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87-408: The Gateway Protection Programme initially had a quota of 500 refugees per year, which was later increased to 750, but the actual number of refugees resettled in most years was fewer than the quota permitted. Afghan , Liberian , Congolese , Sudanese , Burmese , Ethiopian , Mauritanian , Iraqi , Bhutanese , Eritrean , Palestinian and Somali refugees were amongst those who were resettled under

174-486: A dream in which, he claimed, Allah had told him to expel them, as well as plot vengeance against the British government for refusing to provide him with arms to invade Tanzania. Amin defended the expulsion by arguing that he was giving Uganda back to the ethnic Ugandans: We are determined to make the ordinary Ugandan master of his own destiny, and above all to see that he enjoys the wealth of his country. Our deliberate policy

261-1057: A minority of the Indians of disloyalty, non-integration, and commercial malpractice, claims that Indian leaders disputed. Amin defended the expulsion by arguing that he was "giving Uganda back to ethnic Ugandans". Many of those who were expelled were citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies and 27,200 emigrated to the United Kingdom . Of the other refugees who were accounted for, 6,000 went to Canada , 4,500 refugees ended up in India and 2,500 went to nearby Kenya or to Pakistan . Departing Asians were limited to $ 120 and 485 lb (220 kg) of property. In total, some 5,655 firms, ranches, farms, and agricultural estates were confiscated, along with cars, homes and other household goods. The expulsion did significant damage to both Uganda's economy and international reputation. Many world leaders condemned

348-545: A negligible risk as of 2009. An approximate distribution of the ethnolinguistic groups are listed in the chart below: Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (1950) Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (1960) Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (1970) Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (1980) Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (1990) Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (2000) Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (2011) Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (2013) Ethnic groups in Afghanistan (2023) The recent estimate in

435-671: A new level of urgency in the September following a telegram from Amin to the UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim , in which it appeared that Amin was sympathetic to Hitler's treatment of Jews and an airlift was organised. The UN dispatched the Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Africa , Robert K. A. Gardiner , who attempted in vain to convince Amin to reverse his decision. A military committee

522-564: A new programme, however. The new UK Resettlement Scheme started in February 2021. The number of refugees resettled under the programme was below the quota in every year except for 2009, 2012, 2013, 2016 and 2017. Refugees resettled included Liberians from Guinea and Sierra Leone , Congolese (DRC) from Uganda and Zambia , Sudanese from Uganda, Burmese (including Karen , Mon , Pa'O and Rohingya people) from Thailand , Ethiopians from Kenya , and Mauritanians from Senegal . Provision

609-677: A professional contract to play football for Sheffield United F.C. in March 2015. On 17 July 2009, three Congolese men resettled in Norwich under the programme were killed in a car crash on the A1 road . The Home Office released a promotional video in October 2009 that highlighted the success of the programme in resettling the first 15 Congolese families in Norwich in 2006. In 2011, the Home Office stopped using Norwich as

696-554: A resettlement location in favour of locations in Yorkshire and Lancashire , reportedly to the disappointment of the local council. Resettlement has been presented as a means of the UK fulfilling its obligations towards displaced people in the context of hostile public attitudes towards asylum seekers. Research has shown that members of the British public are generally well disposed to providing protection to genuine refugees, but are sceptical about

783-535: A review of the scheme, academics Duncan Sim and Kait Laughlin noted that "it is clear that, as with asylum seekers dispersed by the UK Borders Agency under Home Office dispersal policy, most refugees have been resettled away from London and south east England, a policy which may lead to separation of extended families". Of the 18 local authorities, eight were in North West England and three in Yorkshire and

870-518: A situation also noted by an evaluation of the scheme's operation in Motherwell undertaken in 2013. The Motherwell evaluation found that most of the male refugees were in employment, but that many of them were not in jobs that allowed them to use their skills. The majority of women were not in work, reflecting a lack of job opportunities but also a lack of childcare provision. A number of programme evaluations have found that many resettled refugees have been

957-439: Is Muslim, with less than 1% being non-Muslim. Despite attempts to secularise Afghan society, Islamic practices pervade all aspects of life. Likewise, Islamic religious tradition and codes, together with traditional practices, provide the principal means of controlling personal conduct and settling legal disputes. Islam was used as the main basis for expressing opposition to the progressive reforms of Afghanistan by King Amanullah in

