152-604: The Gawad Urian Awards are annual film awards in the Philippines presented since 1977 by the Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino ( transl. Filipino Film Critics ), a film critic organization composed of critics, writers, and scholars. It is the regarded as the highest award for a film given by critics in the Philippines and is seen as the counterpart of the United States' New York Film Critics Circle . The name "Gawad Urian"
304-535: A Geneva drive on the projectors to oscillatingly cause intermittent movement to advance the frames of the film and he set up the first film studio in Germany in 1900. From 1896, Messter was interested in the search of a method of reproduction and synchronization of the sound effects of the cinematographic performance at the time of the silent movies . So Messter invented the Tonbilder Biophon to show films, in which
456-520: A 0 to 10 scale, while some rely on the star rating system of 1–5, 0–5 or 0–4 stars. The votes are then converted into an overall rating and ranking for any particular film. Some of these community driven review sites include Letterboxd , Reviewer, Movie Attractions, Flixster , FilmCrave , Flickchart and Everyone's a Critic . Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic aggregate both scores from accredited critics and those submitted by users. On these online review sites, users generally only have to register with
608-460: A China Mission . The film, which film historian John Barnes later described as having "the most fully developed narrative of any film made in England up to that time", opens as the first shot shows Chinese Boxer rebels at the gate; it then cuts to the missionary family in the garden, where a fight ensues. The wife signals to British sailors from the balcony, who come and rescue them. The film also used
760-439: A Telescope . The main shot shows a street scene with a young man tying the shoelace and then caressing the foot of his girlfriend, while an old man observes this through a telescope. There is then a cut to close shot of the hands on the girl's foot shown inside a black circular mask, and then a cut back to the continuation of the original scene. James Williamson perfected narrative building techniques in his 1900 film, Attack on
912-558: A book titled Projected Fears , and ending the book during the year 2006 involved Phillips saying that American horror films had fallen into the cycle of being movies that had predictability. Film theory is also part of academic film criticism, since two main film theories have been created. The first main film theory is the part-whole theory. This theory pertains to Eisenstein's philosophy that segments of films are not artistic works on their own, and they are just unemotional aspects of reality. When those segments of films are sequenced in
1064-628: A change-over to renting prints began. Messter replied with a series of longer films starring Henny Porten, but although these did well in the German-speaking world, they were not particularly successful internationally, unlike the Asta Nielsen films. Another of the growing German film producers just before World War I was the German branch of the French Éclair company, Deutsche Éclair. This was expropriated by
1216-481: A commercial 1.5-hour program of 40 different scenes was screened for audiences of 300 people at the old Reichstag and received circa 4,000 visitors. Throughout the late 19th century, several inventors such as Wordsworth Donisthorpe , Louis Le Prince , William Friese-Greene , and the Skladanowsky brothers made pioneering contributions to the development of devices that could capture and display moving images, laying
1368-511: A continuity of action across multiple scenes. The use of the intertitle to explain actions and dialogue on screen began in the early 1900s. Filmed intertitles were first used in Robert W. Paul's film, Scrooge, or Marley's Ghost. In most countries, intertitles gradually came to be used to provide dialogue and narration for the film, thus dispensing the need for narration provided by exhibitors. Development of continuous action across multiple shots
1520-548: A critics' voice to rival the then-only award-giving body in the Philippines, which is its Oscars, the FAMAS Awards . Three years earlier, what would be the members of the Manunuri were included in the judges' roster of the FAMAS after a shocking 1972 Best Actress tie materialized between major star Boots Anson-Roa and then-rising star Vilma Santos . A tie was unheard of at that time, which resulted in accusations of lessening prestige on
1672-635: A device he called the Elektrischen Schnellseher (also known as the Electrotachyscope ), which displayed short loops on a small milk glass screen. By 1891, he had started mass production of a more economical, coin-operated peep-box viewing device of the same name that was exhibited at international exhibitions and fairs. Some machines were installed for longer periods, including some at The Crystal Palace in London, and in several U.S. stores. Shifting
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#17328772708121824-427: A dozen ties all in all. It is also known for awarding several lesser-known films produced by small independent production companies. In 2004, Ebolusyon ng Isang Pamilyang Pilipino , a landmark Filipino drama, was awarded Pinakamahusay na Pelikula (Best Film) by Gawad Urian, while it did not receive a single nomination from any award-giving body that year. In 1988, the awards for the films of 1987 were not held because
1976-467: A duration of eight weeks of time, which displays the fact that film critics are influential towards how well films perform in box offices. Film critics are able to influence the choices of people in the public who decide on whether or not they will view a film. Film critics frequently receive invitations to early viewings of movies before the movies are available to all of the moviegoers who aren't film critics, and viewing films at early points in time allows
2128-463: A film critic must enjoy the movies that they are criticizing. In this specific regard, a film critic must also want to make their reviews persuade other people watch the movies that the film critic has criticized. In the academic field of films and cinema, several studies involving research have discovered a positive connection between film critics evaluating films and how well the films perform with audience members. Also, studies involving research in
2280-435: A film language, or " film grammar ". James Williamson's use of continuous action in his 1901 film, Stop Thief! stimulated a film genre known as the "chase film." In the film, a tramp steals a leg of mutton from a butcher's boy in the first shot, is chased by the butcher's boy and assorted dogs in the following shot, and is finally caught by the dogs in the third shot. The Execution of Mary Stuart , produced in 1895 by
2432-714: A film's suitability for children. Others focus on a religious perspective (e.g. CAP Alert). Still others highlight more esoteric subjects such as the depiction of science in fiction films. One such example is Insultingly Stupid Movie Physics by Intuitor . Some online niche websites provide comprehensive coverage of the independent sector; usually adopting a style closer to print journalism. They tend to prohibit advertisement and offer uncompromising opinions free of any commercial interest. Their film critics normally have an academic film background. The Online Film Critics Society , an international professional association of Internet-based cinema reviewers, consists of writers from all over
2584-461: A gramophone played Unter den Linden accompanying the projection of animated images, but it was not a simple add on but to precisely match the series of musical pieces with moving images. In effect, to add sound to the silent cinema, it was necessary to solve problems of synchronization, since the image and the sound were recorded and reproduced by separated devices, which were difficult to initiate and to maintain rigged. On August 31, 1903, Messter held
2736-574: A growing belief in the film industry that critic aggregators (especially Rotten Tomatoes ) are increasing the collective influence of film critics. The underperformance of several films in 2017 was blamed on their low scores on Rotten Tomatoes. This has led to studies such as one commissioned by 20th Century Fox claiming that younger viewers give the website more credibility than the major studio marketing , which undercuts its effectiveness. Today, fan-run film analysis websites like Box Office Prophets, CineBee and Box Office Guru routinely factor more into
2888-642: A highly coveted award in the Philippine film industry that is only given to the most deserved winners. The Gawad Urian is known for its infamous ties. At a time when the Filipino award-giving bodies were adamant about awarding ties after the FAMAS rock-up in 1972, the Gawad Urian has given ties in the Best Film category (3 ties), Best Screenplay category (1), Best Actress category (6) and Best Supporting Actress category (2),
