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61-609: The Gardenburger was developed by Paul Wenner around 1981 or 1982 in Wenner's vegetarian restaurant, The Gardenhouse, in Gresham, Oregon . The company was incorporated as Wholesome & Hearty Foods, Inc., in March 1985. Initial funding was given to founders Paul Wenner and Allyn Smaaland as part of a venture capital investment program of Louisiana-Pacific Corp. , whereby L-P took immediate controlling interest. A second round of venture capital financing

122-412: A log cabin which was said to be the world's largest. It was constructed of 54 long unhewn logs, and contained exhibits of local forestry products, wildlife, and Native American photographs. The building was 206 feet (63 m) long, 102 feet (31 m) wide, and 72 feet (22 m) high (63 m x 31m x 22m), and cost nearly $ 30,000 The building stood until destroyed by fire in 1964 and inspired

183-424: A 3,000-percent growth, compared to the 1000-percent growth of the nation as a whole. Despite all these positive factors, though, Oregon was not unaffected by the nationwide Long Depression , which had particular effect in 1893. Jobs were lost across the country as railroads grew too fast on a weak banking system and agricultural values fell. The state's elite business leaders all attempted to devise plans to boost

244-452: A committee appointed by the government with the intent of sharing the burdens of planning. On this date, they chose a president, Jefferson Myers , who "made a speech ... urging hearty co-operation with the Lewis and Clark directors to bring about the best results. He later repeated these assurances of help to the directors." This seemed to go well, and their assistance helped guide the fair through

305-775: A cricket match at the fair between the Portland Cricket Club founded in 1876 and the Victoria Cricket Club founded in 1852. Consequently, the Pacific Coast tournament was played in Victoria until 1914. (David Sentance US Cricket Historian & author of Cricket in America 1710-2000) The fair, by all economic measures, was a major success. Over the entire run of the fair, the box office recorded almost 1.6 million paid admissions, an average of 11,600 visitors per day. Tickets to

366-737: A long time, most famously the Forestry Building, which was reinforced with a concrete foundation and converted into a forestry museum. It burned to the ground in August 1964. A replacement museum was built in Portland's Washington Park and is today known as the World Forestry Center . A few buildings from the fair remain standing today, including the Fairmount Hotel , the American Inn , and

427-510: A male householder with no wife present, and 33.2% were non-families. 25.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.22. The median age in the city was 33.6 years. 26.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.1% were from 25 to 44; 24.5% were from 45 to 64; and 10.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of

488-400: A ride to the site for 10 cents. The site was sold for private development prior to the fair and was leased back to the city for the event. Numerous individuals were involved in the design and construction of the fairgrounds and buildings. The Olmsted Brothers design firm was hired to develop a plan for the grounds, for $ 5,000. The plan designed by John Charles Olmsted took advantage of

549-502: A simulated village, engaging in traditional activities. Some of these activities, such as preparation and consumption of dog meat , would be viewed as primitive to most visitors. Many exhibitors had to be turned away due to lack of space. In addition to the major exhibits and pavilions, the site also featured an amusement park , various sideshows , concerts, free motion pictures (a novelty in those days), blimp excursions, and numerous vendors selling food and other items. The site

610-451: A six-month term or until a new city manager is selected. The city council consists of the mayor and six councilors, all of whom serve four-year terms. Elections are held in November of even-numbered years. In election years divisible by four, (e.g., 2000, 2004, 2008), three councilors are elected. In election years not divisible by four, (e.g., 1998, 2002, 2006), the other three councilors and

671-689: A small book collection in the town's general store, was officially established as the Gresham Branch Public Library in 1913 with a grant from the Andrew Carnegie library fund . Gresham General Hospital opened in 1959 in downtown Gresham. In 1984, the hospital moved to Stark Street and became Mount Hood Medical Center . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 23.43 square miles (60.68 km ), of which 23.20 square miles (60.09 km )