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1044-547: Is common throughout the country, especially in the major cities. Successive Afghan governments have given preferential treatment to Pashto despite it being a minority language. Birth certificates, passports, and the national anthem are exclusively in Pashto to the ire of Non-Pashto speakers. Up to 69.7% of the population practices Sunni Islam and belongs to the Hanafi Islamic law school, while 30–35% are followers of Shia Islam ;

1131-477: Is to transfer the economic control of Uganda into the hands of Ugandans, for the first time in our country's history. The expulsion and redistribution of property were officially termed "Operation Mafuta Mingi". Ugandan soldiers during this period engaged in theft and physical and sexual violence against the Indians with impunity. Restrictions were imposed on the sale or transfer of private businesses by Ugandan Indians and on 16 August Amin made it clear that after he

1218-621: The Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF). Over the period 2009–14, the Home Office provided £29.97 million in funding and the EU £18.67 million. Anna Musgrave of the Refugee Council argued in 2014 that the programme "is rarely talked about and the Home Office, in the main, stay fairly quiet about it." The Gateway Protection Programme was not the first British refugee resettlement programme. Other, informal resettlement programmes have included

1305-550: The Mandate Refugee Scheme , and the UK has also participated in the Ten or More Plan . The former is for so-called "mandate" refugees who have been granted refugee status by UNHCR in third countries. To qualify for the scheme, refugees must have close ties to the UK and it must also be demonstrated that the UK is the most appropriate country for their resettlement. The Ten or More Plan, established by UNHCR in 1973 and administered in

1392-549: The President of Uganda Idi Amin ordered the expulsion of his country's Indian minority , giving them 90 days to leave the country. At the time, South Asians in East Africa were simply known as "Asians". They had come to dominate trade under British colonial policies. The original August 4 order applied only to British subjects of South Asian origin, but was expanded on August 9 to citizens of Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. It

1479-527: The Syrian refugee crisis . In early 2014, Amnesty International and the Refugee Council campaigned for the government to offer resettlement or humanitarian protection to Syrian refugees above and beyond the Gateway quota of 750 per year, "to ensure that resettlement opportunities continue to be available to refugees from the rest of the world". The anniversary of the programme was also the occasion of further criticism of

1566-469: The United States took 1,000 refugees each, with smaller numbers emigrating to Australia , Austria , Sweden , Norway , Mauritius and New Zealand . About 20,000 refugees were unaccounted for. Only a few hundred remained behind. Reluctant to expand its newly introduced immigration quota, the British government had sought agreement from some of its remaining overseas territories (including Bermuda ,

1653-790: The Virgin Islands , British Honduras , Hong Kong , Seychelles and the Solomon Islands ) to resettle them; however, only the Falkland Islands responded positively. Kenya and Tanzania similarly closed their borders with Uganda to prevent an influx of refugees. Some of those expelled were Nizari Ismaili Muslims . The Aga Khan IV , the Imam of Nizari Ismailis phoned his acquaintance Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau . Trudeau's government agreed to allow thousands of Nizari Ismailis to emigrate to Canada. The exodus of Ugandan Indians took on

1740-451: The 'exceptional cases'", to the exclusion of others. In September 2015, in the context of the European migrant crisis , Labour Party leadership candidate Yvette Cooper called for an increase in the number of refugees resettled in the UK to 10,000. The prime minister, David Cameron , subsequently announced that the UK would resettle 20,000 refugees from camps in countries bordering Syria over

1827-430: The 18 months following their resettlement. The research found that refugees showed signs of integration, including the formation of social bonds through community groups and places of worship . The report noted that low employment rates and slow progress with acquiring English language skills were particular concerns. Younger refugees and children had made the most progress. No specific language lessons were provided under

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1914-539: The 1920s. The members of Sikh and Hindu communities are mostly concentrated in urban areas. They numbered hundreds of thousands in the 1970s but over 90% have since fled due to the Afghan wars and persecution. Expulsion of Asians from Uganda This article is part of a series about Idi Amin Military career President of Uganda (1971–1979) Opposition and overthrow Media portrayals In early August 1972,