3040-485: A lab assistant, William Kennedy Dickson , to help develop a device that could produce visuals to accompany the sounds produced from the phonograph . Building upon previous machines by Muybridge, Marey, Anschütz and others, Dickson and his team created the Kinetoscope peep-box viewer, with celluloid loops containing about half a minute of motion picture entertainment. After an early preview on 20 May 1891, Edison introduced
3192-481: A man drinking beer and a woman using sniffing tobacco. The following year, Smith made The Kiss in the Tunnel , a sequence consisting of three shots: a train enters a tunnel; a man and a woman exchange a brief kiss in the darkness and then return to their seats; the train exits the tunnel. Smith created the scenario in response to the success of a genre known as a phantom ride . In a phantom ride film, cameras would capture
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#17328772708123344-543: A manifesto proclaiming cinema to be the "Sixth Art" (later "Seventh Art"). For many decades after, film was still being accorded less prestige than longer-established art forms. In Sweden, serious film criticism was spearheaded by Bengt Idestam-Almquist , whom the Swedish Film Institute has called the father of Swedish film criticism . By the 1920s, critics were analyzing film for its merit and value, and as more than just entertainment. The growing popularity of
3496-423: A minute long, without recorded sound, and consisted of a single shot from a steady camera. The first decade saw film move from a novelty, to an established mass entertainment industry, with film production companies and studios established throughout the world. Conventions toward a general cinematic language developed, with film editing, camera movements and other cinematic techniques contributing specific roles in
3648-418: A more complete illusion of reality, but for decades such experiments were mostly hindered by the need for long exposure times, with motion blur around objects that moved while the reflected light fell on the photo-sensitive chemicals. A few people managed to get decent results from stop motion techniques, but these were only very rarely marketed and no form of animated photography had much cultural impact before
3800-501: A motion picture gathered at Madison Square Garden to see a staged actuality that purported itself to be a boxing fight filmed by Woodville Latham using a device called the Eidoloscope on May 20, 1895. Commissioned by Latham, the French inventor Eugene Augustin Lauste created the device with additional expertise from William Kennedy Dickson and crafted a mechanism that came to be known as
3952-544: A paying audience on 1 November 1895, in Berlin. But they did not have the quality or financial resources to acquire momentum. Most of these films never passed the experimental stage and their efforts garnered little public attention until after cinema had become successful. In the latter half of 1895, brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière filmed a number of short scenes with their invention, the Cinématographe . On 28 December 1895,
4104-448: A running time of twelve minutes, with twenty separate shots and ten different indoor and outdoor locations. The film is seen as a first in the Western film genre and is significant for the use of shots suggesting simultaneous action occurring at different locations. Porter's use of both staged and real outdoor environments helped to create a sense of space while the placement of the camera in
4256-481: A score to each in order to gauge the general reception a film receives. Another aggregator is the Movie Review Query Engine , which is a large data storage on the internet that stores interviews, reviews about movies, news, and other kinds of materials that pertain to specific films. These areas of storage are not intended to help people find specific films or movie content that has aired on television, but
4408-401: A selective amount of German movies. Barry also wrote film criticisms for French movies that were made as experiments. Barry wrote film criticisms with a critical amount of analysis. Judith Crist and Pauline Kael were two of the most influential film critics of the 1960s and 1970s. The Internet led to a decline in jobs at small newspapers where women were more likely to review films, whereas
4560-530: A series of scenes can be hard to determine. Despite these limitations, Michael Brooke of the British Film Institute attributes real film continuity, involving action moving from one sequence into another, to Robert W. Paul's 1898 film, Come Along, Do! . Only a still from the second shot remains extant today. Released in 1901, the British film Attack on a China Mission was one of the first films to show
4712-440: A significant number of films per year until 1910. When the worldwide film boom started, he, and the few other people in the German film business, continued to sell prints of their own films outright, which put them at a disadvantage. It was only when Paul Davidson , the owner of a chain of cinemas, brought Asta Nielsen and Urban Gad to Germany from Denmark in 1911, and set up a production company, Projektions-AG "Union" ( PAGU ), that
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4864-461: A similar format. They usually include summaries of the plot of the film to either refresh the plot to the reader or reinforce an idea of repetition in the film's genre. After this, there tends to be discussions about the cultural context, major themes and repetitions, and details about the legacy of the film. Academic film criticism, or film studies can also be taught in academia, and is featured in many California colleges because they are located near
5016-478: A staple among most print media. As the decades passed, some critics gained fame, and a few became household names, among them James Agee , Andrew Sarris , Pauline Kael , and more recently Roger Ebert and Peter Travers . The film industry also got the chance to see that sound was able to influence how people behaved in movie theaters. When people spoke or made other kinds of sounds, they would be causing disruptions that created difficulties for people to listen to
5168-399: A traditional style. Writing about academic films puts emphasis on generalized statements that can be verified. Writing academic films also involves film critics preferring to view films that are typical, instead of viewing films that are bizarre. That is because ordinary kinds of films can be reviewed with generalized statements that can be verified. There have been many complaints against
5320-555: A wider shot established depth and allowed for an extended duration of motion on screen. The Great Train Robbery served as one of the vehicles that would launch the film medium into mass popularity. That same year, the Miles Brothers opened the first film exchange in the country, which allowed permanent exhibitors to rent films from the company at a lower cost than the producers that sold their films outright. John P. Harris opened
5472-913: Is also associated with structuralism, which involves controlling a situation in an attempt to make it be coherent, and all the aspects of a situation are assumed to be in a structured order. Academic film criticism tackles many aspects of film making and production as well as distribution. These disciplines include camera work, digitalization, lighting, and sound. Narratives, dialogues, themes, and genres are among many other things that academic film critics take into consideration and evaluate when engaging in critique. Some notable academic film critics include André Bazin , Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut (all writers for Cahiers du Cinéma ); Kristin Thompson , David Bordwell , and Sergei Eisenstein . Godard, Truffaut and Eisenstein were also film directors. The critics that participated in academic film criticism during
5624-440: Is also associated with the cultural type of criticism, which is also referred to as academic criticism, and academic criticism is able to primarily make interpretations of films from the viewpoint of directors while the interpretations place emphasis on parallels that films have with previous works that were deemed to be of high quality. Film was introduced in the late 19th century. The earliest artistic criticism of film emerged in
5776-467: Is also associated with the journalistic type of criticism, which is grounded in the media's effects being developed, and journalistic criticism resides in standard structures such as newspapers. Journal articles pertaining to films served as representatives for the film critics who desired to increase the amount of communication about movies to a high degree that ascended above content that was normally featured in popular publications. The critics who work in
