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109-428: Various ruins now mark the site of the old town, including traces of fortifications and several kilns. There were previously several old churches as well, but only the buildings' foundations are still extant. The present village of Gaziköy is located below the old town's acropolis . The ancient site of Serrion Teichos may have been at or near Ganos. The name Ganos is derived from nearby Mount Ganos . The settlement

218-402: A Bulgarian noble, so their descendants could not threaten his own children's claim to the imperial succession. Michael tried to keep the blinding of John a secret, keeping up a pretense that the boy’s formal coronation had merely been postponed. Eventually the news leaked out, and Patriarch Arsenios Autoreianos excommunicated Michael VIII. This ban was not lifted until six years later (1268) on

327-401: A Frenchman Geanaklopos describes as "blindly subservient" to Charles of Anjou. Once again, Charles had no clear brake on his ambitions to conquer Constantinople, and he moved swiftly to prepare for this new offensive. One early move was taken by Pope Martin, who on 10 April 1281, excommunicated Michael without any warning or provocation, thus disrupting the union of Lyons. Charles had prepared

436-542: A King had not then been at the helm of Italian affairs, the hegemony of Italy would with little difficulty have passed to Michael Palaeologus. Michael was also faced with a challenge on his Asian frontier. Although the peace treaty with the Seljuk Turks continued to be honored by both parties, nomadic Turkmen had begun to infiltrate the Byzantine territories, and because of Michael's preoccupation with his Western foes, there

545-532: A cheap price and then reselling it overpriced. The Catalan Company captured Ganos in July 1306, after years of incursions in the area. They remained in the city for about a year before heading west. In October or November 1326, Turkish raiders who had crossed the Propontis from Asia Minor, came and caused devastation in the region between Ganos and Rhaidestos. A severe earthquake happened on 6 November 1344, damaging Ganos and

654-559: A city ( polis ) in the province of Thrace, as does the De Thematibus of Constantine Porphyrogennetos in the early 10th century. In 813, the Bulgars under Krum pillaged both Mount Ganos and the town below. Many people from the surrounding area had taken refuge here; they were either killed or taken as prisoners. In 914, another Bulgar raid under Tsar Symeon caused devastation in Ganos. In

763-588: A grudging consent to the union. Byzantine envoys presented themselves at the Second Council of Lyon 24 June 1274, where they presented a letter from the Emperor, sealed with the imperial golden bull , and two others from his son Andronikos and the Byzantine clergy. On the fourth session of the Council the formal act of union was performed. The letters were read, and for the first time in two centuries representatives of

872-633: A long list of powers. Besides having ties of kinship with the Kings of France and Hungary, the rulers of the Serbs and Bulgars were his allies, as well as the rulers of Epirus and dissidents of the Byzantine Empire, and the leading naval power of Europe, Venice. Obviously Michael sought allies against Charles of Anjou, but they were few. Donald Nicol lists the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, who would "loan him ships", and

981-511: A military force far larger than Michael could muster. According to Marino Sanudo , Charles had 100 ships in Sicily, and 300 more in Naples, Provence, and his Greek territories, which were to carry no fewer than 8,000 cavalrymen. Geanakoplos cites surviving documents that attest to the supplies Charles had accumulated. One Angevin rescript, dated 28 October 1281, lists a collection of tools to be gathered for

1090-534: A miracle saved Michael: a violent storm destroyed Charles' fleet. "To the Greeks of Byzantium," writes Geanakoplos, "it must have seemed as if the Virgin, their protector, had saved them from disaster." After a three year interregnum, during which Charles of Anjou attempted to sway the election, a new pope was elected, Gregory X . When Michael restarted talks of union, Gregory proved to be less accommodating and negotiated from

1199-428: A more local market. In the 19th century, glazed ceramic production at Ganos was "flourishing"; many vessels were shipped to Istanbul, while others were traded further away. Most 19th-century glazed ware from Ganos was monochrome. The most common color was green, followed by yellow. The glazes were generally thick and high-quality and applied over an also thick and high-quality white slip . 19th-century glazed Ganos ware

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1308-484: A position of strength. Michael attempted to reason with Patriarch Joseph and the synod of the importance of agreeing to this union, and that the principle of oikonomia (which Geanakoplos suggests is best translated here as "considerations of self-interest") required them to accede to papal demands. But despite a propaganda campaign over the winter of 1274–1275, Michael was forced to depose Patriarch Joseph and replace him with his own supporter John Bekkos in order to obtain

1417-460: A race course), and necropolis (cemetery). This acropolis was the highest point of fortification on the south edge at Halieis. There was a small open-air cult space, including an altar and monuments. The Ankara Acropolis, which was set in modern-day Turkey, is a historically prominent space that has changed over time through the urban development of the country from the Phrygian period. This acropolis

1526-619: A rapprochement with Venice. Michael secretly negotiated a treaty with the Venetians to grant terms similar to those in the case of Nymphaeum, but Doge Raniero Zeno failed to ratify the agreement. He also signed a treaty in 1263 with the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Baibars and Berke , the Mongol Khan of Kipchak Khanate . The Battle of Benevento on 26 February 1266 brought forth a new challenger to Michael, one with whom he would struggle for

