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76-966: See text . Gardenia is a genus of flowering plants in the coffee family, Rubiaceae , native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa , Asia , Madagascar , Pacific Islands , and Australia . The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus and John Ellis after Alexander Garden (1730–1791), a Scottish naturalist. The type species is Gardenia jasminoides , as first published by Ellis in 1961. Gardenia species typically grow as shrubs or small trees, however some species, such as those native to New Guinea, may grow to 20-30m tall. A small number of species found in tropical East Africa and southern Africa grow as small pyrophytic subshrubs . At least one species, Gardenia epiphytica , native to Gabon and Cameroon , grows as an epiphyte . Most species are unarmed and spineless, but some species such as some of those found in Africa are spinescent. The leaf arrangement

152-616: A Future can be used to look up the suitable soil pH range of a wide range of plants. Documents like Ellenberg's indicator values for British plants can also be consulted. However, a plant may be intolerant of a particular pH in some soils as a result of a particular mechanism, and that mechanism may not apply in other soils. For example, a soil low in molybdenum may not be suitable for soybean plants at pH 5.5, but soils with sufficient molybdenum allow optimal growth at that pH. Similarly, some calcifuges (plants intolerant of high-pH soils) can tolerate calcareous soils if sufficient phosphorus

228-453: A choice along a range of pH values, explaining that various field distributions of soil organisms, motile microbes included, could at least partly result from active movement along pH gradients. Like for plants, competition between acido-tolerant and acido-intolerant soil-dwelling organisms was suspected to play a role in the shifts in species composition observed along pH ranges. The opposition between acido-tolerance and acido-intolerance

304-444: A funnel- or cylindrical-shaped corolla tube, normally elongated and narrow distally, surrounded by 5-12 or more lobes ( petals ) contorted or arranged in an overlapping pattern. Crocetin is a chemical compound usually obtained from Crocus sativus , which can also be obtained from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides . Gordonin is a novel methoxylated flavonol secreted in golden-colored resinous droplets of Gardenia gordonii , which

380-551: A gardenia in their buttonhole during the Gilded Age ., Sigmund Freud remarked to the poet H.D. that gardenias were his favorite flower. In tiki culture , Donn Beach, aka Don the Beachcomber , frequently wore a fresh lei of gardenias almost every day at his tiki bars , allegedly spending $ 7,800 for flowers over the course of four years in 1938. He named one of his drinks the mystery gardenia cocktail. Trader Vic frequently used

456-406: A glue for some of them, burrowing soil animals, e.g. fossorial rodents , moles , earthworms , termites , some millipedes and fly larvae, contribute to decrease the natural acidity of raw organic matter, as observed in mull humus forms . Finely ground agricultural lime is often applied to acid soils to increase soil pH ( liming ). The amount of limestone or chalk needed to change pH

532-643: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

608-621: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

684-866: A pH above 7. Ultra-acidic soils (pH < 3.5) and very strongly alkaline soils (pH > 9) are rare. Soil pH is considered a master variable in soils as it affects many chemical processes. It specifically affects plant nutrient availability by controlling the chemical forms of the different nutrients and influencing the chemical reactions they undergo. The optimum pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5; however, many plants have adapted to thrive at pH values outside this range. The United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service classifies soil pH ranges as follows: 0 to 6=acidic 7=neutral 8 and above=alkaline Methods of determining pH include: Precise, repeatable measures of soil pH are required for scientific research and monitoring. This generally entails laboratory analysis using

760-491: A pleasant and strong, sometimes overpowering scent that may be more noticeable at night, something quite typical of moth-pollinated plants. Gardenia flowers are hermaphrodite (or bisexual) with each individual flower having both as both male and female structures (that is, having both stamens and carpels ) with the flower. The arrangement of the flowers on the plant are solitary or in small terminal clusters or fascicles. The flowers vary across species, but most commonly have

836-457: A population-level study of two rare, sympatric species of Fiji , G. candida and G. grievei . The evolutionary significance of the gums and resins of gardenias in attracting or repelling invertebrate herbivores , has yet to be explored by ecologists. As of July 2022 Plants of the World Online recognises 128 species in this genus, as follows: Gardenia plants are prized for