5928-402: Is analytical and thorough with detail. The third way in how film critics are able to write criticisms that involve critical discussions containing rationality involves critics making blatant statements that are scientific in regards to the workings of films, and how the films are able to affect people. In fact, viewers can watch films to see if they are affected by the movies in the same way that
6080-539: Is associated with formalism, which involves visual aspects and the rules regarding how they are organized as if they were forms of artwork. Formalism also involves stages of development occurring in an orderly manner, such as learning easy instructions before learning difficult ones. Stages of development in formalism also involved organized stages of development that are orderly, and one example involves people learning simple instructions before they have to follow instructions that involve complexity. Academic film criticism
6232-486: Is from Tagalog terms urian (a standard for gold) and gawad (award). It is the only major award-giving body in the Philippines to use the vernacular in awards shows and in the presentation of the awards. The official name for the Best Film category is Pinakamahusay na Pelikula , for example. The Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino was formed by a host of scholars, film writers and other award-winning writers on May 1, 1976, as
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6384-474: Is limited to the U.S. market, which has reached a saturation level, so the U.S. seeks additional profits from foreign markets. Movies are defined as "pure" American phenomenon in the United States. New film techniques that were introduced in this period include the use of artificial lighting, fire effects and low-key lighting (i.e. lighting in which most of the frame is dark) for enhanced atmosphere during sinister scenes. Continuity of action from shot to shot
6536-515: Is most widely known today for his 1902 film, Le Voyage Dans La Lune (A Trip to the Moon) , where he used his expertise in effects and narrative construction to create the first science fiction film . In 1900, Charles Pathé began film production under the Pathé-Frères brand, with Ferdinand Zecca hired to lead the creative process. Prior to this focus on production, Pathé had become involved with
6688-532: Is the French filmmaker, Georges Méliès . Méliès was an illusionist who had previously used magic lantern projections to enhance his magic act. In 1895, Méliès attended the demonstration of the Cinematographe and recognized the potential of the device to aid his act. He attempted to buy a device from the Lumière brothers, but they refused. Months later, he bought a camera from Robert W. Paul and began experiments with
6840-400: Is the creation of documentaries on nature and films that are about wild creatures. Film critics are able to be influencers in the circumstances of persuading moviegoers to view or not view in the beginning weeks of movies being available for people to view them. Research has found that negative and positive film reviews are connected to the amounts of money that films earn in box offices over
6992-571: Is the only performer, male or female, to receive the award in three different decades. Film criticism Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films and the film medium. In general, film criticism can be divided into two categories: Academic criticism by film scholars , who study the composition of film theory and publish their findings and essays in books and journals, and general journalistic criticism that appears regularly in press newspapers , magazines and other popular mass-media outlets. Academic film criticism rarely takes
7144-404: Is to be a medium of communication and expression of our culture according to the standards and conditions of filmmaking in our country." It then went on to become one of the most prestigious film award-giving bodies in the Philippines. Unlike the other award-giving bodies in the country, it has never been tainted with any accusations of vote buying or scandals. This distinction made the Gawad Urian
7296-469: Is to help readers decide whether they want to see a particular film. A film review will typically explain the premise of the film before discussing its merits or flaws. The verdict is often summarized using a rating system, such as 5- or 4-star scales , academic-style grades, and pictograms (such as those used by the San Francisco Chronicle ). Film reviews are created with the purposes of making
7448-448: The Age of Enlightenment . By the 16th century, entertainers often conjured images of ghostly apparitions, using techniques such as camera obscura and other forms of projection to enhance their performances. Magic lantern shows developed in the latter half of the 17th century seem to have continued this tradition with images of death, monsters and other scary figures. Around 1790, this practice
7600-526: The British Antarctic Expedition to the South Pole was filmed for the newsreels as were the suffragette demonstrations that were happening at the same time. F. Percy Smith was an early nature documentary pioneer working for Charles Urban when he pioneered the use of time lapse and micro cinematography in his 1910 documentary on the growth of flowers. Following the successful exhibition of
7752-536: The Edison Company in 1901. A former projectionist hired by Thomas Edison to develop his new projection model known as the Vitascope , Porter was inspired in part by the works of Méliès, Smith, and Williamson and drew upon their newly crafted techniques to further the development of continuous narrative through editing. When he began making longer films in 1902, he put a dissolve between every shot, just as Georges Méliès
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#17328772708127904-662: The Edison Manufacturing Company released The May Irwin Kiss in May to widespread financial success. The film, which featured the first kiss in cinematic history, led to the earliest known calls for film censorship . Another early film producer was Australia's Limelight Department . Commencing in 1898, it was operated by The Salvation Army in Melbourne , Australia. The Limelight Department produced evangelistic material for use by
8056-483: The Latham loop , which allowed for longer continuous runtimes and was less abrasive on the celluloid film. In subsequent years, screenings of actualities and newsreels proved to be profitable. In 1897, The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight was released. The film was a complete recording of a heavyweight world championship boxing match at Carson City, Nevada . It generated more income in box office than in live gate receipts and
8208-552: The Musée Grévin in Paris. Reynaud's device, which projected a series of animated stories such as Pauvre Pierrot and Autour d'une cabine , was displayed to over 500,000 visitors over the course of 12,800 shows. On 25, 29 and 30 November 1894, Ottomar Anschütz projected moving images from Electrotachyscope discs on a large screen in the darkened Grand Auditorium of a Post Office Building in Berlin. From 22 February to 30 March 1895,
8360-438: The double exposure of the film in the camera. The effect was pioneered by Smith in the 1898 film, Photographing a Ghost . According to Smith's catalogue records, the (now lost ) film chronicles a photographer's struggle to capture a ghost on camera. Using the double exposure of the film, Smith overlaid a transparent ghostly figure onto the background in a comical manner to taunt the photographer. Smith's The Corsican Brothers
8512-508: The magic lantern . Shadowgraphy and shadow puppetry represent early examples of the intent to use moving imagery for entertainment and storytelling. Thought to have originated in the Far East, the art form used shadows cast by hands or objects to assist in the creation of narratives. Shadow puppetry enjoyed popularity for centuries around Asia, notably in Java , and eventually spread to Europe during
8664-681: The narrative of films. Popular new media, including television (mainstream since the 1950s), home video (1980s), and the internet (1990s), influenced the distribution and consumption of films. Film production usually responded with content to fit the new media, and technical innovations (including widescreen (1950s), 3D, and 4D film ) and more spectacular films to keep theatrical screenings attractive. Systems that were cheaper and more easily handled (including 8mm film , video, and smartphone cameras ) allowed for an increasing number of people to create films of varying qualities, for any purpose including home movies and video art . The technical quality
8816-486: The negatives of the forward motion in reverse frame by frame, producing a print in which the original action was exactly reversed. To do this he built a special printer in which the negative running through a projector was projected into the gate of a camera through a special lens giving a same-size image. This arrangement came to be called a "projection printer", and eventually an " optical printer ". In 1898, George Albert Smith experimented with close-ups, filming shots of