1635-427: A seed the resolution of taking Constantinople. He dreamed that if he could become the master of it, he would restore the entire monarchy, so to speak, of Julius Caesar and Augustus. He was very able not only in planning what he wished to do but in easily translating his thoughts into action. Clearly he surpassed all his predecessors in the strength of his nature and intelligence... Nevertheless, neither his actions against

1744-409: A severe earthquake . In 1877 the Ganos area was recorded as having about 5,400 Greek inhabitants. An earthquake in 1912 caused severe damage in Ganos and the village center was completely destroyed. In 1922 it had 1,037 Greek inhabitants. On the eastern outskirts of the town, and on the beach, there are various chunks of marble structures whose function is unclear; these are probably from antiquity or

1853-569: A shrewd appeal to King Louis IX of France , the leading ruler of the West and the elder brother of Charles. Louis was more interested in a crusade against Muslims controlling the Holy Land than attacking a schismatic Christian. So he had Charles join his Tunisian crusade in 1270. When Louis died in Tunisia, Charles took command, negotiated a truce, and sailed to Sicily, planning to attack Byzantium. At this point

1962-549: A synod at Neopatras that anathematized the Emperor, Patriarch, and Pope as heretics. In response, a synod was convoked at the Hagia Sophia on 16 July where both Nikephoros and John were anathematized in return. John called a final synod at Neopatras in December 1277, where an anti-unionist council of eight bishops, a few abbots, and one hundred monks, again anathematized the Emperor, Patriarch, and Pope. Michael's achievements on

2071-522: A type of wine and secondarily as a place. Ganos wine was a sweet wine, and according to the Ptochoprodromos it was above average in quality. Several shipwrecks in the region around Ganos, sometimes loaded with over 1,000 amphorae at a time, also attest to the importance of the city's wine trade. It was consumed in all corners of the empire, as well as internationally: Ganos amphorae have been found at Istanbul and Athens , on Crete and Cyprus , around

2180-519: A usurper and Sicily the rightful property of Constance. Peter welcomed refugees from Sicily, most notably John of Procida , whom he made secretary of the royal chancery. Yet Aragon was at the other end of the Mediterranean, far from Michael. Before Charles of Anjou could start for Constantinople, however, the Sicilian Vespers rebellion struck, on 30 March 1282. Charles sent four ships to handle

2289-562: A war on his Asian frontier while Western Europe, infinitely more dangerous, was opposed to him. Cahen believes that either ʿIzz ad-Dīn became an embarrassment, or perhaps the former Sultan "indulged in too open of criticism"; in either case, ʿIzz ad-Dīn was imprisoned. Mongol troops from Russia eventually freed him, and carried him off to the Crimea where he lived out his life. A series of military setbacks followed. In 1263 Michael sent 15,000 men, including 5,000 Seljuk mercenaries , to Morea with

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2398-618: Is now officially known as Gaziköy. Rarely, the form Gannos (Greek: Γάννος) is attested. The 12th-century geographer al-Idrisi rendered the town's name in Arabic as Qānūs . Ganos also appears in various European portolan charts , nautical charts, and descriptions of coasts under names such as Logam , Longam , Lo Gano , etc. Ganos is located on the Sea of Marmara , about 4.5 km (2.8 mi) north of Höşkoy (ancient Chora) and about 27 km southwest of Tekirdağ (ancient Rhaidestos). Overlooking

2507-405: Is restricted to a few forms; mainly bowls, jugs, and cooking pots. Until the late 13th century, Ganos was still an ordinary diocese, subordinate to the metropolitan of Herakleia . In 1324, Ganos was elevated to an archbishopric (along with a donation of 50 hyperpera paid to the patriarch of Constantinople). It held the status of metropolitan diocese by December 1329, when its metropolitan Menas

2616-451: Is the Rock of Cashel . In Central Italy , many small rural communes still cluster at the base of a fortified habitation known as rocca of the commune. Other parts of the world have developed other names for the high citadel, or alcázar , which often have reinforced a naturally strong site. Because of this, many cultures have included acropolises in their societies, however, do not use

2725-494: Is the core of the village today. Ganos is already mentioned by the 4th century BCE; according to legend it was founded by settlers in the company of Byzas , founder of Byzantium . Pliny the Elder also mentioned Ganos in the 1st century CE. Little is known about the ancient Ganos. One local goddess, known as Thea Ganeia (Greek: Θέα Γάνεια ), is attested in inscriptions. The 6th-century Synekdemos of Hierokles describe Ganos as

2834-516: The Partitio Imperii Romaniae assigned Ganos to the Venetians. During the period of Latin rule, the local wine production does not seem to have been interrupted. John III Doukas Vatatzes began campaigns against the Latins in the spring of 1235; these campaigns probably affected the hinterland of Ganos in some way. Ganos probably came under Byzantine control again at this point. In 1264, there

2943-667: The Battle of Tagliacozzo on 23 August 1268. And looking for help to restore the Latin Empire , on May 1267, Charles concluded the Treaty of Viterbo with the exiled Emperor Baldwin II and William II Villehardouin under the guidance of Pope Clement IV . In many ways Michael and Charles were alike. Geanakoplos quotes Nicephorus Gregoras 's comparison of the two men at length: Charles, motivated not by small but great ambitions, implanted in his mind like