2001-711: The 1990s, and over 4,000 Kosovars in 1999. A new resettlement programme was proposed by the British Home Secretary , David Blunkett in October 2001, having been hinted at by the previous Home Secretary, Jack Straw , in a speech to the European Conference on Asylum in Lisbon in June 2000. The legal basis for the programme's funding was established by Section 59 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 . This act

2088-571: The 2013 Motherwell evaluation. Demographics of Afghanistan The population of Afghanistan is around 43.4 million as of 2024. The nation is composed of a multi-ethnic and multilingual society, reflecting its location astride historic trade and invasion routes between Central Asia , South Asia , and Western Asia . Ethnic groups in the country include Pashtun , Tajik , Hazara , Uzbek , as well as smaller groups such as Baloch , Nuristani , Turkmen , Aimaq , Mongol and some others which are less known. Together they make up

2175-534: The 21 patients, 18 were males and three were females who contracted the deadly virus from their husbands. He said four people had reached a critical stage while three had died. The main source of the disease was the use of syringes used by drug addicts." There are approximately 23,000 addicts in the country who inject drugs into their bodies using syringes country comparison to the world: 168 Up to 300 (2015 estimate) Degree of risk: high Note: WH5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses

2262-479: The 750 quota, with some commentators arguing that this was mean-spirited and continued to compare unfavourably with the refugee resettlement programmes of states including the United States, Canada and Australia. Others, such as academic Jonathan Darling, were more skeptical about expanding the scheme, for fear that any such a move would be accompanied by greater restrictions on the ability of people to claim asylum in

2349-546: The British administration that ruled Uganda from 1894 to 1962. They were brought to the Uganda Protectorate by the British to "serve as a buffer between Europeans and Africans in the middle rungs of commerce and administration". In addition, in the 1890s, 32,000 labourers from British Indians were brought to Southeast Africa under indentured labour contracts to work on the construction of the Uganda Railway . Most of

2436-542: The British government announced plans to merge the Gateway Protection Programme with two of the UK's other resettlement schemes to create a new, single resettlement scheme. This was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic . In March 2020, the Gateway Protection Programme closed after resettling 9,939 refugees since it began in 2004. The new, replacement UK Resettlement Scheme started in February 2021. The programme

2523-430: The Gateway Protection Programme and between 2004 and 2017, a total of 1,640 Iraqis were resettled as part of the programme. Other nationalities of refugees resettled under the scheme included Bhutanese , Eritreans , Palestinians , Sierra Leoneans and Somalis . In March 2009, out of the 434 local authorities in the UK, 15 were participating in the programme. By 2012, a total of 18 local authorities had participated. In

2610-451: The Gateway Protection Programme into a single programme with an initial quota of 5,000 people. The government stated that "the new programme will be simpler to operate and provide greater consistency in the way that the UK government resettles refugees". The COVID-19 pandemic delayed the launch of the new resettlement scheme, with the individual schemes it was intended to replace being placed on hold in March 2020 and limited resettlement under

2697-652: The Gateway Protection Programme. Instead, Gateway refugees who required help with their English language skills had been provided with access to mainstream English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) courses, which were run by a range of state, voluntary and community-based organisations. However, the International Catholic Migration Commission (ICMC) Europe reported that in Sheffield, it could be difficult for resettled refugees to gain access to ESOL classes because demand generally exceeded supply –

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2784-408: The Gateway Protection Programme. Research with Congolese refugees settled with North Lanarkshire Council in Motherwell found that the majority wanted to stay in the town and that they viewed it positively both as a location in its own right, and in comparison with other resettlement locations. In April 2007, Bolton Museum held an exhibition of photos of Sudanese refugees resettled in the town under

2871-404: The Home Office and published in 2011 also found that only small numbers of resettled refugees were in paid employment, noting that many were still more concerned about meeting their basic needs. In February 2009, the Home Office published a report evaluating the effectiveness of the Gateway Protection Programme. The research it was based upon focused on refugees' integration into British society in