8968-498: The serpentine dance films – also a staple of the Lumières and Thomas Edison film catalogs. In 1906, she made The Life of Christ , a big-budget production for the time, which included 300 extras. German inventor and film tycoon Oskar Messter was an important figure in the early years of cinema. His firm Messter Film was one of the dominant German producers before the rise of UFA, with which it merged eventually. Messter first added
9120-450: The 1899 film Cendrillon ( Cinderella ) . In Méliès' films, he based the placement of the camera on the theatrical construct of proscenium framing, the metaphorical plane or fourth wall that divides the actors and the audience. Throughout his career, Méliès consistently placed the camera in a fixed position and eventually fell out of favor with audiences as other filmmakers experimented with more complex and creative techniques. Méliès
9272-475: The American film business, creating many "firsts" in the film industry, such as adding titles and subtitles to films for the first time, releasing scrolls for the first time, introducing film posters for the first time, producing color pictures for the first time, taking out commercial bills for the first time, contacting exhibitors and studying their needs for the first time. The world's largest film supplier, Pathé ,
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#17328772708129424-471: The Cinématographe was an instant success, bringing in an average of 2,500 to 3,000 francs daily by the end of January 1896. Following the first screening, the order and selection of films were changed often. The Lumière brothers' primary business interests were in selling cameras and film equipment to exhibitors, not the actual production of films. Despite this, filmmakers across the world were inspired by
9576-591: The Cinématographe, development of a motion picture industry rapidly accelerated in France. Multiple filmmakers experimented with the technology as they worked to attain the same success that the Lumière brothers had with their screening. These filmmakers established new companies such as the Star Film Company , Pathé Frères , and the Gaumont Film Company . The most widely cited progenitor of narrative filmmaking
9728-558: The Danish film industry, but by 1913 they were producing their own strikingly original work, which sold very well. Russia began its film industry in 1908 with Pathé shooting some fiction subjects there, and then the creation of real Russian film companies by Aleksandr Drankov and Aleksandr Khanzhonkov . The Khanzhonkov company quickly became much the largest Russian film company, and remained so until 1918. In Germany, Oskar Messter had been involved in film-making from 1896, but did not make
9880-463: The Edison Company for viewing with the Kinetoscope , showed Mary Queen of Scots being executed in full view of the camera. The effect, known as the stop trick , was achieved by replacing the actor with a dummy for the final shot. The technique used in the film is seen as one of the earliest known uses of special effects in film. The American filmmaker Edwin S. Porter started making films for
10032-419: The Edison Company, such as the 1894 film Fred Ott's Sneeze . Advances towards motion picture projection technologies were based on the popularity of magic lanterns, chronophotographic demonstrations, and other closely related forms of projected entertainment such as illustrated songs . From October 1892 to March 1900, inventor Émile Reynaud exhibited his Théâtre Optique ("Optical Theatre") film system at
10184-510: The Edison and Lumière studios, loose narratives such as the 1895 Edison film, Washday Troubles, established short relationship dynamics and simple storylines. In 1896, La Fée aux Choux ( The Fairy of the Cabbages ) was first released. Directed and edited by Alice Guy , the story is arguably the earliest narrative film in history, as well as the first film to be directed by a woman. That same year,
10336-511: The First World War was Denmark. The Nordisk company was set up there in 1906 by Ole Olsen , a fairground showman, and after a brief period imitating the successes of French and British filmmakers, in 1907 he produced 67 films, most directed by Viggo Larsen, with sensational subjects like Den hvide Slavinde (The White Slave) , Isbjørnejagt (Polar Bear Hunt) and Løvejagten (The Lion Hunt) . By 1910, new smaller Danish companies began joining
10488-444: The German government, and turned into DECLA when the war started. But altogether, German producers only had a minor part of the German market in 1914. Overall, from about 1910, American films had the largest share of the market in all European countries except France, and even in France, the American films had just pushed the local production out of first place on the eve of World War I. Pathé Frères expanded and significantly shaped
10640-529: The Kinetoscope era that preceded it. Despite this, early experimentation with fiction filmmaking (both in actuality film and other genres) did occur. Films were mostly screened inside temporary storefront spaces, in tents of traveling exhibitors at fairs, or as "dumb" acts in vaudeville programs. During this period, before the process of post-production was clearly defined, exhibitors were allowed to exercise their creative freedom in their presentations. To enhance
10792-406: The Manunuri deemed that there was a "lack of deserving winners," which was a first in Filipino awards history. In 2006, the Gawad Urian became the first award-giving body in the Philippine to welcome digital films into competition. Its nominees were swamped with achievement from digital films that year, which prompted the other award-giving bodies to include digital films in its roster of nominations
10944-635: The Salvation Army, including lantern slides as early as 1891, as well as private and government contracts. In its nineteen years of operation, the Limelight Department produced about 300 films of various lengths, making it one of largest film producers of its time. The Limelight Department made a 1904 film by Joseph Perry called Bushranging in North Queensland , which is believed to be the first ever film about bushrangers. In its infancy, film
11096-411: The action a second time, while filming it with an inverted camera, and then joining the tail of the second negative to that of the first. The first films made using this device were Tipsy, Topsy, Turvy and The Awkward Sign Painter . The earliest surviving example of this technique is Smith's The House That Jack Built , made before September 1900. Cecil Hepworth took this technique further by printing
11248-573: The advent of chronophotography. Most early photographic sequences, known as chronophotography , were not initially intended to be viewed in motion and were typically presented as a serious, even scientific, method of studying locomotion. The sequences almost exclusively involved humans or animals performing a simple movement in front of the camera. Starting in 1878 with the publication of The Horse in Motion cabinet cards, photographer Eadweard Muybridge began making hundreds of chronophotographic studies of
11400-399: The arts such as (oral) storytelling , literature, theatre and visual arts. Cantastoria and similar ancient traditions combined storytelling with series of images that were shown or indicated one after the other. Predecessors to film that had already used light and shadows to create art before the advent of modern film technology include shadowgraphy , shadow puppetry , camera obscura , and
11552-517: The artwork highlight social justice issues? Does it adequately meet Equality and Diversity briefs? Is the artwork, in one of the words of the age, problematic ?" As of 2021, movie critics earned a yearly average salary of $ 63,474. As of 2013, American film critics earned about US$ 82,000 a year. Newspaper and magazine critics made $ 27,364-$ 49,574. Online movie critics earned $ 2-$ 200 per review. TV critics made up to $ 40,000-$ 60,000 per month. History of film The history of film chronicles
11704-460: The author. Another challenge in film criticism pertains to film critics being pressured into writing reviews that are hasty, since users of the internet will give their attention to other topics if film critics do not post movie reviews quickly. Community-driven review sites, that allow internet users to submit personal movie reviews, have allowed the common movie goer to express their opinion on films. Many of these sites allow users to rate films on
11856-550: The brothers gave their first commercial screening in Paris (though evidence exists of demonstrations of the device to small audiences as early as October 1895). The screening consisted of ten films and lasted roughly 20 minutes. The program consisted mainly of actuality films such as Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory as truthful documents of the world, but the show also included the staged comedy L'Arroseur Arrosé . The most advanced demonstration of film projection thus far,