3052-835: The Bulgarians , leaving the Anatolian frontier neglected. His successors could not compensate for this change of focus, and both the Arsenite schism and two civil wars which occurred from 1321–1328 and 1341–1347 undermined further efforts toward territorial consolidation and recovery, draining the empire's strength, economy, and resources. Regular conflict between Byzantine successor states such as Trebizond , Epirus , Bulgaria and Serbia resulted in permanent fragmentation of former Byzantine territory and opportunity for increasingly successful conquests of expansive territories by post- Seljuk Anatolian beyliks , most notably that of Osman , later called

3161-507: The Fourth Crusade . His mother does not appear to have played a significant role in his early life; at least for a time, he was brought up by his elder sister Martha, the wife of megas domestikos Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes , although she was only ten years older than he. Michael rose to distinction at an early age, serving as the governor of the Thracian towns of Melnik and Serres under

3270-532: The Ottoman Empire . Michael VIII Palaiologos was the son of the megas domestikos Andronikos Palaiologos by Theodora Angelina Palaiologina , the granddaughter of Emperor Alexios III Angelos and Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina . According to Deno John Geanakoplos, Michael's ancestry could be traced back to all three imperial houses that ruled the empire in the centuries before the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 by

3379-490: The Theotokos or Laodegetria, stood in the lower town by the shore. The church of Hagios Charalampes was the site of storage of an 18th-century icon of St. Athanasios, which is one of the few surviving works of art that refer to the theologian's work on Mount Athos. A hagiasma of Hagia Paraskeve is also known in Ganos. As of 1999 there were still four allegedly post-Byzantine churches in the viciinity of Ganos, two of which were to

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3488-503: The 10th-13th centuries. Large amounts of wine were produced at Ganos, as well as many amphorae were manufactured to store it. The town had an advantageous location for this trade, since the climate was good for viticulture, there was plenty of clay that could be used to produce the amphorae, and with harbor access for ease of export. Ganos was especially known for its wine — the Suda , a 10th-century encyclopedia, referred to Ganos primarily as

3597-903: The Bulgarian portion of Thrace , while the internal situation of the Bulgarian Empire remained unstable. In 1275, Michael VIII sent an army against Thessaly and fleet of 73 ships to harass the Latin states in Greece. The army was crushingly defeated at the Battle of Neopatras , but the fleet won a similarly comprehensive victory at the Battle of Demetrias . Last was his victory over Charles of Anjou in western Greece. Charles' general Hugh of Sully with 8,000 men (including 2,000 cavalry) captured Butrinto in 1280 and besieged Berat . A Byzantine army of relief under Michael Tarchaneiotes arrived in March 1281: Hugh of Sully

3706-450: The Byzantine Empire for almost two centuries, longer than any other in Roman history. Also, during his reign there was a temporary naval revival in which the Byzantine navy consisted of 80 ships. In 1253, Michael VIII Palaiologos married Theodora Palaiologina , a grandniece of John III Doukas Vatatzes , Emperor of Nicaea . Orphaned in childhood, she was raised by her great-uncle John III, who

3815-733: The Classical period. The acropolis was constructed in the fourth century BCE by the Hekatomnids that ultimately led to its seizure in 334 BCE by Alexander the Great . The acropolis contributed significantly to the overall development that took place during the Hellenistic empires. This acropolis was the earliest place of settlement, probably dating back to the third millennium BCE. During excavations that took place in 1989, ceramic items, terracotta figurines, coins, bone and stone objects were found that date to

3924-714: The Fourth Crusade. He repopulated the capital, building its population from 35,000 when he took power to 70,000 by the end of his reign, and restored damaged churches, monasteries, and public buildings. He was acutely aware of the danger posed by the possibility that the Latin West , particularly his neighbors in Italy, would unite against him and attempt the restoration of Latin rule in Constantinople. John IV had remained at Nicaea, largely eclipsed by Michael. According to Akropolites,

4033-510: The Greeks nor those of Michael Palaeologus against the Latins could be brought to a successful conclusion. For the strength of both was for a long time so evenly matched that it was well said (this was the opinion of discerning people) that if at that time such an Emperor had not been directing Greek affairs, the Empire would easily have succumbed to Charles, the King of Italy [ sic ]; and, conversely, if such

4142-769: The Latin mercenaries in the employment of the emperors of Nicaea , he was still mistrusted. Following the death of John Vatatzes, Michael crossed the Sangarios River with a few close friends and took service with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum . From late 1256 to 1258, he served as commander of the Christian mercenaries fighting for Sultan Kaykaus II ; in that later year the Emperor Theodore II Doukas Laskaris recalled Michael, and after both exchanged oaths of loyalty and guarantees of safety, Michael returned to

4251-523: The Ottoman period, with only a minor interruption in the early 14th century when the Catalan Company 's raids damaged the surrounding region. The 12th-century Arabic geographer al-Idrisi wrote favorably about the spacious streets and shops of Ganos and Panion . He gave the distance between Ganos and the inland town of Rusion as one day's journey . There was another Bulgarian invasion in 1199. In 1204,

4360-659: The Roman Empire and was known as "the Greece of Greece," as coined by an unknown poet. Although originating in the mainland of Greece, use of the acropolis model quickly spread to Greek colonies such as the Dorian Lato on Crete during the Archaic Period . The Tepecik Acropolis at Patara served as a harbor to nearby communities and naval forces, such as Antigonos I Monopthalmos and Demetrios Poliorketes , and combined land and sea. Its fortification wall and Bastion date back to