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912-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

988-547: A standard protocol; an example of such a protocol is that in the USDA Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual. In this document the three-page protocol for soil pH measurement includes the following sections: Application; Summary of Method; Interferences; Safety; Equipment; Reagents; and Procedure. The pH is measured in soil-water (1:1) and soil-salt (1:2 CaCl 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}} ) solutions. For convenience,

1064-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

1140-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

1216-467: A tribute to McDaniel. Genus The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

1292-408: Is a responsible agent for limiting growth in various parts of the world. Aluminium tolerance studies have been conducted in different plant species to see viable thresholds and concentrations exposed along with function upon exposure. Aluminium inhibits root growth; lateral roots and root tips become thickened and roots lack fine branching; root tips may turn brown. In the root, the initial effect of Al

1368-406: Is an essential plant nutrient, so plants transport Mn into leaves. Classic symptoms of Mn toxicity are crinkling or cupping of leaves. Soil pH affects the availability of some plant nutrients : As discussed above, aluminium toxicity has direct effects on plant growth; however, by limiting root growth, it also reduces the availability of plant nutrients. Because roots are damaged, nutrient uptake

1444-492: Is an increasing trend of plant biodiversity along the range from extremely acidic (pH 3.5) to strongly alkaline (pH 9) soils, i.e. there are more calcicole than calcifuge species, at least in terrestrial environments. Although widely reported and supported by experimental results, the observed increase of plant species richness with pH is still in need of a clearcut explanation. Competitive exclusion between plant species with overlapping pH ranges most probably contributes to

1520-447: Is commonly observed at species level within a genus or at genus level within a family , but it also occurs at much higher taxonomic rank , like between soil fungi and bacteria, here too with a strong involvement of competition. It has been suggested that soil organisms more tolerant of soil acidity, and thus living mainly in soils at pH less than 5, were more primitive than those intolerant of soil acidity. A cladistic analysis on

1596-410: Is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the activity of hydronium ions ( H or, more precisely, H 3 O aq ) in a solution . In soils, it is measured in a slurry of soil mixed with water (or a salt solution, such as 0.01  M   CaCl 2 ), and normally falls between 3 and 10, with 7 being neutral. Acid soils have a pH below 7 and alkaline soils have

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1672-410: Is determined by the mesh size of the lime (how finely it is ground) and the buffering capacity of the soil. A high mesh size (60 mesh = 0.25 mm; 100 mesh = 0.149 mm) indicates a finely ground lime that will react quickly with soil acidity. The buffering capacity of a soil depends on the clay content of the soil, the type of clay, and the amount of organic matter present, and may be related to

1748-596: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

1824-405: Is increased at higher pH; this is because the molybdate ion is more strongly sorbed by clay particles at lower pH. Zinc , iron , copper and manganese show decreased availability at higher pH (increased sorption at higher pH). The effect of pH on phosphorus availability varies considerably, depending on soil conditions and the crop in question. The prevailing view in the 1940s and 1950s

1900-438: Is measured (4C1a2a2). The pH of a natural soil depends on the mineral composition of the parent material of the soil, and the weathering reactions undergone by that parent material. In warm, humid environments, soil acidification occurs over time as the products of weathering are leached by water moving laterally or downwards through the soil. In dry climates, however, soil weathering and leaching are less intense and soil pH

1976-473: Is mixed with 20 mL of reverse osmosis (RO) water (1:1 w:v) with occasional stirring. The sample is allowed to stand 1 h with occasional stirring. The sample is stirred for 30 s, and the 1:1 water pH is measured. The 0.02 M CaCl 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}} (20 mL) is added to soil suspension, the sample is stirred, and the 1:2 0.01 M CaCl 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}} pH

2052-424: Is often neutral or alkaline. Many processes contribute to soil acidification. These include: Total soil alkalinity increases with: The accumulation of alkalinity in a soil (as carbonates and bicarbonates of Na, K, Ca and Mg) occurs when there is insufficient water flowing through the soils to leach soluble salts. This may be due to arid conditions, or poor internal soil drainage ; in these situations most of