12008-528: The business, and besides making more films about the white slave trade , they contributed other new subjects. The most important of these finds was Asta Nielsen in Afgrunden (The Abyss) , directed by Urban Gad for Kosmorama, This combined the circus, sex, jealousy and murder, all put over with great conviction, and pushed the other Danish filmmakers further in this direction. By 1912, the Danish film companies were multiplying rapidly. The Swedish film industry
12160-796: The characters, movie plots, and the directors be known in detailed descriptions to influence audience members into deciding if films need to be viewed or be ignored. Some well-known journalistic critics are James Agee ( Time , The Nation ); Vincent Canby ( The New York Times ); Roger Ebert ( Chicago Sun-Times ); Mark Kermode (BBC, The Observer ); James Berardinelli ; Philip French ( The Observer ); Pauline Kael ( The New Yorker ); Manny Farber ( The New Republic , Time , The Nation ); Peter Bradshaw ( The Guardian ); Michael Phillips ( Chicago Tribune ); Andrew Sarris ( The Village Voice ); Joel Siegel ( Good Morning America ); Jonathan Rosenbaum ( Chicago Reader ); and Christy Lemire ( What The Flick?! ). Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel popularised
12312-601: The conversations that were occurring in films. Audience members changed how they behaved in movie theaters, since they would shush people as a way of communicating the messages related to telling other people that they needed to be silent. By keeping themselves in silence, audience members such as film critics were able to make all of their attention be on the movies that they were watching. Film critics working for newspapers , magazines , broadcast media , and online publications mainly review new releases, although they also review older films. An important task for these reviews
12464-584: The creation of a corporate trust between the major film companies in America known as the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC) to limit infringement on his patents. Members of the trust controlled every aspect of the filmmaking process from the creation of film stock, the production of films, and the distribution to cinemas through licensing arrangements. The trust led to increased quality filmmaking spurred by internal competition and placed limits on
12616-413: The critical response to the 2015 film The Intern , which received mixed reviews from critics: The critical response to The Intern was fascinating. There's a subset of male critics that clearly see Nancy Meyers as code for chick flick and react with according bile. What's very interesting, though, is that I think female critics, working in an industry that is coded as very male, if not macho, often feel
12768-478: The development of a visual art form created using film technologies that began in the late 19th century. The advent of film as an artistic medium is not clearly defined. There were earlier cinematographic screenings by others, however, the commercial, public screening of ten Lumière brothers ' short films in Paris on 28 December 1895, can be regarded as the breakthrough of projected cinematographic motion pictures. The earliest films were in black and white, under
12920-421: The device by creating actualities. During this period of experimentation, Méliès discovered and implemented various special effects including the stop trick , the multiple exposure , and the use of dissolves in his films. At the end of 1896, Méliès established the Star Film Company and started producing, directing, and distributing a body of work that would eventually contain over 500 short films. Recognizing
13072-429: The device's original goal of providing visual accompaniment for sound recordings. Limitations in syncing the sound to the visuals, however, prevented widespread application. During that same period, inventors began advancing technologies towards film projection that would eventually overtake Edison's peep-box format. The Skladanowsky brothers , used their self-made Bioscop to display the first moving picture show to
13224-779: The different review sites, even though there are certain movies that are well-rated (or poorly-rated) across the board. Research has found that moviegoers are inclined to leave reviews for films that are not available in movie theaters, and the amount of reviews will decrease as the films earn more money each week. When the amount of money that films earn in movie theaters is increasing, the expected quantity of movie reviews that were posted at prior points in time also increases. This ends up making individuals experience increases in their desires to write movie reviews about films that are earning high quantities of money. When movies are given high ratings, those high ratings are able to persuade viewers of movies to watch other films that share aspects of
13376-410: The direction of Alice Guy , the industry's first female director. Her earlier films share many characteristics and themes with her contemporary competitors, such as the Lumières and Méliès . She explored dance and travel films, often combining the two, such as Le Boléro performed by Miss Saharet (1905) and Tango (1905). Many of Guy's early dance films were popular in music-hall attractions such as
13528-473: The early 1900s. The first paper to serve as a critique of the film came out of The Optical Lantern and Cinematograph Journal , followed by the Bioscope in 1908. Film is a relatively new form of art, in comparison to music , literature and painting which have existed since ancient times. Early writing on film sought to argue that films could also be considered a form of art. In 1911, Ricciotto Canudo wrote
13680-476: The existences of movie critics who had respect for films, and those new film critics sought to make film criticism be a respected job. In the 1940s, new forms of criticism emerged. Essays analyzing films were written with a distinctive charm and style, and sought to persuade the reader to accept the critic's argument. This trend brought film criticism into the mainstream, gaining the attention of many popular magazines; this eventually made film reviews and critiques
13832-489: The fact that criticisms cannot communicate messages for forms of artwork, and only the artworks can communicate their messages. The second way in how film critics are able to write criticisms that involve critical discussions containing rationality involves critics analyzing their reasons for not liking specific movies, and critics must discover if they dislike movies for the same criteria that caused them to initially dislike specific movies. That requires utilizing criticism that
13984-433: The fact that the industry related to film even attempted to use intimidation as a way of making movie critics cease with reviewing films. In the year of 1948, a critic named Eileen Arnot Robertson was forcibly removed from her job as a critic. Despite the fact that she filed a lawsuit against the film industry, the film industry said that Robertson's firing did not occur out of maliciousness. These difficult challenges led to
14136-418: The fields of films and cinema have discovered a connection between film critics evaluating films and audience members having interests or no interests in viewing those films. Based in the perspective of an audience member, a review serves as more than an object that is useful for making decisions. Listening to a review from a critic, watching a critic's review, and reading a critic's review are all ways in which
14288-599: The film critics to write film reviews that are influential to other moviegoers. Film critics have access to information regarding the earliest phases of films, unlike the public, and the earliest phases of films are when film critics are the only reliable sources of information pertaining to the movies that will be in theaters. Research has also displayed the fact that film critics desire to give moviegoers encouragement towards viewing films that are worth viewing while they also display innovation, instead of viewing movies that are simplistic. However, in recent years, there has been
14440-595: The film critics were affected by them. The fourth way in how film critics are able to write criticisms that involve critical discussions containing rationality involves critics being less arrogant when they want they perceptions of films to be talked about, and critics must be aware of criticisms that have been published. The critics who want to argue must base their arguments in criticisms that have been stated by other critics. The fourth way in how film critics are able to write criticisms that involve critical discussions containing rationality pertains to critics moving away from