2958-459: The House of Commons that: "The early evidence from areas in which authorities have participated in the programme shows that it has been successful in challenging some of the attacks on the notion of political asylum that we have heard in recent years. In Bolton and Sheffield in particular, the towns have rallied around the individuals who have come to them. The programme has been a positive experience for

3045-659: The Humber. The first refugees resettled under the programme were housed in Sheffield , which was the first city to join the scheme and which had branded itself the UK's first 'City of Sanctuary'. Others were housed in cities and towns including Bradford , Brighton and Hove , Bromley , Colchester , Hull , Middlesbrough , Motherwell , Norwich , and the Manchester area including Bolton , Bury , Oldham , Rochdale , Salford , Stockport and Tameside . Sheffield, Bolton and Hull received

3132-655: The UK by the British Red Cross, is for refugees requiring medical attention not available in their current location. During the 1990s, 2,620 refugees were settled in the UK through these two programmes. In 2003, the UK's Ten or More Plan had a resettlement goal of 10 people and the Mandate Refugee Scheme 300. Refugees have also been resettled through specific programmes following emergencies, including 42,000 Ugandan Asians expelled from Uganda during 1972–74, 22,500 Vietnamese during 1979–92, over 2,500 Bosnians in

3219-776: The UK, refugees were entered into a 12-month support programme intended to aid their integration . The programme involved local authorities and NGOs including the British Red Cross , the International Rescue Committee , Migrant Helpline , Refugee Action , the Refugee Arrivals Project , the Refugee Council , Scottish Refugee Council and Refugee Support . These organisations formed the Resettlement Inter-Agency Partnership at

3306-473: The UK. He argues that "we must be critical of any attempts to expand such a quota-based scheme at the expense of a more progressive asylum system". Furthermore, he argues that the "hospitality" of the scheme was highly conditional and can be viewed as a form of "compassionate repression", with the UNHCR, the Home Office and local authorities all involved in "sorting, decision, and consideration over which individuals are

3393-528: The United Kingdom & Colonies. 27,200 refugees subsequently emigrated to the United Kingdom . Refugees were initially housed in empty military camps, such as Heathfield Camp, near Honiton in Devon , and Houndstone Camp, near Yeovil in Somerset . Of the other refugees who were accounted for, 6,000 went to Canada , 4,500 ended up in India and 2,500 went to nearby Kenya . Malawi , Pakistan , West Germany and

3480-560: The Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme only resuming in late 2020. A January 2021 parliamentary briefing explained that since the pandemic, "there has been uncertainty over the Government's plans to launch the [UK Resettlement Scheme], and it is unclear whether the previous ambition to resettle 5,000 refugees in the first year of operation still stands". Government ministers confirmed that they still intended to launch

3567-461: The above chart is somewhat supported by the below national opinion polls , which were aimed at knowing how a group of about 804 to 8,706 local residents in Afghanistan felt about the current war, political situation, as well as the economic and social issues affecting their daily lives. Ten surveys were conducted between 2004 and 2015 by the Asia Foundation (a sample is shown in the table below;

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3654-614: The apparently exaggerated figure of 80,000 British passport holders in his initial expulsion speech. The British had invested in the education of the Asian minority, in preference to that of indigenous Ugandans. By the early 1970s, many Indians in Southeast Africa and Uganda were employed in the sartorial and banking businesses and Indophobia was already engrained by the start of Amin's rule in February 1971. While not all Ugandan Indians were well off, they were on average better off than

3741-423: The biggest winner was the state-owned Uganda Development Corporation , which gained control over some of the largest enterprises, though both the rapid nature of the growth and the sudden lack of experienced technicians and managers proved a challenge for the corporation, resulting in a restructuring of the sector in 1974–75. Though some of the property fell into the hands of Uganda's traditional businessmen, most of

3828-433: The city, of which 16,064 were men and 15,450 were women. In 1979 the total population was reported to be about 15.5 million. From 1979 until the end of 1983, some 5 million people left the country to take shelter in neighbouring northwestern Pakistan and eastern Iran. This exodus was largely unchecked by any government. The Afghan government in 1983 reported a population of 15.96 million, which presumably included