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732-499: A spurt that has been attributed to the exposition. Since its founding in 1845, Portland had evolved into a major economic center, largely fueled by the arrival of the railroads. Three transcontinental railroads used Portland as their Pacific coast terminus – the Northern, Southern, and Union Pacific Railroads . Meanwhile, Portland's wheat and flour industries were growing at an amazing rate, and Portland held "the largest flour mill on

793-585: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gresham, Oregon Gresham ( / ˈ ɡ r ɛ ʃ əm / GRESH -əm ) is a city in the Willamette Valley , Located in Multnomah County in the U.S. state of Oregon , bordered by Portland to the northwest and partially in the southwest. it was first settled in the early 1850s by the Powell brothers. It remained unincorporated until 1905; it

854-532: Is also located in Gresham, it offers associate degrees, as well as bachelor's programs through a partnership with Eastern Oregon University . According to the US Census, 27.16% of the Gresham residents had a bachelor's degree , while 9.93% had earned a master's degree or above. Gresham is accessed from the west via Interstate 84 and via U.S. Route 26 from the east. Gresham is serviced by TriMet 's bus system and

915-465: Is estimated a million out-of-town guests came to Portland, resulting in millions of dollars (in 1905 figures) added to the economy. In addition, construction of the fairgrounds provided 1,000 construction jobs. Very little of the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition remains today. The vast majority of the structures were designed to be temporary and were torn down the following year, in 1906. A few structures were moved elsewhere and remained in use for

976-573: Is land and 0.23 square miles (0.60 km ) is water. The total area includes parts of Fairview Creek and Johnson Creek . Gresham is characterized by hills on its eastern border. Northeast Gresham is also hilly, especially where the city meets Troutdale toward the Columbia River . Its elevation is 325 feet (99 m). Johnson Creek , which begins at the foothills of the Cascade Mountains , runs westward through Gresham, with 23 percent of

1037-413: Is said, can be utilized to great advantage and made a scene of beauty." With this voting, "the Lewis and Clark Exposition had its site – a grove of trees, 180 acres (0.73 km ) of pasture, and 220 acres (0.89 km ) of waist-high stagnant water at the site's center." Guild's Lake had numerous other advantages. As the site was located on the edge of settlement in Portland, it was easily accessed by

1098-407: The 2020 census , there were 114,247 people and 44,816 households residing in the city. As of the 2010 census , there were 105,594 people, 38,704 households, and 25,835 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,551.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,757.3/km ). There were 41,015 housing units at an average density of 1,767.9 per square mile (682.6/km ). The racial makeup of the city

1159-539: The Balch Creek watershed. Guild's Lake was a site "everyone in Portland was vaguely aware of ... [though] no one on the site selection subcommittee could remember whether it evaporated during the dry season." Inspections showed it remained at a depth of 2.5 feet (0.76 m) through the summer, and therefore would be an appropriate site. By September 4, 1902, the Oregon Journal reported: "the fair officials are hot on

1220-1125: The Emanuel and Christina Anderson House and William Gedamke House , both Victorian Queen Anne homes built circa 1900; the Gresham Carnegie Library , built in 1913; the Dr. Herbert H. Hughes House , built in 1922; the Charles and Fae Olson House , a modernist home built in 1946; and the David and Marianne Ott House, a ranch home built in 1952. There are numerous parks in Gresham, such as Main City Park , located near downtown Gresham. Other parks include Hogan Butte Nature Park, East Gresham Park, Pat Pfeifer Park , Thom Park, Red Sunset Park , Rockwood Central Park , Vance Park , and Clatsop Butte Park , an upland butte located south of Powell Butte . Other public points of interest are Persimmon Country Club, Gresham Golf Course Mt. Hood Theatre and Gresham Pioneer Cemetery which

1281-574: The MAX Light Rail Blue Line , which includes the following MAX stations: Gresham is also served by the fareless Sandy Area Metro shuttle bus to Sandy, Oregon . Gresham's sister cities are: Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition The Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition , commonly also known as the Lewis and Clark Exposition , and officially known as the Lewis and Clark Centennial and American Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair ,