14592-502: The film-criticism industry for its underrepresentation of women. A study of the top critics on Rotten Tomatoes shows that 91 per cent of writers for movie or entertainment magazines and websites are men, as are 90 per cent of those for trade publications, 80 per cent of critics for general interest magazines like Time , and 70 per cent of reviewers for radio formats such as NPR . Writing for The Atlantic , Kate Kilkenny argued that women were better represented in film criticism before
14744-408: The first "reverse angle" cut in film history. The following year, Williamson created The Big Swallow . In the film. a man becomes irritated by the presence of the filmmaker and "swallows" the camera and its operator through the use of interpolated close-up shots. He combined these effects, along with superimpositions, use of wipe transitions to denote a scene change, and other techniques to create
14896-565: The first permanent theater devoted exclusively to the presentation of films, the nickelodeon , in 1905 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The idea rapidly took off and by 1908, there were around 8,000 nickelodeon theaters across the country. With the arrival of the nickelodeon, audience demand for a larger quantity of story films with a variety of subjects and locations led to a need to hire more creative talent and caused studios to invest in more elaborate stage designs. In 1908, Thomas Edison spearheaded
15048-419: The first sound projection that took place in Germany at the "Apollo" Theater in Berlin. Both Cecil Hepworth and Robert W. Paul experimented with the use of different camera techniques in their films. Paul's 'Cinematograph Camera No. 1' of 1895 was the first camera to feature reverse-cranking, which allowed the same film footage to be exposed several times, thereby creating multiple exposures . This technique
15200-587: The focus of the medium from technical and scientific interest in motion to entertainment for the masses, he recorded wrestlers, dancers, acrobats, and scenes of everyday life. Nearly 34,000 people paid to see his shows at the Berlin Exhibition Park in summer 1892. Others saw it in London or at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair . Though little evidence remains for most of these recordings, some scenes probably depicted staged comical sequences. Extant records suggest some of his output directly influenced later works by
15352-407: The form of a montage, then the films are artwork. The second film theory is that films are related to reality. Bazin 's philosophy involves movies being connected to the real world, which is reality. Green film criticism is defined as eco-cinecriticism. This pertains to the specific film critics who are interested in environmental types of films. The cinematic counterpart to writings about nature
15504-405: The form of a review; instead it is more likely to analyse the film and its place in the history of its genre, the industry and film history as a whole. Film criticism is also labeled as a type of writing that perceives films as possible achievements and wishes to convey their differences, as well as the films being made in a level of quality that is satisfactory or unsatisfactory. Film criticism
15656-530: The groundwork for the emergence of cinema as an artistic medium. The scenes in these experiments primarily served to demonstrate the technology itself and were usually filmed with family, friends or passing traffic as the moving subjects. The earliest surviving film, known today as the Roundhay Garden Scene (1888), was captured by Louis Le Prince and briefly depicted members of his family in motion. In June 1889, American inventor Thomas Edison assigned
15808-457: The home of the United States film industry: Hollywood . Some of these colleges include University of California, Davis , University of California, Berkeley , University of California, Los Angeles , Stanford University , as well as many other colleges across the world. Academic criticism is typically divided and taught in the form of many different disciplines that tackle critique in different manors. These can include: Academic film criticism
15960-424: The idea that artwork such as a film shall have clear meanings. Instead, critics must view artwork such as films to be the results of working hard, many hours of thinking, and ideas being compromised for meanings to not be clear. This research concludes that film critics must repeatedly view films as a way of studying them, if they desire to write thorough reviews on those particular films. Secondly, film critics have
16112-399: The industry by exhibiting and selling what were likely counterfeit versions of the Kinetoscope in his phonograph shop. With the creative leadership of Zecca and the capability to mass-produce copies of the films through a partnership with a French toolmaking company, Charles Pathé sought to make Pathé-Frères the leading film producer in the country. Within the next few years, Pathé-Frères became
16264-408: The intentional staging and recreation of events for newsreels "brought storytelling to the screen". With the advertisement of film technologies over content, actualities initially began as a "series of views" that often contained shots of beautiful and lively places or performance acts. Following the success of their 1895 screening, The Lumière brothers established a company and sent cameramen across
16416-486: The largest film studio in the world, with satellite offices in major cities and an expanding selection of films available for presentation. The company's films were varied in content, with directors specializing in various genres for fairground presentations throughout the early 1900s. The Gaumont Film Company was the main regional rival of Pathé-Frères. Founded in 1895 by Léon Gaumont , the firm initially sold photographic equipment and began film production in 1897, under
16568-622: The machine in 1893. Many of the movies presented on the Kinetoscope showcased well-known vaudeville acts performing in Edison's Black Maria studio. The Kinetoscope quickly became a global sensation with multiple viewing parlors across major cities by 1895. As the initial novelty of the images wore off, the Edison Company was slow to diversify their repertoire of films and waning public interest caused business to slow by Spring 1895. To remedy declining profits, experiments, such as The Dickson Experimental Sound Film , were conducted in an attempt to achieve
16720-595: The media are normally commissionaires who affect culture, since the judgments and choices of critics have the effect of influencing what audience members perceive about objects that are supplied to them, and critics are also able to influence how the audience members choose to think about objects that are supplied to them. In the current era of history, film criticism is rich in having digital devices that allow films to be analyzed through visual and auditory methods that involve critical strategies of creativity that allow people to become immersed in film criticism. Film criticism
16872-404: The medium caused major newspapers to start hiring film critics. In the 1930s, the film industry saw audiences grow increasingly silent as films were now accompanied by sound. However, in the late 1930s audiences became influenced by print news sources reporting on movies and criticism became largely centered around audience reactions within the theaters. In the decades of the 1930s and the 1940s,
17024-404: The more male-dominated jobs at major newspapers survived better. The Internet also encouraged a growth in niche review websites that were even more male-dominated than older media. Kilkenny also suggested that the shortage of female critics was related to the shortage of female opinion columnists. Clem Bastow, culture writer at The Guardian Australia , discussed the possible effects of this on
17176-462: The motion and surroundings from the front of a moving train. The separate shots, when edited together, formed a distinct sequence of events and established causality from one shot to the next. Following The Kiss in the Tunnel , Smith more definitively experimented with continuity of action across successive shots and began using inserts in his films, such as Grandma's Reading Glass and Mary Jane's Mishap . In 1900, Smith made As Seen Through
17328-488: The motion of animals and humans in real-time. He was soon followed by other chronophotographers like Étienne-Jules Marey , Georges Demenÿ , Albert Londe and Ottomar Anschütz . In 1879, Muybridge started lecturing on animal locomotion and used his Zoopraxiscope to project animations of the contours of his recordings, traced onto glass discs. In 1887, the German inventor and photographer Ottomar Anschütz started presenting his chronophotographic recordings in motion, using