3915-427: The contemporary Afghan people . Approximately 43% of the population is under 15 years of age, and 74% of all Afghans live in rural areas. The average woman gives birth to five children during her entire life, the highest fertility rate outside of Africa . About 6.8% of all babies die in child-birth or infancy. The average life expectancy of the nation was reported in 2019 at around 63 years, and only 0.04% of

4002-400: The country is shown in the chart below: Based on information from the latest national opinion polls, up to 51% stated that they can speak or understand Pashto and up to 79% stated that they can speak or understand Dari. Uzbek was spoken or understood by up to 11% and Turkmen by up to 7%. Other languages that can be spoken are Arabic (4%) and Balochi (2%). Almost the entire Afghan population

4089-534: The direct beneficiaries were soldiers and government officials. By the time Amin's regime collapsed in 1979, it was rumoured that there were no more than 50 Indians in Uganda. Despite Amin's claims of returning control of the economy to ordinary Ugandans, the expulsion greatly harmed the economy of the country. The GDP of Uganda fell by 5% between 1972 and 1975, while manufacturing output tumbled from 740 million Ugandan shillings in 1972 to 254 million shillings in 1979. At

4176-572: The end of 2012 the numbers reached 1,327. The nation's health ministry stated that most of the HIV patients were among intravenous drug users and that 70% of them were men, 25% women, and the remaining 5% children. They belonged to Kabul, Kandahar and Herat, the provinces from where people make the most trips to neighbouring and foreign countries. Regarding Kandahar, 22 cases were reported in 2012. "AIDS Prevention department head Dr Hamayoun Rehman said 1,320 blood samples were examined and 21 were positive. Among

4263-455: The end of 2013, 16.7 million of whom were refugees. The programme was supported by the main British political parties at the national level since its inception, and there was also support from councillors from each of the main parties at the local authority level. On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the scheme in 2014, refugee groups and others praised it as a successful programme and called for it to be expanded, particularly in light of

4350-569: The evaluation (who had been in the UK for a year) had been the victims of verbal or physical attacks in their first six months in the UK, and just over a fifth had been attacked in the second six months of their resettlement. Many of the victims of this abuse had not reported it to the authorities, and the authors of the evaluation suggested that this was a reason why there was a gap between the perceptions of refugee and service providers, who generally suggested that community relations were good. Verbal and physical attacks against refugees were also noted in

4437-467: The exodus. It is assumed that roughly 600,000 to as high as 2 million Afghans may have been killed during the various 1979–2001 wars. These figures are questionable and no attempt has ever been made to verify if they were actually killed or had moved to neighbouring countries as refugees. As of 2021, the total population of Afghanistan is around 37,466,414, which includes the 3 million Afghan nationals living in both Pakistan and Iran . About 26% of

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4524-473: The expulsion and several nations, particularly the United Kingdom and India, cut diplomatic ties as a result. The economy suffered a significant drop in GDP as many native Ugandans lacked the expertise necessary to operate their newly acquired businesses. Following the accession of Yoweri Museveni to the presidency, some Indian Ugandans returned. The presence of Indians in Uganda was the result of deliberate choices by

4611-512: The indigenous communities, constituting 1% of the population while earning a fifth of the national income. Indians were stereotyped as "merely traders" and labelled as "dukahwallas" (traders, an occupational term that degenerated into an anti-Indian slur during Amin's time ), who tried to cheat unsuspecting purchasers and looked out only for their own families. Racial segregation was institutionalised. Gated ethnic communities offered elite and exclusive healthcare and schooling services. Additionally,

4698-605: The largest numbers, accounting for just under half of all refugees resettled under the programme between 2004 and 2012. The large proportion of refugees who were resettled in North West England has been attributed partly to strong leadership on migration issues in Greater Manchester. In 2007, North Lanarkshire Council won the "Creating Integrated Communities" category in the UK Housing Awards for its involvement in

4785-485: The last decade, which is due to the return of over 5 million expats . The only city in Afghanistan with over a million residents is its capital, Kabul . The population growth rate of Afghanistan was 2.34% in 2021, ranking 39th in the world in terms of population growth. As of 2020, 26% of Afghanistan's population lived in urban areas, with an annual urbanization rate of 3.37% from 2015 to 2020. Afghanistan 2024 total fertility rate has been estimated at 4.4. In 2022 it