4469-618: The Tatars of the Golden Horde in South Russia who "could keep an eye on the Bulgarians". His ambassadors visited the court of Roman-German King Rudolph of Habsburg , but he was aloof. King Peter III of Aragon proved more welcoming, for he had his own reasons to hate Charles. According to Geanakoplos, Peter's wife Constance was the daughter of Manfred, and for this reason Peter considered Charles

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4578-672: The Venetians, the most famous of which was led by the Hortatzoi brothers Georgios and Theodore of Mesi in Rethymnon, with a duration of six years, causing most significant harm to the Venetian occupants and economic interests of Venice. Michael VIII had aimed to eventually bring Venice, an ally of Charles of Anjou, to the table of negotiations, as he did, at his court in Constantinople. Michael VIII died in Pachomios village, Thrace on 11 December 1282. He

4687-401: The appointment of patriarch Joseph I . In the words of Geanaklopos, "With the fall of Constantinople, the papacy suffered not only a loss of political prestige but severe damage to its spiritual authority as well. For the Greeks had now effectively reasserted their right to a church divorced from Rome. Thus it became the task of each of the six successive popes of Michael's reign to accomplish

4796-534: The author of the conspiracy that led to the Sicilian Vespers, Michael has been seen as the instigator. Geanakoplos, while admitting that Michael was in contact with the leaders of the revolt beforehand, asserts "that Michael Palaeologus, on his part, had nothing to do with the incident at the church of Santo Spirito is beyond question." Furthermore, Michael VIII was instrumental in instigating revolts in Crete against

4905-489: The battlefield were more positive, although still mixed. He tried to take advantage of a civil war in Bulgaria in the late 1270s, but the Byzantine armies suffered several major defeats at the hands of the peasant Emperor Ivaylo . The Emperor managed to temporarily impose his son-in-law Ivan Asen III on the Bulgarian throne, but after the Byzantine defeat at Devina he had to flee. However, Michael VIII later managed to conquer

5014-487: The captured city first reached Michael's sister Eulogia Palaiologina , who awoke her brother at dawn. He was not convinced until a messenger arrived from Strategopoulos bearing the crown and sword Baldwin had abandoned in his flight from his palace. Michael VIII entered the city on 15 August and had himself crowned emperor . Once in control of Constantinople, Michael abolished all Latin customs and reinstated most Byzantine ceremonies and institutions as they had existed before

5123-878: The central complex of overlapping structures, such as plazas and pyramids, in many Maya cities , including Tikal and Copán . Acropolis is also the term used by archaeologists and historians for the urban Castro culture settlements located in Northwestern Iberian hilltops. It is primarily associated with the Greek cities of Athens , Argos (with Larisa ), Thebes (with Cadmea ), Corinth (with its Acrocorinth ), and Rhodes (with its Acropolis of Lindos ). It may also be applied generically to all such citadels including Rome, Carthage , Jerusalem , Celtic Bratislava , Asia Minor , or Castle Rock in Edinburgh . An example in Ireland

5232-480: The city of La Blanca's rulers. Its main period of usage was during the Classical period of 600 AD to 850 AD, as the city developed as a commercial place of trade among a number of nearby settlements. The Mayan Acropolis site in Guatemala included a burial site and vaulted tombs of the highest status royal. This funerary structure was integrated into this sacred landscape, and illustrated the prosperity of power between

5341-552: The city. Rumors of reinforcements for the beleaguered city forced Michael to sign a one-year truce with the Latin Emperor Baldwin II that August. Realizing that he needed a navy to effectively besiege Constantinople, Michael concluded the Treaty of Nymphaeum with Genoa in March of the following year. Genoese help proved to be unneeded when Michael VIII's general Alexios Strategopoulos captured Constantinople from Baldwin II through treachery on 25 July 1261. News of

5450-607: The co-emperor of the Empire of Nicaea from 1259 to 1261. Michael VIII was the founder of the Palaiologan dynasty that would rule the Byzantine Empire until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. He recovered Constantinople from the Latin Empire in 1261 and transformed the Empire of Nicaea into a restored Byzantine Empire . His reign saw considerable recovery of Byzantine power, including

5559-515: The coast of Anatolia, and in southern Italy, the Levant , Egypt, and the Black Sea region. It was also traded inland to the north: Sarkel , Kievan Rus , and Lund and Sigtuna in present-day Sweden. Although there is an abundance of archaeological evidence, texts do not say anything about the "organization of viticulture" at Ganos, such as who controlled the production of wine and amphorae, or who owned

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5668-484: The command of his father Andronikos. However, in the autumn of 1253, Michael was accused before the Emperor John III Vatatzes of plotting against the throne. The only way Michael was allowed to prove his innocence was through trial by ordeal , holding a red-hot iron. When the Emperor ordered him to take hold of the red-hot metal, the young Michael answered (to use Geanakoplos' words) "with the astuteness that

5777-564: The concentration of educational institutions in the area, including Columbia University and its affiliates, Barnard College , Teachers College , Union Theological Seminary and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America ; Manhattan School of Music ; Bank Street College of Education ; and New York Theological Seminary . The analogy is also aided by the neoclassical architecture of the Columbia University campus, which