2128-603: Is one of several critically endangered species of the Fiji Islands. Many of the native gardenias of the Pacific Islands and elsewhere in the paleotropics contribute towards the production of a diverse array of natural products. Methoxylated and oxygenated flavonols , flavones , and triterpenes accumulate on the vegetative and floral buds as yellow to brown droplets of secreted resins. Many focused phytochemical studies of these bud exudates have been published, including

2204-473: Is reduced, and deficiencies of the macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium) are frequently encountered in very strongly acidic to ultra-acidic soils (pH<5.0). When aluminum levels increase in the soil, it decreases the pH levels. This does not allow for trees to take up water, meaning they cannot photosynthesize, leading them to die. The trees can also develop yellowish colour on their leaves and veins. Molybdenum availability

2280-499: Is severely restricted because aeration is poor when the soil is wet; while in dry conditions, plant-available water is rapidly depleted and the soils become hard and cloddy (high soil strength). The higher the pH in the soil, the less water available to be distributed to the plants and organisms that depend on it. With a decreased pH, this does not allow for plants to uptake water like they normally would. This causes them to not be able to photosynthesize. Many strongly acidic soils, on

2356-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

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2432-510: Is supplied. Another confounding factor is that different varieties of the same species often have different suitable soil pH ranges. Plant breeders can use this to breed varieties that can tolerate conditions that are otherwise considered unsuitable for that species – examples are projects to breed aluminium-tolerant and manganese-tolerant varieties of cereal crops for food production in strongly acidic soils. The table below gives suitable soil pH ranges for some widely cultivated plants as found in

2508-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

2584-438: Is the inhibition of the expansion of the cells of the rhizodermis , leading to their rupture; thereafter it is known to interfere with many physiological processes including the uptake and transport of calcium and other essential nutrients, cell division, cell wall formation, and enzyme activity. Proton (H ion) stress can also limit plant growth. The proton pump , H -ATPase, of the plasmalemma of root cells works to maintain

2660-428: Is the most widespread problem in acid soils. Aluminium is present in all soils to varying degrees, but dissolved Al is toxic to plants; Al is most soluble at low pH; above pH 5.0, there is little Al in soluble form in most soils. Aluminium is not a plant nutrient, and as such, is not actively taken up by the plants, but enters plant roots passively through osmosis . Aluminium can exist in many different forms and

2736-473: Is typically opposite or verticillate may (arranged in whorls). Leaves vary by species; many species are glossy with a distinctly coriaceous (or leathery) texture such as that seen in Gardenia jasminoides , whilst in others, leaves may be thin and chartaceous (or paper-like). The flowers, particularly in the species most commonly grown in gardens, may be large and showy and white, cream or pale yellow in color, with

2812-501: Is used as a yellow dye , used on fabric and food (including the Korean mung bean jelly called hwangpomuk ). Its fruits are also used in traditional Chinese medicine for their clearing, calming, and cooling properties. In France , gardenias are the flower traditionally worn by men as boutonnière when in evening dress . In The Age of Innocence , Edith Wharton suggests it was customary for upper-class men from New York City to wear

2888-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

2964-799: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

3040-549: The USDA PLANTS Database . Some species (like Pinus radiata and Opuntia ficus-indica ) tolerate only a narrow range in soil pH, whereas others (such as Vetiveria zizanioides ) tolerate a very wide pH range. In natural or near-natural plant communities , the various pH preferences of plant species (or ecotypes ) at least partly determine the composition and biodiversity of vegetation. While both very low and very high pH values are detrimental to plant growth, there

3116-487: The collembolan genus Willemia showed that tolerance to soil acidity was correlated with tolerance of other stress factors and that stress tolerance was an ancestral character in this genus. However the generality of these findings remains to be established. At low pH, the oxidative stress induced by aluminium (Al ) affects soil animals the body of which is not protected by a thick chitinous exoskeleton like in arthropods , and thus are in more direct contact with

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3192-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

