The campaign from Koch Industries and its employees. In the 2012 election , Pompeo defeated Democratic nominee Robert Tillman by a margin of 62–32%. Koch Industries gave Pompeo's campaign $ 110,000. In the 2014 election , Pompeo won the general election with 67% of the vote, defeating Democrat Perry Schuckman. In the 2016 election , Pompeo beat Democrat Daniel B. Giroux in the general election with 61% of

3564-418: The company, which by then had been renamed Nex-Tech Aerospace, to Highland Capital Management , which had clients including Lockheed Martin , Gulfstream Aerospace , Cessna Aircraft , Boeing , Spirit AeroSystems and Raytheon Aircraft . Pompeo then became president of Sentry International, an oilfield equipment manufacturer that was also a partner of Koch Industries . In 2017, when Pompeo became head of

3645-454: The country should work as a community. Orbán listed Singapore , Russia , Turkey , and China as examples of economically "successful" nations, "none of which is liberal and some of which aren’t even democracies." In 1995 Slovak journalists coined the term " Democracy of the Carpathian type " to describe the illiberal democracy of Vladimír Mečiar 's government in the 1990s. Today, the term

3726-593: The country upon Guaidó assumption of the presidency. After protests for over "homophobic, racist and misogynist remarks" by Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro , a ceremony hosted by the Brazilian-American Chamber of Commerce (originally set to honor Pompeo and Bolsonaro) was canceled. On May 14, 2019, Pompeo met for three hours with Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov and for ninety minutes with Russian president Vladimir Putin in Sochi , Russia. According to

3807-408: The country's leaders and policies. According to jurist András Sajó , illiberal democracy should be counted as a type of democracy because it is "democratic in a plebiscitarian sense", while political scientist Ulrich Wagrandl argues that "illiberal democracy is actually more true to democracy’s roots". Other theorists say that classifying illiberal democracy as democratic is overly sympathetic to

3888-407: The day of the strike, Pompeo asserted the attack was ordered by Trump to disrupt an "imminent attack" by Soleimani operatives, although subsequent reports on that rationale were mixed. In January 2020, Pompeo abruptly ended an interview with Mary Louise Kelly of NPR's All Things Considered , and called her to private quarters where he admonished her for asking questions regarding Ukraine during

3969-408: The declaration as "an international attack on women, gender, and sexuality", and Amnesty International USA said the signatories were "willingly endangering people's health and lives". Critics have accused the signatories of being motivated by a desire to undermine established international institutions, though the document’s stated purpose emphasizes the preservation of national sovereignty in deciding

4050-601: The declaration. The declaration was signed by unspecified "ministers and high representatives of Governments" from the United States , Bahrain , Belarus , Benin , Brazil , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Djibouti , Egypt , Eswatini , Gambia , Georgia , Haiti , Hungary , Indonesia , Iraq , Kenya , Kuwait , Libya , Nauru , Niger , Oman , Pakistan , Paraguay , Poland , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , South Sudan , Sudan , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , and Zambia . As

4131-608: The development of liberal democracies with free and fair elections, Zakaria proposes that the international community and the United States must promote gradual liberalization of societies. Zakaria advances institutions like the World Trade Organization , the Federal Reserve System , and a check on power in the form of the judiciary to promote democracy and limit the power of people which can be destructive. Illiberal democratic governments may believe they have

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4212-556: The emergence of illiberal democracies and discusses some of their shared characteristics. Rocha Menocal, Fritz, and Rakner try to draw the similarity between illiberal democracies and hybrid regimes . The authors make the case that the "democratic optimism" in the 1990s—following the collapse of the Soviet Union—has led to the emergence of hybrid regimes holding illiberal values. Initially, the Western powers assumed that democratic consolidation would occur automatically and disregarded

4293-438: The entity Thayer Aerospace after West Point superintendent Sylvanus Thayer . Venture funding for the private organization included a nearly 20% investment from Koch Industries as well as Dallas-based Cardinal Investment, and Bain & Company (Brechbuhl worked for Bain at the time). Brechbuhl and Stradinger left the company shortly after it was founded, but Pompeo and Bulatao continued. In 2006, he sold his interest in

4374-426: The evident liberal values. Moreover, Sheri Berman supports that idea that democracy being unchecked by liberalism can lead to populist—and in some regards dangerous—rule, but further says that liberal values unchecked by democracy can be just as dangerous, as she says, through the use of historical examples, this can lead to oligarchic rule. Berman takes a different perspective on the role of populism and says that it

4455-415: The exact definition of illiberal democracy or whether it even exists. The rulers of an illiberal democracy may ignore or bypass constitutional limits on their power . While liberal democracies protect individual rights and freedoms, illiberal democracies do not. Elections in an illiberal democracy are often manipulated or rigged, being used to legitimize and consolidate the incumbent rather than to choose