4872-524: The majority of whom belong to the Twelver branch, with smaller numbers of Ismailis . The remaining 0.3% practice other religions such as Sikhism and Hinduism . Excluding urban populations in the principal cities, most people are organised into tribal and other kinship-based groups, who follow their own traditional customs. Anatol Lieven of Georgetown University in Qatar wrote in 2021 that "it may be noted that in

4959-624: The period to 2020 under the Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme , which was established in early 2014 and was distinct from, but modelled on, the Gateway Protection Programme. On 17 June 2019, the British Home Secretary, Sajid Javid , announced that a new resettlement scheme would be introduced from 2020, bringing the Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme, the Vulnerable Children's Resettlement Scheme and

5046-532: The planning stage of the programme, in order to pool their resources and form a partnership for the delivery of services to the resettled refugees. The programme was distinct from, and in addition to, ordinary provisions for claiming asylum in the United Kingdom. The Gateway Protection Programme was co-funded by the European Union, first through the European Refugee Fund and then through its successor,

5133-506: The population has HIV . Persian ( Dari ) and Pashto are the official languages of the country. Dari functions as the inter-ethnic lingua franca for the vast majority. Pashto is widely used in the regions south of the Hindu Kush mountains and as far as the Indus River in neighbouring Pakistan. Uzbek and Turkmen are smaller languages spoken in parts of the north. Multilingualism

5220-458: The population is urbanite and the remaining 74% lives in rural areas. Afghanistan's Central Statistics Organization (CSO) stated in 2011 that the total number of Afghans living inside Afghanistan was about 26 million and by 2017 it reached 29.2 million. Of this, 15 million are males and 14.2 million are females. The country's population is expected to reach 82 million by 2050. Urban areas have experienced rapid population growth in

5307-412: The programme quota was set at 500 per year. The British government had faced criticism from academics and practitioners over the small number of refugees it has resettled in comparison with other developed states. For example, in 2001 the countries with the largest quota schemes were the United States (80,000 refugees), Canada (11,000) and Australia (10,000). Initially, David Blunkett had intended to raise

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5394-544: The programme. A film, titled Moving to Mars was made about two ethnic Karen families resettled from Burma to Sheffield under the Gateway Protection Programme. The film opened the Sheffield International Documentary Festival in November 2009 and was aired on the television channel More4 on 2 February 2010. One ethnic Karen refugee resettled with his family in Sheffield in 2006, Kler Heh , signed

5481-620: The programme. Refugees were resettled to locations in England and Scotland. Of the 18 local authorities participating as resettlement locations by 2012, eight were in the North West region of England and three in Yorkshire and the Humber . Evaluations of the programme have praised it as having a positive impact on the reception of refugees by local communities, but have also noted the difficulties these refugees have faced in securing employment. In 2019,

5568-477: The quota to 1,000 in the second year of the programme's operation, but local councils' reluctance to participate in the scheme meant that it was slow to take off. It has been argued that their reluctance showed that hostile attitudes towards asylum seekers had carried over to affect the most genuinely needy refugees. The quota remained at 500 per year until the 2008/09 financial year, when it was increased to 750 refugees per year. The number of refugees resettled under

5655-726: The receiving community and, of course, for the vulnerable individuals who have benefited from the protection that those towns have offered". A report into the experience of refugees resettled in Brighton and Hove under the scheme between October 2006 and October 2007 was published by the Sussex Centre for Migration Research at the University of Sussex in December 2007. The report found that the refugees had struggled to gain employment and English language skills. Another evaluation report undertaken for

5742-484: The responsibility for caring for British subjects who were of Indian origin, accusing them of "sabotaging Uganda's economy and encouraging corruption". The deadline for British subjects to leave was confirmed as three months, which came to mean 8 November. On 9 August, the policy was expanded to include citizens of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The position of the 23,000 Indians who had been granted Ugandan citizenship (and in particular those who held no other citizenship)