17480-811: The movies that viewers prefer to see. The explanations for why movies are given high ratings are able to reach online groups of people who watch movies, and the explanations for movies having high ratings are explained through the usage of reviews that are posted in those online groups. More often known as film theory or film studies , academic critique explores cinema beyond journalistic film reviews. These film critics try to examine why film works, how it works aesthetically or politically, what it means, and what effects it has on people. Rather than write for mass-market publications their articles are usually published in scholarly journals and texts which tend to be affiliated with university presses; or sometimes in up-market magazines. Most academic criticism of film often follows
17632-471: The narrative potential afforded by combining his theater background with the newly discovered effects for the camera, Méliès designed an elaborate stage that contained trapdoors and a fly system . The stage construction and editing techniques allowed for the development of more complex stories, such as the 1896 film, Le Manoir du Diable ( The House of the Devil ) , regarded as a first in the horror film genre, and
17784-498: The need to go hard on certain films for women, presumably because they worry that they'll be dismissed, critically speaking, if they praise a film like The Intern as though they're only reviewing it favorably because they're women. Matt Reynolds of Wired pointed out that "men tend to look much more favorably on films with more masculine themes, or male leading actors." On online review sites such as IMDb , this leads to skewed, imbalanced review results as 70 per cent of reviewers on
17936-431: The next year. Every end of a decade, the Manunuri publishes a list called Mga Natatanging Pelukula ng Dekada which recognizes the best films of the decade. The Mga Natatanging Aktor at Aktres ng Dekada awards are given every first year of the decade to actors and actresses who had made outstanding works in the past decade. The artists named on these lists are also honored during that year's awards ceremony. Nora Aunor
18088-474: The number of foreign films to encourage the growth of the American film industry, but it also discouraged the creation of feature films. By 1915, the MPPC had lost most of its hold on the film industry as the companies moved towards the wider production of feature films. With the worldwide film boom, more countries now joined Britain, France, Germany and the United States in serious film production. In Italy, production
18240-458: The opinions of the general public on films produced. Research says that academic studies pertaining to films had a thorough histiography pertaining to films, which also included different styles of films throughout history. However, the academic studies almost made film criticism reach its end. The academic type of writing pertaining to films had created knowledge, which ended up appearing in areas that had been useful for writing film criticisms in
18392-551: The opposite effect in The Indian Chief and the Seidlitz Powder (1901). The Chief's movements are sped up by cranking the camera much faster than 16 frames per second, producing what modern audiences would call a " slow motion " effect. The first films to move from single shots to successive scenes began around the turn of the 20th century. Due to the loss of many early films , a conclusive shift from static singular shots to
18544-480: The part of FAMAS. After a voting stint at the FAMAS, these future Manunuri members set up the Gawad Urian Awards. The Gawad Urian Awards were established to "examine Filipino films, bolster the interest of the masses and the Philippine film industry, study and celebrate the achievement that will help define the good Filipino film, and cultivate the knowledge and skills that the film medium was designed for, which
18696-441: The potential of film as exhibitors brought their shows to new countries. This era of filmmaking, dubbed by film historian Tom Gunning as "the cinema of attractions", offered a relatively cheap and simple way of providing entertainment to the masses. Rather than focusing on stories, Gunning argues, filmmakers mainly relied on the ability to delight audiences through the "illusory power" of viewing sequences in motion, much as they did in
18848-803: The practice of reviewing films via a television program, in the show Siskel & Ebert At the Movies , which became syndicated in the 1980s. Both critics had established their careers in print media, and continued to write reviews for newspapers during the run of their television show. Research says that there are ways in how film critics are able to write criticisms that involve critical discussions containing rationality. When critics are looking for film criticisms that are factual, they must not behave with excessive optimism or be too demanding. Creations and criticisms are activities that humans participate in, and these activities cannot be substituted out for an objective list of morals to be utilized. Humans are restrained by
19000-458: The review is useful to an audience member. The critic's review is able to be referenced in conversations where audience members communicate with other individuals, and audience members can communicate messages about the artistic film that was critically examined or connect the criticism to problems that occur in society. Websites such as Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic seek to improve the usefulness of film reviews by compiling them and assigning
19152-604: The rise of the Internet. In the past, when film was considered less prestigious than visual art and literature, it was easier for women to break into film criticism. In the year 1929, Iris Barry was a female film critic from Britain. When Barry lived in London, she earned money from being a writer for magazines, a newspaper, and periodical articles. Barry wrote film criticisms that discussed films that were made in Britain, films that were made in America, and Barry only wrote film criticisms on
19304-432: The short length (often only one shot) of many actualities, catalogue records indicate that production companies marketed to exhibitors by promoting multiple actualities with related subject matters that could be purchased to complement each other. Exhibitors who bought the films often presented them in a program and would provide spoken accompaniment to explain the action on screen to audiences. The first paying audience for
19456-548: The site are men. A study using Johanson analysis was used evaluate the representation of women in 270 films. Johanson complied statistics for the year 2015 on how having a female protagonist affected a movie, with the following results: James Harris, writing for The Critic , argued that "Previously engaging review sites such as Vox , The Guardian and The Onion AV Club have all become The World Social Justice Website , and they are now assessing works in all disciplines in line with wider social justice criteria. Does
19608-420: The site in order to submit reviews. This means that they are a form of open access poll , and have the same advantages and disadvantages; notably, there is no guarantee that they will be a representative sample of the film's audience. In some cases, online review sites have produced wildly differing results to scientific polling of audiences. Likewise, reviews and ratings for many movies can greatly differ between
19760-500: The sound effects or images from the other films to be used in criticizing the sounds or images that pertain to the YouTube clips that are being criticized. Film critics are also reviewers who are amateurs on websites such as IMDb. Also, many postings from amateur film critics are on IMDb. Some websites specialize in narrow aspects of film reviewing. For instance, there are sites that focus on specific content advisories for parents to judge
19912-610: The storages are able to help people find reliable film criticisms that can be used as readings for students. Blogs are a good example to view in relation to how the internet has grown to where social networks and live chats exist alongside websites such as YouTube where people can post their own content. That is because blogging has created new ways for people to make themselves engage with cinematic movies. People who engage themselves with movies choose to participate in various forms of film criticism by using video or DVD clips from YouTube that are placed alongside parts of other films for
20064-505: The task of making sure that they are highly informed about the film and film critics are also responsible for initiating the discussions about the films. Film critics are also responsible for knowing the creators of the films. Thirdly, film critics must blatantly state their own biases and preferences without associating them with any theories. Fourthly, film critics must appreciate the films that are given positive criticisms and film critics must not be ungrateful towards those films. Finally,