5886-406: The defenders of Orthodoxy and gave support to the anti-unionists fleeing Constantinople. Michael at first responded with comparative leniency, hoping to win the anti-unionists through persuasion, but eventually the virulence of the protests led him to resort to force. Many anti-unionists were blinded or exiled. Two prominent monks, Meletios and Ignatios, were punished: the first had his tongue cut out,

5995-459: The discontented in the Anatolian provinces, and Michael responded there with similar viciousness: according to Vryonis, "These elements were either removed from the armies or else, alienated, they deserted to the Turks". Another attempt to clear the encroaching Turkmen from the Meaender valley in 1278 found limited success, but Antioch on the Maeander was irretrievably lost as were Tralles and Nyssa four years later. On 1 May 1277, John convoked

6104-504: The early Byzantine period. There is also a fountain in this area with an Ottoman-era inscription and two large fragments of ancient material, one of which may have originally been part of a sarcophagus lid. In the village center, there is another fountain with an inscription dating from 1817, as well as the remains of two post-Byzantine churches. On the acropolis above the present-day village, there are some remains of walls, as well as ruined buildings and many ceramic remains. As of 1922, it

6213-419: The enlargement of the Byzantine army and navy . It also included the reconstruction of the city of Constantinople, and the increase of its population. His re-establishment of the University of Constantinople contributed to the Palaeologan Renaissance , a cultural flowering between the 13th and 15th centuries. It was also at this time that the focus of the Byzantine military shifted to the Balkans, against

6322-440: The expedition, which includes "two thousand iron mattocks, three thousand iron stakes, sledges for smashing rocks, ropes, iron shovels, axes, and kettles for boiling pitch." Another orders the delivery of "four thousand iron stakes that are under construction in Venice." A third consists of instructions to a Pisan merchant for 2,500 shields of various sizes, all to be emblazoned with his royal emblem of lilies. Allied with Charles were

6431-403: The fourth century BCE. The fortification wall and bastion that are built at this acropolis uses a style of masonry, commonly known as the Greek word ἔμπλεκτον (meaning "woven"). This style of masonry was likely used for weight-bearing purposes. The Acropolis at Halieis dates back to the Neolithic and Classical periods. It included a fortified wall, sanctuary of Apollo (two temples, an altar,

6540-443: The goal of conquering the Principality of Achaea , but this expedition failed in a surprise rout at Prinitza . Later that year a mixed fleet of 48 imperial and Genoese ships was defeated by a smaller Venetian force at the Battle of Settepozzi . The following year, the imperial forces in Morea were again defeated at Makryplagi after the Seljuk mercenaries, who had not been paid, changed sides. The nadir of Michael's disasters came in

6649-493: The greater populace, led by the monks and the adherents of the deposed Patriarch Arsenios, known as the Arsenites. One of the chief anti-unionist leaders was Michael's own sister Eulogia , who fled to the court of her daughter Maria Palaiologina Kantakouzene , Tsarina of the Bulgars, from where she intrigued unsuccessfully against Michael. More serious was the opposition of the sons of Michael of Epirus, Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas and his half-brother John I Doukas : they posed as

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6758-408: The immediate time, the possibility of an attack from enemies on his Western borders, but also improved Michael's legitimacy by showing him as a competent leader. Despite this brilliant victory, only one event could remove the stigma of usurper completely from the eyes of his subjects – recovery of Constantinople itself. In 1260 Michael personally led an unsuccessful attempt to capture

6867-863: The local wine industry is unknown. The area around Ganos is still used for wine production; there are various major wineries in the area such as Mey and Doluca as well as local, small-scale wineries like Melen and Ganos. A particular type of amphora is associated with Ganos and its wine. These amphorae, which Nergis Günsenin classifies as "Günsenin I", are small, pear-shaped amphorae generally ranging from 28-48 cm in height and, unlike ancient Greek and Roman amphorae, without toes. The different sizes of Ganos amphorae may represent various multiples of some standard Byzantine unit of measurement. Kilns that produced these amphorae have been excavated at Ganos and nearby Chora, as well as two on Marmara Island (one at Saraylar and another at Topagaç), and there were probably also kilns producing similar amphorae at other sites throughout

6976-403: The major Eastern and Western branches of Christianity were again in communion. Michael VIII achieved an important advantage by this union, for now he gained legitimacy both for possessing Constantinople and for his claims to the lands occupied by Western invaders. Further, his antagonist Charles could not rely on the power of the pope calling for a crusade against his realm. Lastly, Pope Gregory

7085-423: The middle Byzantine period, Ganos was part of a major wine-growing region which covered the triangle between Ganos, Chora, and Melio . The vineyards may have been part of estates belonging to the monasteries on Mount Ganos. This monastic community is attested since at least the 10th century. According to Armstrong and Günsenin, the growth of Ganos as a town was because of these vineyards producing wine for export —

7194-420: The most commonly-known, Acropolis of Athens , as well as the Tepecik Acropolis at Patara , Ankara Acropolis, Acropolis of La Blanca , Acropolis at the Maya Site in Guatemala, and the Acropolis at Halieis . The most famous example is the Athenian Acropolis, which is a collection of structures featuring a citadel on the highest part of land in ancient (and modern-day) Athens, Greece. Many notable structures at

7303-399: The nearby towns of Chora and Marmara. In the aftermath there was unrest in the area between supporters and opponents of Ioannes Kantakouzenos . After another earthquake damaged Ganos in 1354, the Ottomans were able to capture it. Ceramic production was interrupted for a few decades after the Ottoman conquest, but then resumed on a smaller scale, as did wine growing. In 1766 Ganos was hit by