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1342-600: The National Cash Register Building (now the McMenamins St. Johns Theater and Pub). About half a million pink hybrid tea rose bushes, all "Mme Caroline Testout," were planted along the streets of Portland for the Lewis and Clark Exposition. Many of these remain today. Many people moved to Portland following the fair, which is why many houses around Portland were built in the years that followed. There were also many street paving and sidewalk projects in

1403-626: The Smithsonian Institution ; numerous famous artists such as Claude Monet were featured. Some of the exhibits were controversial (and by modern standards, offensive), such as an exhibit of Philippines Igorot tribespeople; displayed in order to convince the American populace of the legitimacy of the recent U.S. conquest of the Philippines, taken from Spain in the recently concluded Spanish–American War . The exhibit included Igorots living in

1464-856: The Western Forestry Center as a replacement. It also inspired the lobby of the Glacier Park Lodge in Montana. The fair was lit up by night with incandescent lights , as well as large searchlights on the Government Building. These were designed by Thomas H. Wright , working for Portland General Electric . In addition, numerous statues adorned the grounds. Several of the statues remain today, including Alice Cooper 's Sacajawea and Jean-Baptiste which now stands in Washington Park. Over 100 thousand light bulbs were used to outline

1525-735: The Commission that came with it), the Board of Directors then began the process of choosing a site on which to hold this fair. There were a number of locations considered, on both the east and west sides of the Willamette River. The three main sites on the eastern side were University Park, now the site of the University of Portland ; City View Park, now Sellwood Park and Oaks Park ; and Hawthorne Park, now an industrial area. The western sites considered were City Park, now Washington Park ; and Guild's Lake in

1586-496: The Lewis and Clark Athletic Games and Championship Contests. The largest exhibit by a foreign nation was Italy 's, whose pavilion contained a large collection of marble statues. Germany and France also spent enormous sums on their exhibits, the latter providing a replica of the drawing room of King Louis XIV . Japan spent $ 1 million (a significant sum in 1905) on its exhibit, including numerous cultural artifacts such as porcelains, silks, and lanterns. States with exhibits at

1647-530: The Pacific coast." The unparalleled timber industry continued to grow, as "Oregon is second [in wooded area], with 54,300 square miles" and "in quantity of standing lumber, Oregon leads the Union, with 300 billion feet ..." Oregon's shipping was growing, too, fueled by a $ 1.5 million project to dike and dredge the Columbia River . During this time, Oregon's population grew from 13,294 in 1850 to 413,536 in 1900,

1708-765: The Portland Board of Trade put together a provisional committee" to begin planning some sort of fair. Soon, a permanent board was conceived, and the head of the Portland General Electric Company, Henry W. Goode, became the president of the Board of Directors. Others included I. N. Fleischner, First Vice-President; Oskar Huber, Director of Works; Colonel Henry E. Dosch , Director of Exhibits; Henry E. Reed, Secretary; and J. A. Wakefield, Director of Concessions and Admissions. These were some of Portland's most wealthy and powerful men, working together to create an event of unmatched grandeur and power. Although

1769-562: The Union has ever given to an exposition held within its borders." He was also specifically grateful for the City of Portland's assistance, and noted that their "cordial and enthusiastic backing" was invaluable to the success of the Fair. These praises of Portland were repeated by the State Commission, further supporting the city's great assistance. After gaining the necessary financial backing (and

1830-932: The Wholesome & Hearty Foods company. The company makes a variety of vegetarian and vegan products and meat substitutes . According to the company's website, the original Gardenburger was made from mushrooms , onions , brown rice , rolled oats , cheese , eggs , garlic , and spices . Gardenburger is a registered trademark of the Wholesome and Hearty Foods Company, a subsidiary of Kellogg Company . Although all Gardenburger products are vegetarian, some of them are not vegan and include animal-derived ingredients such as eggs or dairy products , such as milk and cheese. In 2012, Gardenburger sold five types of veggie burgers: Veggie medley (vegan), The Original (vegetarian), Black Bean Chipotle Veggie Burger (vegan), Sun-Dried Tomato Basil (vegetarian), and Portabella (vegetarian). This brand-name food or drink product–related article