20216-453: The type of criticism pertaining to films had to overcome some difficult challenges. The first difficult challenge involves how film criticism in the 1930s decade did not have any stable foundations to reside on, and film criticism also involved critics having vocabularies that were limited. During the 1930s, the jobs of critics weren't perceived to be great and critics did not earn high wages for their work. The next difficult challenge involves
20368-453: The use of dissolving views and the chromatrope allowed for smoother transitions between two projected images and aided in providing stronger narratives. In 1833, scientific study of a stroboscopic illusion in spoked wheels by Joseph Plateau , Michael Faraday and Simon Stampfer led to the invention of the Fantascope, also known as the stroboscopic disk or the phenakistiscope , which
20520-431: The viewers' experience, some showings were accompanied by live musicians in an orchestra, a theatre organ, live sound effects and commentary spoken by the showman or projectionist. Experiments in film editing, special effects, narrative construction, and camera movement during this period by filmmakers in France, England, and the United States became influential in establishing an identity for film going forward. At both
20672-495: The world to capture new subjects for presentation. After the cinematographer shot scenes, they often exhibited their recordings locally and then sent them back to the company factory in Lyon to make duplicate prints for sale to whoever wanted them. In the process of filming actualities, especially those of real events, filmmakers discovered and experimented with multiple camera techniques to accommodate for their unpredictable nature. Due to
20824-563: The world, while New York Film Critics Online members handle reviews in the New York tri-state area. Online film criticism has provided online film critics with challenges related to journalism's purpose changing on the internet. For example, critics must contend with the drawback of too many critics being online to the extent of preventing critics from writing original statements. Critics can write original statements online, but there are websites that will steal their ideas and not give credit to
20976-502: The years between 2002 and 2006 had written reviews pertaining to the fact that they disapproved of modern films that were in the horror genre. In the year 2002, a critic named Reynold Humphries made his own discussion in The American Horror Film reach its end when he said that the horror genre's films were not good, and Humphries also stated that films in the horror genre weren't enjoyable. A critic named Kendall Phillips wrote
21128-560: Was already doing, and he frequently had the same action repeated across the dissolves. In 1902, Porter shot Life of an American Fireman for the Edison Manufacturing Company and distributed the film the following year. In the film, Porter combined stock footage from previous Edison films with newly shot footage and spliced them together to convey a dramatic story of the rescue of a woman and her child by heroic firemen. Porter's film, The Great Train Robbery (1903), had
21280-548: Was also refined, such as in Pathé's le Cheval emballé (The Runaway Horse) (1907) where cross-cutting between parallel actions is used. D. W. Griffith also began using cross-cutting in the film The Fatal Hour , made in July 1908. Another development was the use of the point of view shot , first used in 1910 in Vitagraph's Back to Nature . Insert shots were also used for artistic purposes;
21432-473: Was described in the catalogue of the Warwick Trading Company in 1900: "By extremely careful photography the ghost appears *quite transparent*. After indicating that he has been killed by a sword-thrust, and appealing for vengeance, he disappears. A 'vision' then appears showing the fatal duel in the snow." Smith also initiated the special effects technique of reverse motion . He did this by repeating
21584-551: Was developed into a type of multimedia ghost show known as phantasmagoria . These popular shows entertained audiences using mechanical slides, rear projection, mobile projectors, superimposition , dissolves , live actors, smoke (on which projections may have been cast), odors, sounds and even electric shocks. While many first magic lantern shows were intended to frighten viewers, advances by projectionists allowed for creative and even educational storytelling that could appeal to wider family audiences. Newly pioneered techniques such as
21736-415: Was exploited primarily in the form of newsreels and actualities. During the creation of these films, cinematographers often drew upon aesthetic values established by past art forms such as framing and the intentional placement of the camera in the composition of their image. In a 1955 article for The Quarterly of Film Radio and television, film producer and historian Kenneth Macgowan asserted that
21888-403: Was first used in his 1901 film Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost . Both filmmakers experimented with the speeds of the camera to generate new effects. Paul shot scenes from On a Runaway Motor Car through Piccadilly Circus (1899) by cranking the camera apparatus very slowly. When the film was projected at the usual 16 frames per second, the scenery appeared to be passing at great speed. Hepworth used
22040-457: Was furthered in England by a loosely associated group of film pioneers collectively termed "the Brighton School ". These filmmakers included George Albert Smith and James Williamson , among others. Smith and Williamson experimented with action continuity and were likely the first to incorporate the use of inserts and close-ups between shots. A basic technique for trick cinematography was
22192-720: Was historical epics, with large casts and massive scenery. As early as 1911, Giovanni Pastrone 's two-reel La Caduta di Troia ( The Fall of Troy ) made a big impression worldwide, and it was followed by even bigger productions like Quo Vadis? (1912), which ran for 90 minutes, and Pastrone's Cabiria of 1914, which ran for two and a half hours. Italian companies also had a strong line in slapstick comedy, with actors like André Deed , known locally as "Cretinetti", and elsewhere as "Foolshead" and "Gribouille", achieving worldwide fame with his almost surrealistic gags. The most important film-producing country in Northern Europe up until
22344-444: Was popular in several European countries for a while. Plateau thought it could be further developed for use in phantasmagoria and Stampfer imagined a system for longer scenes with strips on rollers, as well as a transparent version (probably intended for projection). Plateau, Charles Wheatstone , Antoine Claudet and others tried to combine the technique with the stereoscope (introduced in 1838) and photography (introduced in 1839) for
22496-465: Was rarely recognized as an art form by presenters or audiences. Regarded by the upper class as a "vulgar" and "lowbrow" form of cheap entertainment, films largely appealed to the working class and were often too short to hold any strong narrative potential. Initial advertisements promoted the technologies used to screen films rather than the films themselves. As the devices became more familiar to audiences, their potential for capturing and recreating events
22648-475: Was smaller and slower to get started than the Danish industry. Here, Charles Magnusson , a newsreel cameraman for the Svenskabiografteatern cinema chain, started fiction film production for them in 1909, directing a number of the films himself. Production increased in 1912, when the company engaged Victor Sjöström and Mauritz Stiller as directors. They started out by imitating the subjects favoured by
22800-497: Was spread over several centers, Turin was the first major film production centre, and Milan and Naples gave birth to the first film magazines. In Turin, Ambrosio was the first company in the field in 1905, and remained the largest in the country through this period. Its most substantial rival was Cines in Rome, which started producing in 1906. The great strength of the Italian industry
22952-483: Was the longest film produced at the time. Audiences had probably been drawn to the Corbett-Fitzsimmons film en masse because James J. Corbett (a.k.a. Gentleman Jim) had become a matinee idol since he had played a fictionalized version of himself in a stage play. From 1910 on, regular newsreels were exhibited and soon became a popular way of discovering the news before the advent of television –
23104-505: Was usually lower than professional movies, but improved with digital video and affordable, high-quality digital cameras . Improving over time, digital production methods became more popular during the 1990s, resulting in increasingly realistic visual effects and popular feature-length computer animations . Various film genres have emerged during the history of film, and enjoyed variable degrees of success. The use of film as an art form traces its origins to several earlier traditions in
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