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12-397: Gammacoronavirus (Gamma-CoV) is one of the four genera ( Alpha -, Beta- , Gamma- , and Delta- ) of coronaviruses . It is in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae . They are enveloped , positive-sense , single-stranded RNA viruses of zoonotic origin . Coronaviruses infect both animals and humans. While the alpha and beta genera are derived from
24-580: A small number of human cases. In the mid-1940s there was an outbreak of pig disease in US, called transmissible gastroenteritis, which was characterised mainly by diarrhoea and vomiting. It was suspected to be a viral infection and was highly fatal among young pigs. Leo P. Doyle and L. M. Hutchings reported the case in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association in 1946. The virus
36-503: Is derived from Ancient Greek ἄλφα ( álpha , "the first letter of the Greek alphabet "), and κορώνη (korṓnē, "garland, wreath"), meaning crown, which describes the appearance of the surface projections seen under electron microscopy that resemble a solar corona . The virion is enveloped and spherical measuring 120–160 nm in diameter and a core shell of about 65 nm. Glycoproteins and trimers form large surface projections which create
48-478: The APN receptor . Member viruses were first recognised as viruses that caused transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs in 1965. It was originally named porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus in 1976. After subsequent discovery of canine coronavirus in dogs and feline coronavirus in cats, the three virus species were merged into a single species in 2009. The strain canine coronavirus-HuPn-2018 has been identified in
60-666: The spike protein , and a viral envelope . Alphacoronaviruses are in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae . Both the Alpha - and Betacoronavirus lineages descend from the bat viral gene pool . Alphacoronaviruses were previously known as " phylogroup 1 coronaviruses". The Alphacoronavirus genus is very diverse, particularly in bats. Most bat originating strains haven't been successfully isolated and cultured in laboratory. Alphacoronaviruses infecting other mammal species have been much better studied, see List of Coronavirus live isolates . The name alphacoronavirus
72-533: The 5'-end of the genome encode the major non-structural proteins expressed as a fusion protein by ribosomal frameshift . These include regions with protease , helicase and RNA polymerase motifs. There are seven other genes downstream which encode structural proteins. These are expressed from a 3'-coterminal nested set of subgenomic mRNAs . Both types of Alphacoronavirus 1 , feline coronavirus (FCoV) and canine coronavirus (CCoV), are known to exist in two serotypes. Serotype II targets Aminopeptidase N , while
84-418: The appearance of solar corona. This genus, like other coronaviruses, has a spike protein with a type I fusion machine (S2) and a receptor-binding domain (S1). It assembles into a trimer. Unlike beta- and gammacoronaviruses, this protein is not cleaved into two halves. The genome is positive-sense , single-stranded RNA with a length of 27 to 29 kilobases and a 3'- polyA tail. Two large, overlapping ORFs at
96-531: The bat gene pool, the gamma and delta genera are derived from the avian and pig gene pools. Gamma-CoV also known as coronavirus group 3 are the avian coronaviruses. Alphacoronavirus Alphacoronaviruses (Alpha-CoV) are members of the first of the four genera ( Alpha -, Beta- , Gamma- , and Delta- ) of coronaviruses . They are positive-sense , single-stranded RNA viruses that infect mammals , including humans . They have spherical virions with club-shaped surface projections formed by trimers of
108-504: The receptor for Serotype I is unknown. The difference is due to a different spike protein. There is a common ancestor for FCoV and CCoV. This ancestor gradually evolved into FCoV I and CCoV I. An S protein from an unknown virus was recombined into the ancestor and gave rise to CCoV II. CCoV II once again recombined with FCoV to create FCoV II. CCoV II gradually evolved into TGEV. A spike deletion in TGEV creates PRCV. All these viruses are sorted into
120-416: The subgenus Tegacovirus . The following subgenera and species are recognized: Tegacovirus Alphacoronavirus 1 is a species of coronavirus that infects cats, dogs and pigs. It includes the virus strains feline coronavirus , canine coronavirus , and transmissible gastroenteritis virus . It is an enveloped , positive-strand RNA virus which is able to enter its host cell by binding to
132-401: Was another case of coronavirus infection in cats in 1966. The virus caused inflammation of the abdomen (peritonitis) and was highly fatal. The virus was identified in 1968, and was named as Feline infectious peritonitis virus by ICTV in 1991. It was again renamed Feline coronavirus in 1999. In 1974 there was an outbreak of viral infection among US military dogs. The virus was identified as
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#1732897656662144-473: Was identified and isolated by A. W. McClurkin in 1965. The International Committee for the Nomenclature of Viruses (ICNV, later renamed International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses , ICTV, in 1975) accepted the scientific named Transmissible gastro-enteritis virus of swine in its first report in 1971, but renamed it Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (PTGV) in its second report in 1976. There
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