1891-531: The age of 18 and 6.7% of those 65 and older. There are several National Register of Historic Places sites located in Gresham. The Louise Home Hospital and Residence Hall , is located in west Gresham, and serves as a social services facility. Other sites include: the Jacob Zimmerman House , a farmhouse built by German-American settlers in 1874; the Hamlin–Johnson House, a farmhouse built in 1888;

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1952-462: The buildings were in the style of the Spanish Renaissance and decorated with architectural flourishes such as domes , cupolas , arched doorways and red-colored roofs. The buildings, not intended to be permanent, were largely constructed of plaster over wooden frames, which resulted in rather low construction costs (79 cents per foot). The major exception to this was the Forestry Building,

2013-477: The buildings, bridges, and statues; the result was a spectacular nighttime view. Some exhibits took up to three years to assemble. The exposition opened on June 1, 1905, and ran until October 15, 1905, a four and a half month span. It included exhibitions from 21 nations and 16 U.S. states, as well as numerous branches of the federal government, and private organizations. The Multnomah Athletic Club , an amateur club from Portland, Oregon , assisted in organizing

2074-419: The city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female. As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $ 43,442, and the mean income for a family was $ 51,126. Males had a median income of $ 37,701 versus $ 27,744 for females. That is a difference of $ 9,957. The per capita income for the city was $ 19,588. About 8.4% of families and 12.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 17.2% of those under

2135-731: The county and the fourth-most populous city in Oregon . Gresham is an economic center for eastern Multnomah County. The area now known as Gresham was first settled in 1851 by brothers Jackson and James Powell, who laid claim to land under the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 and named the settlement Powell's Valley. In 1884, a local merchant petitioned for a post office from the United States Post Office Department to be established in his store, proposing to name it after Postmaster General Walter Q. Gresham if his request

2196-654: The creek's watershed running through the city. The city of Gresham is divided into 16 recognized neighborhoods: Central City, Centennial, Gresham Butte, Historic Southeast, Hogan Cedars, Hollybrook, Kelly Creek, North Central, North Gresham, Northeast, Northwest, Pleasant Valley, Powell Valley, Rockwood , Southwest & Wilkes East. Gresham, like most of western Oregon, has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csb / Csa ). Summers feature pleasant mornings, very warm and sunny afternoons and only very occasional rainfall, whereas winters are cloudy with cool to cold afternoons, occasional frosts, and frequent long rainy periods. As of

2257-463: The economy. Dan McAllen, a dry goods merchant, suggested in 1895 "that Portland mark the new century and pull itself out of its economic slump by holding some sort of international fair." Since the area's focus was on other issues, his proposal went unnoticed for a few years. The idea of a fair came up again occasionally, but no concentrated effort was made for various reasons. It was not until mid-1900 that this sort of action began, when "J.M. Long of

2318-470: The exact amounts of which I am unable to give. Thus the fair received funding to hold the exposition. The bill that appropriated the funds also created a special commission to oversee the organization of the fair. As this Commission reported: "The Lewis and Clark Exposition was held jointly, under the authorization of the act creating this Commission, by the Commission and the Lewis and Clark Exposition Corporation." First assembling on May 30, 1903, they were

2379-495: The exposition were: Alaska , Arizona , California , Colorado , Idaho , Illinois , Louisiana , Maine , Massachusetts , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , New York , North Dakota , Oregon , Oklahoma , Utah , Washington , and Wyoming . Each attending state was granted a day to publicize its exhibit, often attended by visiting dignitaries. There were extensive exhibits on topics such as agriculture, technology, and music. The Mormon Tabernacle Choir sent an exhibit, as did

