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42-689: After the annexation of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti by the Russian Empire in 1801, the area of modern Gardabani administratively became part of the Tiflis Uyezd , which itself was part of the successive governates Georgia Governorate , Georgia-Imeretia Governorate and finally between 1846 and 1917 the Tiflis Governorate . Within the Tiflis Uyezd, present day Gardabani was located in the western half of

84-558: A certain Persian-type pomp, and he himself dressed in the Persian style as well, he launched an ambitious program of "Europeanization" which was supported by the Georgian intellectual élites; it was not overwhelmingly successful however, because Georgia remained physically isolated from Europe and had to expend all available resources on defending its precarious independence. He strove to enlist

126-451: A foreign protector with regard to his kingdom's foreign policy, King Heraclius II concluded the Treaty of Georgievsk with Russia in 1783, resulting in the transfer of responsibility for defense and foreign affairs in the eastern kingdom, as well as importantly, officially abjuring any dependence on Iran or any other power. However, despite these large concessions made to Russia, Heraclius II

168-526: A huge battle between the Iranian and Georgian armies. Heraclius had managed to mobilize some 5,000 troops, including some 2,000 from neighboring Imereti under its King Solomon II. The Georgians, hopelessly outnumbered, were eventually defeated despite stiff resistance. In a few hours, the Iranian king Agha Mohammad Khan was in full control of the Georgian capital. The Persian army marched back laden with spoil and carrying off thousands of captives. By this, after

210-591: A last ultimatum, which he also declined, but, sent couriers to St. Petersburg . Gudovich, who sat in Georgievsk at the time, instructed Heraclius to avoid "expense and fuss", while Heraclius, together with Solomon II and some Imeretians headed southwards of Tbilisi to fend off the Iranians. With half the number of troops Agha Mohammad Khan had crossed the Aras river, he now marched directly upon Tbilisi, where it commenced into

252-478: A politically united eastern Georgia for the first time in three centuries. Though Heraclius tendered his de jure submission to the newly established Zand dynasty quickly after the unification in 1762, the kingdom remained de facto autonomous for the next three decades to come. In 1783, Heraclius signed the Treaty of Georgievsk with the Russian Empire , by which he formally laid Kartli-Kakheti's investiture in

294-621: The Tsarevich David ( Davit Bagrationi-batonishvili ), 1767–1819, as official heir apparent . In the same year, following the power vacuum in Georgia that got created mainly due to Agha Mohammad Khan's death, the Russian troops entered Tbilisi . Pursuant to article VI of the 1783 treaty, Emperor Paul confirmed David's claim to reign as the next king on April 18, 1799. But strife broke out among King George's many sons and those of his late father over

336-768: The 1826-28 war, Russia took modern-day Armenia , the Nakhichevan Khanate , the Lankaran Khanate and Iğdır from Iran. Thus, by 1828, the Russians had gained an immensely strong foothold in the Caucasus. Parts of western Georgia were added to the empire during the same period through wars with the Ottoman Empire . [REDACTED] Media related to Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti at Wikimedia Commons List of power stations in Georgia (country) The following page lists

378-498: The 19th century, namely that of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 . During the 1804–1813 war, the Russians scored a crucial victory over the Iranian army at the Zagam river saving Tbilisi from Iranian reconquest. The war eventually ended with the Treaty of Gulistan , which forced Iran to officially cede eastern Georgia, Dagestan , as well as most of the modern-day Azerbaijan Republic to Russia. By

420-468: The Bagratids. Paul himself was assassinated shortly thereafter. It is said that his successor, Emperor Alexander I , considered retracting the annexation in favor of a Bagratid heir, but being unable to identify one likely to retain the crown, on September 12, 1801 Alexander proceeded to confirm annexation. Meanwhile, King George had died on December 28, 1800, before learning that he had lost his throne. By

462-582: The Iranian orbit. For Agha Mohammad Khan, the re-subjugation and reintegration of Georgia into the Iranian Empire was part of the same process that had brought Shiraz , Isfahan , and Tabriz under his rule. He viewed Georgia, like the Safavids and Nader Shah before him, no different from the provinces in mainland Iran, such as Khorasan . As the Cambridge History of Iran states, its permanent secession