3268-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

3344-590: The air for a long time. Acidic precipitation is the main natural factor to mobilize aluminium from natural sources and the main reason for the environmental effects of aluminium; however, the main factor of presence of aluminium in salt and freshwater are the industrial processes that also release aluminium into air. Plants grown in acid soils can experience a variety of stresses including aluminium  (Al), hydrogen  (H), and/or manganese  (Mn) toxicity, as well as nutrient deficiencies of calcium  (Ca) and magnesium  (Mg). Aluminium toxicity

3420-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

3496-647: The day and 15–16 °C (59–61 °F) in the evening. Potting soils developed especially for gardenias are available. G. jasminoides grows no larger than 18 inches in height and width when grown indoors. In climates where it can be grown outdoors, it can attain a height of 6 feet. If water touches the flowers, they will turn brown. In Eastern Asia, Gardenia jasminoides is called zhīzi ( 梔子 ) in China, chija ( 치자 ) in Korea, and kuchinashi ( 梔子 ) in Japan. Its fruit

3572-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

3648-524: The gardenia as a flower garnish in his tiki drinks , such as in the scorpion and outrigger tiara cocktails. Several species occur in Hawaii , where gardenias are known as naʻu or nānū . Hattie McDaniel famously wore gardenias in her hair when she accepted an Academy Award , the first for an African American, for Gone with the Wind . Mo'Nique Hicks later wore gardenias in her hair when she won her Oscar, as

3724-727: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

3800-628: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

3876-424: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Acidic soil Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a soil . Soil pH is a key characteristic that can be used to make informative analysis both qualitative and quantitatively regarding soil characteristics. pH

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3952-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

4028-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

4104-500: The near-neutral pH of their cytoplasm . A high proton activity (pH within the range 3.0–4.0 for most plant species) in the external growth medium overcomes the capacity of the cell to maintain the cytoplasmic pH and growth shuts down. In soils with a high content of manganese -containing minerals, Mn toxicity can become a problem at pH 5.6 and lower. Manganese, like aluminium, becomes increasingly soluble as pH drops, and Mn toxicity symptoms can be seen at pH levels below 5.6. Manganese

4180-410: The observed shifts of vegetation composition along pH gradients. Soil biota (soil microflora , soil animals) are sensitive to soil pH, either directly upon contact or after soil ingestion or indirectly through the various soil properties to which pH contributes (e.g. nutrient status, metal toxicity , humus form ). According to the various physiological and behavioural adaptations of soil biota,

4256-501: The other hand, have strong aggregation, good internal drainage , and good water-holding characteristics. However, for many plant species, aluminium toxicity severely limits root growth, and moisture stress can occur even when the soil is relatively moist. In general terms, different plant species are adapted to soils of different pH ranges. For many species, the suitable soil pH range is fairly well known. Online databases of plant characteristics, such as USDA PLANTS and Plants for

4332-515: The pH is initially measured in water and then measured in CaCl 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}} . With the addition of an equal volume of 0.02 M CaCl 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}} to the soil suspension that was prepared for the water pH, the final soil-solution ratio is 1:2 0.01 M CaCl 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}} . A 20-g soil sample

4408-617: The pH of soil include wood ash , industrial calcium oxide ( burnt lime ), magnesium oxide , basic slag ( calcium silicate ), and oyster shells. These products increase the pH of soils through various acid–base reactions . Calcium silicate neutralizes active acidity in the soil by reacting with H  ions to form monosilicic acid (H 4 SiO 4 ), a neutral solute. The pH of an alkaline soil can be reduced by adding acidifying agents or acidic organic materials. Elemental sulfur (90–99% S) has been used at application rates of 300–500 kg/ha (270–450 lb/acre) – it slowly oxidises in

4484-428: The pH. Calcareous soils may vary in pH from 7.0 to 9.5, depending on the degree to which Ca or Na dominate the soluble cations. High levels of aluminium occur near mining sites; small amounts of aluminium are released to the environment at the coal-fired power plants or incinerators . Aluminium in the air is washed out by the rain or normally settles down but small particles of aluminium remain in