7412-442: The north of the town, which were likely the complexes of H. Paraskeve, H. Konstantinos, H. Elissaios, and H. Kyrillos, which in recent years have been torn down leaving only the foundation walls. Several other small churches (parekklesia) include the H. Menas, H. Ioannes Theologos, H. Elissaios, H. Demetrios, Panagia he Elaiousa, H. Aikatherina, and Zoodochos Pege. Somewhere near Ganos on the way to Eudemion, according to Germides, there

7521-416: The nuclei of large cities of classical ancient times, and served as important centers of a community. Some well-known acropolises have become the centers of tourism in present-day, and, especially, the Acropolis of Athens has been a revolutionary center for the studies of ancient Greece since the Mycenaean period. Many of them have become a source of revenue for Greece, and represent some great technology during

7630-451: The old administration without endeavouring to correct its failures. In recovering Constantinople and investing in the defence of his European provinces, Michael VIII began to denude the Anatolian frontier of its troops and was forced to lower their pay or cancel their tax exemptions. This policy led to the gradual collapse of the frontier, which was infiltrated by Turkish bands even before his death. The Palaiologan dynasty he established ruled

7739-415: The period. An acropolis is defined by the Greek definition of ἀκρόπολις , akropolis ; from akros ( άκρος ) or akron ( άκρον ) meaning “highest; edge; extremity”, and polis ( πόλις ) meaning “city.” The plural of acropolis ( ακρόπολη ) is acropolises , also commonly as acropoleis and acropoles , and ακροπόλεις in Greek. The term acropolis is also used to describe

7848-496: The public had never really viewed John as emperor - his name was virtually stricken from government business after the death of his father Theodore II , and he had not featured in Michael’s coronation ceremony as co-ruler. In December 1261, Michael VIII took the final step of having John blinded and relegated to a monastery, rendering him permanently ineligible for the throne. Michael quickly married off John's sisters to two Italians and

7957-442: The rest of his life: Charles of Anjou . Michael, as Geanaklopos emphasizes, "from 1266 until shortly before his death in 1282 ... was constrained to devote almost complete attention to the defeat of Charles, the fulfillment of whose ambition would have brought about the destruction of the Byzantine Empire and reimposition of Latin rule in Constantinople." Charles strengthened his hold on the kingdom of Sicily by defeating Conradin at

8066-472: The return of the schismatics to the Roman fold." Michael was aware of the immense influence the Curia had in the West, so he immediately dispatched an embassy to Pope Urban IV consisting of two envoys; upon reaching Italy, the men were seized and one was flayed alive, while the other succeeded in escaping back to friendlier territories. Michael also approached Manfred of Sicily to achieve some kind of accord. In

8175-521: The revolt, but when the rebels took control of Messina , he ordered the men and materiel assembled for use against Michael to besiege that city; meanwhile seventy Angevin ships at the arsenal of Messina were destroyed. Eventually Charles lifted the siege, and Peter of Aragon landed in Sicily to reclaim the island for his wife. Beginning with Pope Martin's bull dated 18 November 1282, wherein he again excommunicated Michael—as well as Peter of Aragon, John of Procida, and Michael's emissary Benedetto Zaccaria —as

8284-596: The royal figures of Pedras Negras in Guatemala. Acropolises today have become the epicenters of tourism and attraction sites in many modern-day Greek cities. The Athenian Acropolis, in particular, is the most famous, and has the best vantage point in Athens, Greece. Today, tourists can purchase tickets to visit the Athenian Acropolis, including walking, sightseeing, and bus tours, as well as a classic Greek dinner. Because of its classical Hellenistic and Greco-Roman style,

8393-546: The ruins of Mission San Juan Capistrano's Great Stone Church in California, United States has been called an American Acropolis. The civilization developed its religious, educational, and cultural aspects of the acropolis, and is used today as a location that holds events, such as operas. The neighborhood of Morningside Heights in New York City is commonly referred to as the "Academic Acropolis" due to its high elevation and

8502-442: The same basic kilns used to produce unglazed ceramics. As a result, more places throughout the Byzantine world started producing glazed ceramics in the late 11th century; Ganos was one such place. Although Kufesque motifs were very common in Byzantine pottery during this period, nothing from Ganos has been found with those designs — instead, they were decorated with simple linear designs or, sometimes, dots. This may indicate that it

8611-437: The same name for them. The acropolis of a city was used in many ways, with regards to ancient time and through references. Because an acropolis was built at the highest part of a city, it served as a highly functional form of protection, a fortress, and was as well as a home to the royal of a city and a centre for religion through the worshipping of different gods. There have been many classical and ancient acropolises, including

8720-463: The second was blinded. Even imperial officials were harshly treated, and the death penalty was decreed even for simply reading or possessing pamphlets directed against the Emperor. "From the intensity of these disorders, tantamount almost to civil wars," concludes Geanakoplos, "it might appear that too great a price had been paid for the sake of union." The religious situation only worsened for Michael. The Arsenite party found widespread support amongst