5829-478: The role of Uganda's Asian minority in society, he convened an Indian 'conference' for 7–8 December. In a memorandum presented on the second day of the conference, he set out his hope that "the wide gap" between Ugandan Indians and Africans would narrow. While paying tribute to Indians' contribution to the economy and the professions, he accused a minority of the Asian population of disloyalty, non-integration and commercial malpractice, claims Indian leaders disputed. On

5916-503: The scheme was small in comparison to the number of asylum seekers offered protection in the UK. For example, in 2013, 17,647 initial decisions on asylum claims were made by the Home Office, of which 5,734 (32.5 per cent) determined the applicant to be a refugee and granted them asylum, 53 (0.3 per cent) granted humanitarian protection and 540 (3.1 per cent) granted discretionary leave. 11,105 applications (62.9 per cent) were refused. Worldwide, there were 51.2 million forcibly displaced people at

6003-785: The settled population based on the 1979 Population Census and the latest household prelisting. The refugees of Afghanistan in Iran, Pakistan, and an estimated 1.5 million nomads, are not included.): Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Data refer to the settled population based on the 1979 Population Census and the latest household prelisting. The refugees of Afghanistan in Iran, Pakistan, and an estimated 1.5 million nomads, are not included.): Source: Source: UN World Population Prospects total: 10 years male: 13 years female: 8 years (2018) 0.04% (2015) Up to 6,900 (2015 estimate) In 2008, health officials in Afghanistan reported 504 cases of people living with HIV but by

6090-636: The survey in 2015 did not contain information on the ethnicity of the participants) and one between 2004 and 2009 by a combined effort of the broadcasting companies NBC News , BBC , and ARD . Dari and Pashto are both official languages of Afghanistan. Uzbek and Turkmen are spoken as native languages in northern provinces, mainly among the Uzbeks and Turkmens . Smaller number of Afghans are also fluent in English, Urdu , Balochi, Arabic and other languages. An approximate distribution of languages spoken in

6177-466: The surviving Indians returned home, but 6,724 individuals decided to remain in the African Great Lakes after the line's completion. At the time of the expulsion, there were approximately 80,000 individuals of South Asian descent in Uganda, of whom 23,000 had had their applications for citizenship both processed and accepted. A further 50,000 were British passport holders, though Amin himself used

6264-461: The tariff system in Uganda had historically been oriented toward the economic interests of South Asian traders. Milton Obote 's government had pursued a policy of "Africanisation" which included policies targeted at Ugandan Indians. The 1968 Committee on the "Africanisation in Commerce and Industry", for example, had made far-reaching Indophobic proposals and a system of work permits and trade licences

6351-569: The time of their deportation Indians owned 90% of the country's businesses and accounted for 90% of Uganda's tax revenue. The real value of salaries and wages plummeted by 90% in less than a decade following the expulsion, and although some of these businesses were handed over to native Ugandans, Uganda's industrial sector, which was seen as the backbone of the economy, was damaged due to the lack of skilled workers. Thousands of Indians returned to Uganda starting in 1986 when Yoweri Museveni assumed power. Museveni criticised Amin's policies and invited

6438-480: The ultimatum. Initially, India maintained diplomatic ties with Uganda but later severed diplomatic relations with Amin's regime. The United Kingdom froze a £10.4 million loan which had been arranged the previous year; Amin ignored this. Journalists Tony Avirgan and Martha Honey described the expulsion as "the most explicitly racist policy ever adopted in black Africa." Many of the Ugandan Asians were citizens of

6525-606: The validity of asylum seekers' claims. A report published in 2005 states that "some participating agencies have been reluctant to pursue a proactive media strategy due to local political considerations and issues relating to the dispersal of asylum seekers". However, in February 2006, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department Andy Burnham , when asked about how the programme fitted in with community cohesion strategies, stated in

6612-487: The vexed question of citizenship, he said his government would recognise citizenship rights already granted, but all outstanding applications for citizenship (which by this point were thought to number more than 12,000) would be cancelled. This expulsion of an ethnic minority was not the first in Uganda's history as the country's Kenyan minority, numbering approximately 30,000, had been expelled in 1969–70. On 4 August 1972, Amin declared that Britain would need to take on