2440-461: The exposition, with 966,000 getting in for free and 1,588,000 paying visitors. 135,000 visitors were from east of the Mississippi River . Unusual for such expositions, the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition was profitable, turning a gross profit of nearly $ 85,000. Capital investors received a 21% return on their investments. In addition, the impact on the local economy was significant. It

2501-447: The fair and the economic prosperity it could provide. In addition, approximately 3,000 average citizens purchased stock certificates both as investment opportunities and to support what they viewed as a worthwhile venture. These individual investments eventually paid off greatly. Seeing the potential benefits of the fair's success, the state legislature began planning appropriations for the fair. Although they "had [little] interest in

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2562-526: The fair cost 50 cents for adults, a quarter for children. Forty-thousand visitors attended on the opening day; 50,000 attended on the Fourth of July , and on the anniversary of Portland's incorporation, the daily attendance record of over 85,000 visitors was set. The vast majority (nearly 75%) of visitors were from the Pacific Northwest, with almost half being local residents. In all 2,554,000 people visited

2623-497: The governmental hurdles inherent with the planning of such a venture. After the closing of the fair, Henry Reed, Secretary for the Exposition Corporation, created a hefty volume documenting the whole process of planning and running the event. He, too, spoke highly of the government's involvement, and wrote that "The State of Oregon gave more solid help ... to the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, than any other state of

2684-637: The historical heroes and their 2,000-mile (3,200 km) trek ... they [shared] the vision of Pacific trade that had motivated the exploration and settlement of the Oregon Country." Thus, the Legislature passed "An Act Celebrating the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Exploration of the Oregon Country," which appropriated a sum of approximately $ 500,000 for the fair. After the Fair's completion, it

2745-401: The mayor are elected. Gresham is served by three school districts: Centennial , Gresham-Barlow , and Reynolds . High schools include Gresham High School , Sam Barlow High School , Springwater Trail High School , Centennial High School , and Reynolds High School . Private schools include Portland Adventist Elementary School, and Eastside Christian School. Mount Hood Community College

2806-473: The populace. Two local trolley lines (the Portland Railway and City Suburban Railway) ran to within one block of the proposed entrance. Guild's Lake also had the advantage of being located adjacent to the recently constructed Vaughn Street Park , a baseball stadium that would prove rather useful during the operation of the fair. The site was also accessible from the river, and steamers provided visitors

2867-474: The scenic views available from the site, including Mount St. Helens and the river. (Olmsted also developed a plan for Portland's park system during the same visit.) Ion Lewis , of the firm Whidden & Lewis , supervised a board of seven architects responsible for designing the fair's buildings. The six other architects were Edgar M. Lazarus , Emil Schacht , Justus F. Krumbein , David C. Lewis , Richard Martin, Jr. , and Henry J. Hefty . The majority of

2928-463: The time was 365. Lewis Shattuck, a member of a pioneer family, served as the first mayor . The local economy was primarily driven by agriculture, particularly the cultivation of berries, grapes, and vegetables. During that period, trains operated between Gresham and Portland on an hourly schedule. Gresham's early settlers would go on to form the outlying communities of Boring , Sandy , Fairview , and Estacada . Gresham's city library, which began as

2989-583: The trail of a site and it is confidently predicted that 'something will be doing' shortly." The next day, they reported the committee narrowed its choices to "two tracts ... Willamette heights on the west side and Hawthorne Park, with a portion of the Ladd tract, on the east side," and that Willamette Heights was to be chosen, as "It is claimed that the natural advantages offered by the Willamette Heights outweigh all other considerations and that ... Guild's Lake, it

3050-577: The true motivation for the fair came from an economic and business standpoint, it was still crucial to have a theme for publicity and décor. The theme for the Portland fair came from the advice of the Oregon Historical Society . They suggested that the centennial anniversary of the Lewis and Clark Expedition 's stay in Oregon would be a perfect event to commemorate. As the directors wanted to include their dreams of economic growth as well, they combined