4536-505: The family unit and holistic healthcare are among the highest ideals of the declaration, making “complete physical, mental and social well-being” and holistic, specialized healthcare key components of the document. Among these affirmations, there is also no "international right to abortion." Rather, the United Nations should therefore respect national laws and policies on the matter. A commitment to prevent access to abortion , where that

4617-480: The illiberal regimes and therefore prefer terms such as electoral authoritarianism , competitive authoritarianism , or soft authoritarianism . The term and concept of illiberal democracy derive from the 1995-book Towards Illiberal Democracy in Pacific Asia . Challenging Francis Fukuyama 's end-of-history thesis that political history was culminating in the global rule of capitalist liberal democracy,

4698-462: The international community, and that these varied functions must be elucidated in future research. One example of the regime durability provided by illiberal democracy is illustrated in Mubarak 's Egyptian regime. Lisa Blaydes shows that under Mubarak's lengthy rule, elections provided a mechanism through which elites bought votes to support the government (through distributing needed goods and resources to

4779-532: The interview. After four-term U.S. senator Pat Roberts of Kansas announced that he would not seek re-election in the 2020 election , Pompeo considered leaving the Trump administration to run for the seat. In June 2020, he ultimately declined to enter the race. Pompeo praised the Trump-brokered normalization agreement between Israel and the United Arab Emirates as an "enormous" step forward on

4860-793: The issue of Xinjiang internment camps and human rights abuses against the Uyghur minority in China. Pompeo criticized Iran 's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei for his refusal to condemn the Chinese government's repressions against the Uyghurs. On October 10, 2018, Pompeo said Israel "is everything we want the entire Middle East to look like going forward" and that the Israel–United States relations are "stronger than ever". In March 2019, when questioned regarding Israel's conflicts with Iran and following

4941-406: The last decade with a large increase under the leadership of Donald Trump. Trump's populist style of governance has been considered by some to be a dangerous risk to the heart of liberal democracy, as well as indifference towards traditional democratic allies and praising other "strongman rulers" in the world like Putin . With the different types and different examples of illustrations discussed,

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5022-736: The links between his company in Kansas and a Chinese government owned firm. In February 2017, Pompeo traveled to Turkey and Saudi Arabia . He met with Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to discuss policy on Syria and ISIL . Pompeo honored the then- crown prince of Saudi Arabia Muhammad bin Nayef with the CIA's " George Tenet " Medal. It was the first reaffirmation of Saudi Arabia–United States relations since Trump took office in January 2017. In March 2017, Pompeo formally invoked state secrets privilege to prevent CIA officers, including Gina Haspel and James Cotsana , from being compelled to testify in

5103-470: The mechanism for determining access to state office combines both democratic and autocratic practices. In hybrid regimes, freedoms exist and the opposition is allowed to legally compete in elections, but the system of checks and balances becomes inoperative. Regime type is important for illiberal democracies. This is because illiberal democracies can rise from both consolidated liberal democracies and authoritarian states. Zakaria initially wrote his paper using

5184-437: The primary, Schodorf began to surge in the polls, prompting two outside groups—Common Sense Issues and Americans for Prosperity —to spend tens of thousands of dollars in the campaign's final days to attack Schodorf and support Pompeo. A month before the general election, Pompeo was endorsed by former U.S. senator and former presidential candidate Bob Dole . In the general election, Pompeo defeated Democratic nominee Raj Goyle ,

5265-421: The protection of minorities. Furthermore, it is said that populism is a product of democracy, but in general populist leaders try to use the democratic aspect of liberal democracies to undermine liberalism. This is closely related to Zakaria's argument. The authors try to establish the idea that the rise of populism is undermining liberal values as populism at its core rejects plurality and minority protection—often

5346-458: The public) to acquire regime-enforced parliamentary immunity . This enabled them to accumulate illicit wealth and draw from state resources without legal consequence. Such research suggests that, given the stability-providing function of illiberal elections, states governed under illiberal democracies may have low prospects for a transition to a democratic system protected by constitutional liberties. In order to discourage this problem and promote

5427-477: The rise of illiberal democracies, while the populism has gained traction as a result in democratic institutions being too elite-led. Writers such as Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way reject the concept of an illiberal democracy, saying it only "muddies the waters" on the basis that if a country does not have opposition parties and an independent media, it is not democratic. They say that terms like "illiberal democracy" are inappropriate for some of these states because

5508-528: The ruling party greatly weakens the democratic character of the state". Sadurski prefers the term "plebiscitarian authoritarianism". In 1998, author Marc Plattner said that democracy and liberalism have a turbulent relationship, where throughout history they constantly repel and attract one another. Plattner believes that the rise of illiberal democracies is merely part of a democratization cycle, where states democratizing will often shift from liberal to illiberal tendencies. From this, Plattner believes that through