4560-560: The physical environment. Many soil fungi, although not all of them, acidify the soil by excreting oxalic acid , a product of their respiratory metabolism. Oxalic acid precipitates calcium, forming insoluble crystals of calcium oxalate and thus depriving the soil solution from this necessary element. On the opposite side, earthworms exert a buffering effect on soil pH through their excretion of mucus , endowed with amphoteric properties. By mixing organic matter with mineral matter, in particular clay particles, and by adding mucus as

4636-526: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

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4712-485: The quantity of aluminium in soil solution and taking up exchange sites as part of the cation exchange capacity . This aluminium can be measured in a soil test in which it is extracted from the soil with a salt solution, and then is quantified with a laboratory analysis. Then, using the initial soil pH and the aluminium content, the amount of lime needed to raise the pH to a desired level can be calculated. Amendments other than agricultural lime that can be used to increase

4788-466: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

4864-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

4940-407: The soil cation exchange capacity . Soils with high clay content will have a higher buffering capacity than soils with little clay, and soils with high organic matter will have a higher buffering capacity than those with low organic matter. Soils with higher buffering capacity require a greater amount of lime to achieve an equivalent change in pH. The buffering of soil pH is often directly related to

5016-737: The soil solution, e.g. protists , nematodes , rotifers ( microfauna ), enchytraeids ( mesofauna ) and earthworms ( macrofauna ). Effects of pH on soil biota can be mediated by the various functional interactions of soil foodwebs . It has been shown experimentally that the collembolan Heteromurus nitidus , commonly living in soils at pH higher than 5, could be cultured in more acid soils provided that predators were absent. Its attraction to earthworm excreta ( mucus , urine , faeces ), mediated by ammonia emission, provides food and shelter within earthworm burrows in mull humus forms associated with less acid soils. Soil biota affect soil pH directly through excretion , and indirectly by acting on

5092-444: The soil to form sulfuric acid . Acidifying fertilizers, such as ammonium sulfate , ammonium nitrate and urea , can help to reduce the pH of soil because ammonium oxidises to form nitric acid . Acidifying organic materials include peat or sphagnum peat moss. However, in high-pH soils with a high calcium carbonate content (more than 2%), attempting to reduce the pH with acids can be very costly and ineffective. In such cases, it

5168-560: The species composition of soil microbial and animal communities varies with soil pH. Along altitudinal gradients, changes in the species distribution of soil animal and microbial communities can be at least partly ascribed to variation in soil pH. The shift from toxic to non-toxic forms of aluminium around pH5 marks the passage from acid-tolerance to acid-intolerance, with few changes in the species composition of soil communities above this threshold, even in calcareous soils . Soil animals exhibit distinct pH preferences when allowed to exert

5244-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

5320-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

5396-466: The strong sweet scent of their flowers, which can be very large in size in some species. Gardenia jasminoides (syn. G. grandiflora , G. florida ) is cultivated as a house plant. This species can be difficult to grow because it originated in warm humid tropical areas. It demands high humidity to thrive, and bright (but not direct) light. It flourishes in acidic soils with good drainage and thrives on temperatures of 20–23 °C (68–73 °F) during

5472-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

5548-566: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

5624-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

5700-401: The water that enters the soil is transpired (taken up by plants) or evaporates, rather than flowing through the soil. The soil pH usually increases when the total alkalinity increases, but the balance of the added cations also has a marked effect on the soil pH. For example, increasing the amount of sodium in an alkaline soil tends to induce dissolution of calcium carbonate , which increases

5776-608: Was that P availability was maximized near neutrality (soil pH 6.5–7.5), and decreased at higher and lower pH. Interactions of phosphorus with pH in the moderately to slightly acidic range (pH 5.5–6.5) are, however, far more complex than is suggested by this view. Laboratory tests, glasshouse trials and field trials have indicated that increases in pH within this range may increase, decrease, or have no effect on P availability to plants. Strongly alkaline soils are sodic and dispersive , with slow infiltration , low hydraulic conductivity and poor available water capacity . Plant growth

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