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504-824: The Soviet use of armored trains. The Soviets came out on top at the end of February, and annexed the fledgling republic as the Georgian SSR . The area of Gardabani initially remained in the Tiflis Okrug with the administrative reorganization of the Georgian SSR around 1930, but in 1938 the Karayaz Raion was separated from the Tiflis Okrug. The village of Karayaz(i) ( Russian : Караязы ; also Karatapa, Russian : Кара-тапа , Georgian : ყარატაფა , Azerbaijani : Qaratəpə ) became

546-529: The administrative uchastoks Karayaz (Караязский участок) and Sartachal (Сартачальский участок). The southern part (Karayaz) was mainly inhabited by Azerbaijanis , who at the time were referred to as Tatars like other Turkic-speaking ethnic groups. In the 1918 elections in the Tiflis Mazra of the Democratic Republic of Georgia , Peri-Khan Sofiyeva from the village of Karajala (also known as Karajalari)

588-466: The administrative center of the raion. Azerbaijanis were in the numerical majority in the new raion (68%). In 1947 the name of the raion and the administrative center was changed to Gardabani. In 1969 the village of Gardabani received city status. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and Georgia's independence, economic conditions declined in the country, but the municipality generally managed to escape

630-566: The condition that George and his descendants be allowed to continue to reign nominally – in effect, offering to mediatise the Bagrationi dynasty under the Romanov emperors. Continued pressure from Persia, also prompted George XII's request for Russian intervention. Paul tentatively accepted this offer, but before negotiations could be finalized, he changed his mind and issued a decree on December 18, 1800 annexing Kartli-Kakheti to Russia and deposing

672-528: The conquest of Tbilisi and being in effective control of eastern Georgia, Agha Mohammad was formally crowned Shah in 1796 in the Mughan plain . As the Cambridge History of Iran notes; "Russia's client, Georgia, had been punished, and Russia's prestige, damaged." Heraclius II returned to Tbilisi to rebuild the city, but the destruction of his capital was a death blow to his hopes and projects. Upon learning of

714-476: The ethnic composition is 54.2% Georgians , 43.5% Azerbaijani . Small minority groups include Armenians (0.7%), Russians (0.5%) and Assyrians (0.3%). The population density is 66 people per square kilometer. Gardabani Municipal Assembly ( Georgian : გარდაბნის საკრებულო) is the representative body in Gardabani Municipality, consisting of 36 members which are elected every four years. The last election

756-556: The fall of Tbilisi General Gudovich put the blame on the Georgians themselves. To restore Russian prestige, Catherine II declared war on Persia , upon the proposal of Gudovich, and sent an army under Valerian Zubov to the Qajar possessions on April of that year, but the new Tsar Paul I , who succeeded Catherine in November, shortly recalled it. Reestablishment of Iranian rule over Georgia

798-550: The first time in four centuries. Heraclius appealed then to his theoretical protector, Empress Catherine II of Russia , asking for at least 3,000 Russian troops, but he was ignored, leaving Georgia to fend off the Iranian threat alone. Nevertheless, Heraclius II still rejected the shah's ultimatum . Agha Mohammad Khan subsequently crossed the Aras River , and after a turn of events by which he gathered more support from his subordinate khans of Erivan and Ganja , he sent Heraclius

840-651: The first time in three centuries. Around 1760, it had become evident as well that Karim Khan Zand had become the new ruler of Iran. Shortly after, in 1762-1763, during Karim Khan's campaigns in Azerbaijan , Heraclius II tendered his de jure submission to him and received his investiture as vali ("governor", "viceroy") of Gorjestan (Georgia), the traditional Safavid office, which by this time however had become an "empty honorific". Karim Khan died in 1779 however, with Persia again being engulfed into chaos. Seeking to remain independent, but also realizing that he would need

882-532: The following April, Russian troops took control of the country's administration and in February 1803 Tsarevich David Bagrationi was escorted by Russian troops from Tbilisi to St. Petersburg. As it was impossible for Iran to give up Georgia, which had made part of the concept of Iran for centuries like the rest of its Caucasian territories, the annexation of Kartli-Kakheti led directly to the Russo-Persian Wars of