5589-402: The signatories were unspecified, there is no evidence that the signatories were empowered to bind any country. Many note that most of the signatories come from illiberal , authoritarian , or autocratic governments. They point out that the governments predominantly subscribe to more religious viewpoints. While the declaration contains statements on women's rights and gender equality , there

5670-523: The speech by the State Department was met with criticism from those who believed it was incompatible with separation of church and state . He also created the Commission on Unalienable Rights, and created a faith-based employee affinity group that includes contractors. Pompeo defended the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria , saying Turkey has a "legitimate security concern" with "a terrorist threat to their south". However, Pompeo denied that

5751-661: The staunchest Trump loyalists in the Cabinet. During his tenure, he routinely flouted norms followed by his predecessors. These included a speech via satellite from Jerusalem supporting Trump's re-election, firing State Department inspector general Steve Linick , and standing on the sidelines while Trump and his allies conducted a smear campaign against career diplomat Marie Yovanovitch . Under Pompeo's tenure, career State Department officials quit, were forced into retirement or fired, and were replaced by inexperienced political appointees. Like Trump, Pompeo praised dictators and criticized

5832-560: The term illiberal democracy interchangeably with pseudo-autocracies but today they are used to describe countries that are potentially democratically backsliding as well. Below it is explained how illiberal democracies—in this case autocratic regimes—may try to demonstrate false liberal tendencies in order to consolidate their regime. According to Marlène Laruelle , there are "significant differences between illiberalism and conservatism" as it has been "traditionally understood" The key element that dissociates illiberalism from conservatism

5913-503: The term implies that these regimes are at their heart democracies that have gone wrong. Levitsky and Way say that states such as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia under Slobodan Milošević , Zimbabwe and post-Soviet Russia were never truly democratic and not developing toward democracy, but were rather tending toward authoritarian behavior despite having elections, which were sometimes sharply contested. Thus, Levitsky and Way coined

5994-461: The trial of Bruce Jessen and James Elmer Mitchell . On 13 April 2017, in an address at the Center for Strategic and International Studies , Pompeo described WikiLeaks as a "hostile intelligence service." This was in response to the publication of Vault 7 , that detailed the electronic surveillance and cyber warfare capabilities of the CIA. In June 2017, Pompeo named Michael D'Andrea head of

6075-401: The vital role women play in families and pregnancy, it also supports women’s rights and participation in political affairs and prioritizes “equal access to quality education, economic resources, and political participation as well as equal opportunities with men and boys for employment, leadership and decision-making at all levels.” Because of the inherent worth of every human life, protection for

6156-846: The vote. Pompeo served on the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce , the United States House Energy Subcommittee on Digital Commerce and Consumer Protection , the United States House Energy Subcommittee on Energy , the United States House Intelligence Subcommittee on the CIA , and the United States House Select Committee on Benghazi . Pompeo

6237-689: The world and are increasingly limiting the freedoms of the people they represent. Zakaria points out that in the West , electoral democracy and civil liberties (of speech, religion, etc.) go hand in hand. But around the world, the two concepts are coming apart. He says that democracy without constitutional liberalism is producing centralized regimes, the erosion of liberty, ethnic competition, conflict, and war. Recent scholarship has addressed why elections, institutions commonly associated with liberalism and freedom, have led to such negative outcomes in illiberal democracies. Hybrid regimes are political systems in which

6318-472: The “West Point Mafia”—which constitutes a uniquely powerful circle at the highest levels of government. From 1986 to 1991, Pompeo served in the U.S. Army as an armor officer with the West Germany -based 2nd Squadron, 7th Cavalry in the 4th Infantry Division . He served as a tank platoon leader before becoming a cavalry troop executive officer and then the squadron maintenance officer. Pompeo left

6399-612: Was a member of the Congressional Constitution Caucus . Pompeo was original sponsor of the Safe and Accurate Food Labeling Act of 2015 . On November 18, 2016, President-elect Donald Trump announced that he would nominate Pompeo to be the director of the Central Intelligence Agency . He was confirmed by the Senate on January 23, 2017, with a vote of 66–32, and sworn in later that day. In his confirmation he failed to disclose

6480-439: Was accused of organised corruption and some politicians were directly or indirectly linked to the kidnapping of Vietnamese businessman Trịnh Xuân Thanh and to the assassination of investigative journalist Ján Kuciak and his fiancée. Indian-American journalist Fareed Zakaria claimed that India was the largest illiberal democracy in the world, in his book The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad . In

6561-414: Was confirmed by the full Senate by a 57–42 vote, with five of ten Democratic senators running for reelection in 2018 in states that Trump won in 2016 , voting to confirm Pompeo. Pompeo was sworn in on April 26, 2018. In testimony before the Senate, he promised to prioritize improving the low-morale issue at the State Department. During his tenure as secretary of state, Pompeo was described as among

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