3111-454: The two ideas into a title that "summed up the dual goals of historic commemoration and regional boosterism: 'The Lewis and Clark Centennial and American Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair.'" In addition, a motto was decided on, to focus the festivities and bolster publicity: "Westward The Course of Empire Takes Its Way." Once a theme was set, the men began securing exhibits and getting support for their investments. Getting government backing

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3172-474: The years that followed the fair, and many of the sidewalks in Portland (East Portland especially) are dated from 1910 to 1920. Guild's Lake , a cutoff meander of the Willamette River around which the fairgrounds were built, was slowly filled in by industrial developers (and the Port of Portland ) in the years after the fair; by the 1920s the lake had vanished entirely. Over the years, the grounds have been used for

3233-438: Was 76.0% White , 3.5% African American , 1.3% Native American , 4.3% Asian , 0.7% Pacific Islander , 9.8% from other races , and 4.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18.9% of the population. There were 38,704 households, of which 36.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had

3294-649: Was a worldwide exposition held in Portland, Oregon , United States in 1905 to celebrate the centennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . While not officially considered a World's Fair by the Bureau of International Expositions , it is often informally described as such; the exposition attracted both exhibits and visitors from around the world. During the exposition's four-month run, it attracted over 1.6 million visitors, and featured exhibits from 21 countries. Portland grew from 161,000 to 270,000 residents between 1905 and 1910,

3355-539: Was crucial due to the personal investments already made: "The Ladd and Tilton Bank [invested] $ 20,000, the Northern Pacific Railroad another $ 20,000, and brewer Henry Weinhard $ 10,000." Many of the substantial investments were from hotels (the Imperial Hotel Company purchased 50 shares worth $ 5,000), restaurants, streetcar companies, and retailers – all groups with much to gain from the success of

3416-469: Was founded in 1859 and lies on the east side of Southwest Walters Road. The City of Gresham operates under the council–manager form of government. The mayor and city council are elected to be the legislative and policy-making body for the city. The council appoints a city manager who is responsible for the daily operations of the city. The interim city manager is Eric Schmidt, appointed in December 2023 for

3477-550: Was granted. Concurrently, other community members secured a post office named "Campground," which referred to the area's religious camp meeting site and its convenience as a stop for travelers heading to Portland. Once the Post Office Department recognized its error, it revoked the Campground post office designation. Gresham was incorporated in 1905, the year of the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition ; its population at

3538-414: Was named after Walter Quintin Gresham , an American Civil War general and United States Secretary of State . The early economy of the city was primarily supported by agriculture, and by the mid-20th century, the city saw a population boom, increasing from 4,000 residents to more than 10,000 between 1960 and 1970. The population was 114,247 at the 2020 census , making it the second most populous city in

3599-480: Was provided about a year later. In 2005, Gardenburger filed for bankruptcy, though it continued operation by becoming privately held. In 2006, Gardenburger announced that it had taken eggs out of all of its products except for one private-sourced item, which now contains organic , cage-free eggs. In 2006, the company changed its name back to Wholesome & Hearty Foods. In 2007, the Kellogg Company purchased

3660-651: Was reported that The money expended by the two departments amounted to about four hundred thousand dollars each, the State appropriating that expended by the Commission, while the stockholders of the Corporation subscribed about an equal amount. The proceeds from the Exposition were expended entirely under the direction of the Corporation. The government of the United States appropriated $ 475,000 and about an equal value in exhibits,

3721-438: Was the finish line for a transcontinental automobile race (" Hell Gate to Portland") by two drivers sponsored by Olds Motor Works . The Amateur Athletic Union 's National Track and Field Championships were held in Portland at Vaughn Street Park . Portland's Pacific Coast League baseball team, known then as the "Giants" , played the 1905 season at a different venue in Portland. The Multnomah Amateur Athletic Club organized

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