8829-403: The service of the Emperor. A few days after the death of Emperor Theodore Laskaris in 1258, Michael Palaiologos instigated a coup against the influential bureaucrat George Mouzalon , seizing from him the guardianship of the eight-year-old Emperor John IV Doukas Laskaris . Michael was invested with the titles of megas doux and, on 13 November 1258, of despotes . On 1 January 1259, Michael

8938-515: The ships used to transport it. Günsenin uses analogy to other documented monastic centers to conclude that the monastery likely played a significant role in the local wine industry. Like some monasteries, it may have owned its own ships and employed skilled shipbuilders in town, and it likely derived a significant amount of its income from wine production. The monastery is known to have had several metochia on Marmara Island, which likely were also used for wine production. The monastery's actual share of

9047-568: The site were constructed in the 5th century BCE, including the Propylaea , Erechtheion , and the Temple of Athena. The Temple is also commonly known as the Parthenon , which is derived from the divine Athena Parthenos. There were often dances, music and plays held at the acropolis, which it served as a community centre for the city of Athens. It became a prime tourist destination by the 2nd century AD during

9156-523: The spring of 1265, when an army of Tatars and Bulgars under Nogai Khan ravaging Thrace ambushed Michael Palaeologos when he was returning to Constantinople accompanied by only a few troops. Deserted by even his own officers, who fled to save their own lives, Michael was able to escape by crossing the Ganos Mountains and reaching the Marmora coast, where he happened upon two Latin ships. He quickly boarded

9265-447: The summer of 1262, Michael offered to divorce his wife Theodora and marry Manfred's sister Anna . This offer failed spectacularly: not only did Anna reject his proposal, Theodora turned to Patriarch Arsenios for help. The Patriarch confronted the emperor and pressured him to abandon his plans. Michael yielded and sent Anna back to her brother with gifts. This gesture helped to secure the release of his general Alexios Strategopoulos. It

9374-417: The town grew up around the harbor where the wine was shipped out. The wine was stored in amphorae manufactured in kilns along the coast, including in the town of Ganos. The earliest amphorae from Ganos are dated to the early 11th century. By the late 11th century, glazed ceramics were being produced at Ganos, possibly because of a population increase stimulating demand. Local ceramic production continued into

9483-404: The town is the namesake Mount Ganos . The coastal strip beneath the mountain is fertile and well-watered, and there are extensive clay deposits in the ground. This clay is "exceptionally pure and rich in minerals". The region's climate is well-suited to viticulture . The settlement is divided into two parts. The acropolis was the core of the ancient settlement, while the lower surrounding area

9592-438: The vessels, and two days later safely arrived at Constantinople. "Thus did Michael survive one of the narrowest escapes of his career," notes Geanakoplos. The military advantages Michael enjoyed after capturing Constantinople had evaporated, but he would demonstrate his diplomatic skills to successfully recover from these drawbacks. After Settepozzi, Michael VIII dismissed the 60 Genoese galleys that he had hired earlier and began

9701-918: The west part of the structure (the Erechtheion), as well as the Parthenon itself. Most excavations have been able to provide archaeologists with samples of pottery, ceramics, and vessels. The excavation of the Acropolis of Halieis produced remains that provided context that dated the Acropolis at Halieis from the Final Neolithic period through the first Early Helladic period. Michael VIII Palaiologos Michael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus ( Greek : Μιχαὴλ Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος , romanized :  Mikhaēl Doukas Angelos Komnēnos Palaiologos ; 1224 – 11 December 1282) reigned as Byzantine emperor from 1261 until his death in 1282, and previously as

9810-453: The wine-producing region on the northern coast of the Sea of Marmara. The kilns on Marmara Island probably used clay from Ganos itself. Günsenin I amphorae have been found alongside artifacts dated to the 11th and 12th centuries, indicating that they were made and used during at least that period. Amphora production appears to have begun at Ganos in the early 11th century, at a time when its monastery

9919-491: Was a just and holy war, then the forces Michael could call on could not prevent its success. Michael returned to negotiating a union of the churches with Pope Clement IV, which he had agreed to, but the latter's death in November 1268 put an end to this approach. According to Geanakoplos, only a lack of resources prevented Charles from immediately launching an attack against Michael. Looking for some restraint on Charles, Michael made

10028-411: Was a shift in the type of flux used in ceramics production throughout the Byzantine world. Both fluxes were mostly lead , but the new one had less silica impurities, which allowed pottery firing at a lower temperature. Under the old method, glazed pottery production had required specialized, fairly sophisticated kilns capable of reaching higher temperatures, but now glazed ceramics could be produced in

10137-476: Was also a small "Koimesis tes Theotokou" with an old Marian church which was damaged by the Bulgarians in 1913 and completely destroyed in 1916; this may have been identical to the Theotokos church in Ganos. In Ganos, many ancient and Byzantine inscriptions have been found, including a fragment of a metrical inscription from the 12th or 13th century. There are also remains of kilns dating to the Byzantine period, from

10246-452: Was ambushed and captured, and his army put to flight. Geanaklopos considers that most scholars do not appreciate fully the importance of this victory: "this victory marked the complete failure of the attempt to launch a land expedition against the capital. Thus ... Charles had to shift his strategy to a sea attack against Constantinople". On 22 February 1281 a new Pope was selected, Pope Martin IV ,

10355-442: Was an incursion of Tatars and Bulgarians into eastern Thrace; the emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos was in the region at the time, and he embarked on ship at Ganos to go to Constantinople. In late December 1284, church officials from the diocese of Ganos wrote to the emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and complained that cattle breeders in imperial service in the region between Kallipolis and Ganos were buying up supplies of grain at