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924-484: The great wave of emigration of the 1990s, despite pockets of migration such as from Gardabani city. In 1995 the raion was assigned to the newly formed region ( mchare ) Kvemo Kartli , and was transformed into a municipality in 2006. In 2006, the boundaries of the Tbilisi metropolitan region were significantly modified at the expense of the surrounding municipalities and in particular Gardabani, which lost roughly 92 km to

966-469: The hands of the Russian monarch, and made the kingdom a Russian protectorate . Amongst others, this provided the nominal guarantee for protection against new Iranian attempts, or by any others, to (re)conquer or attack eastern Georgia. By the 1790s, a new strong Iranian dynasty, the Qajar dynasty , had emerged under Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar , which would prove pivotal in the history of the short-lived kingdom. In

1008-446: The instability in Iran proper, and declared de facto independence. After Teimuraz II died in 1762, Heraclius succeeded him as ruler of Kartli, thus unifying the two kingdoms. Heraclius was able, after centuries of Iranian suzerainty over Georgia, to guarantee the autonomy of his kingdom throughout the chaos that had erupted following Nader Shah's death. He became the new Georgian king of

1050-519: The kingdom to Russia, marking the start of a Russian-centred chapter in Georgian history. After Nader Shah's death in 1747, Heraclius II and Teimuraz II capitalized on the eruption of chaos in mainland Iran. In the ensuing period Heraclius II made alliances with the khans of the area, established a leading position in the southern Caucasus, and requested Russian aid. In 1762, he succeeded his father as king of Kartli, and with already being king of Kakheti, eastern Georgia thus became politically unified for

1092-593: The metropolitan region. As for Gardabani, this mainly concerned the area on the northeast side of Tbilisi within the S9 Tbilisi Bypass , but also a large swath on the south side of Tbilisi. The municipality lost several settlements and many residents. On August 8, 9, and 10, 2008, during the Russo-Georgian War , Russian planes bombed the Vaziani Air Force Base, located 20 kilometers east of Tbilisi in

1134-411: The municipality of Gardabani. Only the base was damaged and there were no casualties. Gardabani Municipality is administratively divided into 18 communities (თემი, temi) with 40 villages (სოფელი, sopeli). There is one city (ქალაქი, kalaki). The population of Gardabani Municipality is 80,329 according to the 2021 estimate, which is a 2% decrease from the last census of 2014. According to the 2014 census,

1176-508: The next few years, having secured mainland Iran, the new Iranian king set out to reconquer the Caucasus and to re-impose its traditional suzerainty over the region. After Heraclius II refused to denounce the treaty with Russia and to voluntarily reaccept Iran's suzerainty in return for peace and prosperity for his kingdom, Agha Mohammad Khan invaded Kartli-Kakheti, captured and sacked Tbilisi , effectively bringing it back under Iranian control. This

1218-407: The part of the vali of Georgia. Finding an interval of peace amid their own quarrels and with northern, western, and central Persia secure, the Iranians demanded Heraclius II to renounce the treaty with Russia and to re-accept Persian suzerainty, in return for peace and the security of his kingdom. The Ottomans, Iran's neighboring rival, recognized the latter's rights over Kartli and Kakheti for

1260-439: The same decades, the copper coins struck at Tbilisi bore three types of iconography ; Christian, Georgian, "and even" Imperial Russian (such as the double-headed eagle ). By minting the silver coins with a reference to Karim Khan Zand on it they were usable for trade in Iran, whereas the copper coins, struck for only local use, reflected Heraclius II's political orientation towards Russia. While Heraclius II's court maintained

1302-493: The support of European powers, and to attract Western scientists and technicians to give his country the benefit of the latest military and industrial techniques. His style of governing resembled that of contemporary enlightened despots in Central Europe . He exercised executive, legislative, and judicial authority and closely supervised the activities of government departments. Heraclius's primary objective in internal policy

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1344-571: The then ruling monarch of Russia, viewed Georgia as a pivot for her Caucasian policy, as Russia's new aspirations were to use it as a base of operations against both Iran and the Ottoman Empire, both immediate bordering geo-political rivals of Russia. On top of that, having another port on the Georgian coast of the Black Sea would be ideal. A limited Russian contingent of two infantry battalions with four artillery pieces arrived in Tbilisi in 1784, but