6699-407: The victims of verbal or physical attacks in the UK. The Home Office's 2009 evaluation noted that between one-quarter and half of each of four groups of Liberian and Congolese refugees resettled under the programme had suffered verbal or physical harassment. An evaluation undertaken by academics at Sheffield Hallam University for the Home Office in 2011 found that one-fifth of the refugees surveyed for

6786-454: The whole of modern Afghan history there has never been a census that could be regarded as remotely reliable." The first nationwide census of Afghanistan was carried out only in 1979, but previously there had been scattered attempts to conduct censuses in individual cities. According to the 1876 census, Kabul had a population of 140,700 people. In Kandahar in 1891 a population census was carried out, according to which 31,514 people lived in

6873-587: Was 4.5, about twice the world average rate. The rate has fallen since the early 1980s. Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Wanted Fertility Rate (WFR): Fertility data by province in 2015 DHS Survey and 2022-23 MICS Survey : Structure of the population (2012.01.07) (Data refer to the settled population based on the 1979 Population Census and the latest household prelisting. The refugees of Afghanistan in Iran, Pakistan, and an estimated 1.5 million nomads, are not included): Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2012) (Data refer to

6960-526: Was done with Indian-owned businesses, European-owned businesses would be next. The Indians only milked the cow, but they did not feed it to yield more milk. There are now Black faces in every shop and industry. All the big cars in Uganda are now driven by Africans, and not the former bloodsuckers. The rest of Africa can learn from us. Amin's decrees drew immediate worldwide condemnation, including from India. The Indian government warned Uganda of dire consequences, but took no action when Amin's government ignored

7047-430: Was introduced in 1969 to restrict the role of non-citizen Indians in economic and professional activities. Nevertheless, Amin's policies represented a significant acceleration. In August 1971, Amin announced a review of the citizenship status awarded to Uganda's Asian community, followed by the declaration of a census of Uganda's Asian population in October that year. In order to resolve the "misunderstandings" regarding

7134-407: Was later expanded to include 20,000 Ugandan citizens of South Asian ethnicities (later rescinded). At the time of the expulsion, there were about 80,000 individuals of Indian descent in Uganda, of whom 23,000 had their applications for citizenship both processed and accepted. The expulsion took place against the backdrop of anti-Indian sentiment and black supremacy in Uganda, with Amin accusing

7221-455: Was less clear. Not originally included, on 19 August, they were seemingly added to the list, before being re-exempted three days later following international protest. Many chose to leave rather than endure further intimidation, with only 4,000 known to have stayed. Exemptions for certain professions were added, then later removed. The precise motivation for the expulsion remains unclear. Some of Amin's former supporters suggest that it followed

7308-577: Was made for 1,000 Iraqi refugees to be resettled in the UK between 1 April 2008 and the end of March 2010. In 2008, 236 Iraqis were resettled and as of 18 May, a further 212 had been resettled in 2009. However, in May 2009 the programme was shut down for those Iraqis resettling due to having worked in support of British occupying forces and therefore at risk for reprisals. This decision was criticised as premature and "mean-spirited" by some members of Parliament. Nonetheless, other Iraqis continued to be resettled under

7395-453: Was made responsible for the reallocation of the confiscated property, though Amin also personally redirected some material. In total, some 5,655 firms, ranches, farms, and agricultural estates were reallocated, along with cars, homes and other household goods. For political reasons, most (5,443) were reallocated to individuals, with 176 going to government bodies, 33 being reallocated to semi-state organisations and 2 going to charities. Possibly

7482-449: Was passed by the House of Commons by 362 votes to 74 in June 2002 and by the House of Lords – at the ninth attempt, following concern about the introduction of measures allowing for the detention of asylum seekers in rural areas) – in November 2002. The Gateway Protection Programme was subsequently established in March 2004, with the first refugees arriving in the UK on 19 March. Initially,

7569-651: Was the UK's "quota refugee" resettlement scheme . Refugees designated as particularly vulnerable by the UNHCR were assessed by the Home Office for eligibility under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees . If they met the eligibility criteria, they were brought to the UK and granted indefinite leave to remain . The International Organization for Migration (IOM) assisted the process by facilitating pre-departure medical screening , counselling , dossier preparation, transport and immediate arrival assistance. Once in

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