10464-717: Was around this time that Michael was presented with a dangerous distraction: ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kaykāwūs , who had been deposed as Sultan of the Seljuk Turks by a coalition led by the Pervane Mu‘in al-Din Suleyman , arrived seeking help from his old friend. But as Claude Cahen notes, he "was to be cruelly disappointed." Michael favored the Mongols of Iran, who supported ʿIzz ad-Dīn's enemy the Pervane, against those of Russia. Further, he could not risk

10573-595: Was denied burial in Constantinople due to his persecution of the Church in support of union with Rome, so was instead laid to rest in a monastery called Nea Mone in the region of Rhaidestos (modern Tekirdağ ). Three years later, in 1285, his remains were moved to the monastery of Christ in Selymbria , where in 1260 he had reburied the body of Basil II . In reconstituting the Byzantine Empire Michael VIII restored

10682-420: Was designed by McKim, Mead & White in the early 20th century. Much of the modern-day uses of acropolises have been discovered through excavations that have developed over the course of many years. For example, the Athenian Acropolis includes a Great Temple that holds the Parthenon, a specific space for ancient worship. Through today's findings and research, the Parthenon treasury is able to be recognized as

10791-407: Was flourishing. By the late 11th century, glazed ceramics had begun to be produced at Ganos. This may be because of a combination of factors: increased demand and new technology. The increased demand would be from an increase in population — expanding wine production may have meant that new agricultural laborers were being employed, which meant more demand for pottery. As for the new technology, there

10900-591: Was formally proclaimed emperor ( basileus ), most likely without John IV, in Nymphaion . In 1259, Michael VIII defeated the alliance of William of Villehardouin , Prince of Achaea , and Michael II Komnenos Doukas of Epirus at the Battle of Pelagonia . According to Geanakoplos, "In the period immediately preceding the Nicene reconquest of Constantinople in 1261 no event was of greater importance than Michael Palaeologus' victory at Pelagonia." This not only neutralized, for

11009-416: Was intended for "local circulation" instead of export. Ceramic production does not seem to have been interrupted by the Venetian rule in the early 1200s, but a later gap may have been caused by Catalan raids around 1300. This evidently continued into the early Ottoman period, as decreased wine production meant less demand for the ceramics. Ganos continued to produce amphorae in the Ottoman period, although for

11118-440: Was listed among the participants in a synod in Constantinople. Various other metropolitans of Ganos are attested in the 14th and 15th centuries, as late as 1561. Sometime after that, Ganos was merged with nearby Chora to form an eparchy called Ganos kai Chora or Ganochora . This is listed in a 1715 register as one of the 5 metropolitan dioceses of eastern Thrace, and also in a text from 1855. Acropolis An acropolis

11227-528: Was no organized response to this threat. Speros Vryonis also points out that due to his treatment of John IV Laskaris, "there resulted an outright alienation from Constantinople of large segments of Greek society in Bithynia and elsewhere." In 1269 Michael sent his brother the despotes John Palaiologos into the southern part of Byzantine Anatolia to clear the Maeander and Cayster valleys of Turkmen; their response

11336-568: Was reported that much of the fortifications, including both walls and towers, were in ruins. In the early 20th century there were three church buildings here. One was the Metropolis, which was dedicated to the Taxiarches (Archangels Michael and Gabriel) and is the religious building in the settlement. The other two were the Hagios Nikolaos and Hagios Charalampes churches. Another church, dedicated to

11445-488: Was the settlement of an upper part of an ancient Greek city, especially a citadel , and frequently a hill with precipitous sides, mainly chosen for purposes of defense. The term is typically used to refer to the Acropolis of Athens , yet every Greek city had an acropolis of its own. Acropolises were used as religious centers and places of worship, forts, and places in which the royal and high-status resided. Acropolises became

11554-534: Was to characterize his later career as Emperor": if the Metropolitan Phokas of Philadelphia , who evidently supported this proposal, could take the iron from the altar with his own hands and place it in Michael's, he would gladly receive it in faith that the truth would be revealed. Although Michael avoided punishment, and afterwards was married to the Emperor's grandniece and appointed megas konostaulos of

11663-678: Was to fall back before the Byzantine army, and when John was eventually recalled to face foes in Europe, the Turkmen pushed back and resumed their conquests and settlement. Thus by 1269, the cities of Trachia Studia and Strobilos on the Carian coast were firmly Turkish possessions. Michael's response to the Treaty of Viterbo was to attempt to weaken papal support for it; if the Pope was convinced Charles of Anjou's invasion

11772-453: Was very favorable to Michael's proposal for a crusade against the Turks to restore the ancient Christian cities of Anatolia; however with Gregory's death (January 1276), these plans remained nothing more than talk. More disappointments followed as news of the Council filtered through the former Byzantine territories. While the union was opposed at all levels of society, it was especially opposed by

11881-472: Was well known as a spot for holy worshipping, and was symbolic of the time. It has also been a place that has historically recognized the legislative changes that Turkey has faced.    The Acropolis of La Blanca was created in Guatemala as a small ancient Maya settlement and archaeological site that is located adjacent to the Salsipuedes River. This acropolis developed as a place of residence for

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