1386-455: The throne, Heraclius II having changed the succession order at the behest of his third wife, Queen Darejan (Darya) , to favor the accession of younger brothers of deceased kings over their own sons. The resulting dynastic upheaval prompted King George to secretly invite Paul I of Russia to invade Kartli-Kakheti, subdue the Bagrationi princes, and govern the kingdom from St. Petersburg , on

1428-446: Was created in 1762 by the unification of the two eastern Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti . From the early 16th century, according to the 1555 Peace of Amasya , these two kingdoms were under Iranian control. In 1744, Nader Shah granted the kingship of Kartli to Teimuraz II and that of Kakheti to his son Heraclius II , as a reward for their loyalty. When Nader Shah died in 1747, Teimuraz II and Heraclius II capitalized on

1470-597: Was elected council member for the Karajaz district. According to historians, she was the first Muslim woman in the world to get elected through democratic elections, with universal suffrage. Karayaz was situated on one of the main routes of the Red Army from Azerbaijan during the Soviet invasion of Georgia in February 1921, mainly due to the Baku - Tiflis railway line through the district and

1512-794: Was held in October 2021 . Davit Kargareteli of Georgian Dream was elected as mayor. The municipality's incomes comes from : Industry (mostly the Gardabani power plants ), construction, services, agriculture and public services. The priority for the municipality is the development of agriculture and industry. The incomes of the population come mostly from agriculture and minor businesses (such as shops) and public services. 41°27′N 45°06′E  /  41.450°N 45.100°E  / 41.450; 45.100 Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti The Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti ( Georgian : ქართლ-კახეთის სამეფო , romanized : kartl-k'akhetis samepo )

1554-464: Was inconceivable and had to be resisted in the same way as one would resist an attempt at the separation of Fars or Gilan. It was therefore natural for Agha Mohammad Khan to perform whatever necessary means in the Caucasus in order to subdue and reincorporate the recently lost regions following Nader Shah's death and the collapse of the Zands, including putting down what in Iranian eyes was seen as treason on

1596-523: Was short-lived this time, and the next few years were years of muddling and confusion. In 1797, Agha Mohammad Khan was assassinated in his tent in Shusha , the capital of the Karabakh khanate , which he had taken just some days earlier. On January 14, 1798, as King Heraclius II died, and he was succeeded on the throne by his eldest son, George XII (1746–1800) who, on February 22, 1799, recognized his own eldest son,

1638-567: Was short-lived, however, for Agha Mohammad Khan was assassinated two years later. Heraclius II himself died a year after that. The following years, which were spent in confusion, culminated in 1801 with the official annexation of the kingdom by Paul I within the Russian Empire during the nominal ascension of Heraclius's son George XII to the Kartli-Kakhetian throne. Following the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813, Iran officially ceded

1680-601: Was successful in retaining internal autonomy in his kingdom. Heraclius II's "curiously ambivalent position" in these decades is reflected in the coins issued by him in his realm. Silver coins were struck with the name of Ismail III on it, or with the Zand -style inscription ya karim ("O Gracious One"), whereby an epithet to God was invoked, which actually referred to Karim Khan Zand . These coins were minted in Tbilisi up until 1799 – some twenty years after Karim Khan Zand's death. In

1722-534: Was to further centralize the government through reducing the powers of the aristocracy . For this purpose, he attempted to create a governing élite composed of his own agents to replace the self-minded aristocratic lords in local affairs. In the last few decades of the 18th century, Georgia had become a more important element in Russo-Iranian relations than some provinces in northern mainland Iran, such as Mazandaran or even Gilan . Unlike Peter I , Catherine ,

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1764-504: Was withdrawn, despite the frantic protests of the Georgians, in 1787 as a new war against Ottoman Turkey had started on a different front. The consequences of these events came a few years later, when a new dynasty, the Qajars , emerged victorious in the protracted power struggle in Iran. Qajar shah, Agha Mohammad Khan, as his first objective, resolved to bring the Caucasus again fully under

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