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71-452: Gamleby (which means "old village") was the original location of the town Västervik, first mentioned in 1275 (as Västervik). In 1433 Västervik moved to its present place, but a small settlement remained here. The bandy and football club Tjust IF has its home in Gamleby. The name Gamleby means "the old town" and refers to the fact that the town is located in the place where Västervik's city

142-682: A bandy field or bandy rink, is a sheet of ice which measures 90–110 metres by 45–65 metres, about the size of a football pitch . The field is considerably larger than the ice rinks commonly used for ice hockey . The sport has a common background with association football , ice hockey , shinty , and field hockey . Bandy's origins are debatable, but its first rules were organised and published in England in 1882. Internationally, bandy's strongest nations in both men's and women's competitions have long been Sweden and Russia ; both countries have established professional men's bandy leagues. In Russia , it

213-414: A barbecue area. There is also a mini golf course, kiosk with snack bar and restaurant. [REDACTED] Media related to Gamleby at Wikimedia Commons Bandy Bandy is a winter sport and ball sport played by two teams wearing ice skates on a large ice surface (either indoors or outdoors) while using sticks to direct a ball into the opposing team's goal. The playing surface, called

284-467: A board farm owned by the wholesaler Henrik Cornelius and a quarry that lay along Marstrandsberget, on the other side of Gamlebyviken seen from the town. The board farm, which in its heyday was the village's largest workplace, burned down in a big fire in 1920. Miraculously, however, the rest of Gamleby could be saved. Gamleby Torg, below Garpedansberget, is one of Scandinavia's few triangular squares. A few hundred meters west of Gamleby's old town center

355-452: A coach, these positions are not defined or required by the rules of the game. The positions and formations of the players in bandy are virtually the same as the common association football positions and the same terms are used for the different positions of the players. A team usually consists of defenders, midfielders and forwards. The defenders can play in the form of centre-backs, full-backs and sometimes wing-backs, midfielders playing in

426-405: A few years ago expressed interest in participating in future tournaments. Denmark and Poland have left FIB, while Switzerland debuted in the 2019 edition , as did Great Britain. Armenia wished to participate in the 2011 , but was not allowed to, as the tournament format at the time only allowed twelve teams and several more wanted to come. Of the countries which still have not taken part, India

497-458: A formation generally defines whether a player has a mostly defensive or attacking role, and whether they tend to play towards one side of the pitch or centrally. A standard adult bandy match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play; the referee can, however, make allowance for time lost through significant stoppages as described below. There

568-468: A goal to be scored without another player touching the ball. A primary rule is that players (other than the goalkeepers) may not intentionally touch the ball with their heads, hands or arms during play. Although players usually use their sticks to move the ball around, they may use any part of their bodies other than their heads, hands or arms and may use their skates in a limited manner. The rules do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper, but

639-432: A maximum of 11 players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. A team of fewer than eight players may not start a game. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, and they are only allowed to do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by

710-402: A mean skating velocity of over 16 km/h and the skating velocity can in some cases reach 37 km/h. There are eighteen rules in official play, designed to apply to all levels of bandy, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, veterans or women are permitted. The rules are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of

781-544: A number of player specialisations have evolved. Broadly, these include three main categories: Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, to discern them from the single goalkeeper. These positions are further differentiated by which side of the field the player spends most time in. For example, there are central defenders, and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in these positions in any combination (for example, there may be three defenders, five midfielders, and two forwards), and

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852-421: A paint factory in the community which became one of the community's largest employers (Akzo Nobel) until it closed in 2016. Gamleby Folkhögskola was established at the end of the 19th century in Åby manor. After that, the locality had a period of growth that lasted until about 1975, when a population peak of about 3,700 inhabitants was reached. Other industries have also been central to the town's development, e.g.

923-422: A typical game, players attempt to propel the ball toward their opponents' goal through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling , passing the ball to a teammate, and taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or tackling the opponent who controls the ball. However, physical contact between opponents

994-637: A winter sport in the Fens of East Anglia . Large expanses of ice would form on the flooded meadows or shallow washes in cold winters where fen skating , which has been a tradition dating back to at least medieval times, took place. Bandy's early recorded modernization period can be traced back to 1813. Members of the Bury Fen Bandy Club published rules of the game in 1882, and introduced it into other European countries. A variety of stick and ball games involving ice skating were introduced to North America by

1065-487: Is "bandy ball" ( 班迪球 ). In Scottish Gaelic the name is "ice shinty" ( camanachd-deighe ). In old times shinty or shinney were also sometimes used in English for bandy. Because of its similarities with association football, bandy is also nicknamed "winter football" ( Swedish : Vinterns fotboll ). With association football and hockey on ice or bandy both being popular sports in parts of Europe around 1900, bandy

1136-514: Is Gamleby shopping center, inaugurated in 1972. Examples of shops in Gamleby Shopping Center are ICA, electricity store, clothing store, pizzeria, pharmacy, kiosk, Systembolaget and restaurant. Bank and ATM are also available. In the southern outskirts of the community, Hammarsbadet is about 25 minutes walk from Gamleby shopping center which is child-friendly with docks and jumping tower of five and ten meters, beach volleyball, playground and

1207-401: Is a goalkeeper . Goalkeepers use gloves made specifically for their position and wear them on both hands but do not use any type of stick. The offside rule, which in general is similar to the one used in football, is also employed. A goal cannot be scored from a goal throw, but unlike football, a goal can be scored from a stroke-in or a corner stroke. All free strokes are "direct" and allow

1278-410: Is a fluid and fast-moving game, and (with the exception of the goalkeeper ) a player's position in a formation defines their role less rigidly than — for instance — for a rugby player, nor are there episodes in play where players must expressly line up in formation (as in gridiron football ). The bandy games are more similar to association football in this regard. Nevertheless, a player's position in

1349-669: Is an international women's ice hockey game. Helsingfors is the Swedish name for Helsinki and comes from the name of the surrounding parish, Helsinge (etymological origin of the Finnish name Helsinki) and the rapids (in Swedish: fors ), which flowed through the original town. A bandy tournament for men was held as a demonstration sport at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , but this had no world championship status. A four-nation tournament in 1954 for men

1420-442: Is called "hockey with a puck" ( хоккей с шайбой ) or more frequently just "hockey". If the context makes it clear that bandy is the subject, it as well can be called just "hockey". In Belarusian, Ukrainian and Bulgarian it is also called "hockey with a ball" ( хакей з мячoм , хокей з м'ячем and хокей с топка respectively). In Slovak "bandy hockey" ( bandyhokej ) is the name. In Armenian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Mongol and Uzbek, bandy

1491-517: Is estimated that more than one million people play bandy. The sport also has organised league play and fans in other countries, including Finland , Norway , and Kazakhstan . The premier international bandy competition for men is the Bandy World Championship and for women it is the Women's Bandy World Championship . Organised bandy started in the late nineteenth century, but until 1955, there

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1562-614: Is in Khorugh , the capital of the Tajik autonomous province of Gorno-Badakhshan . Khorugh is situated 2,200 metres (7,200 feet) above sea level in the Pamir Mountains. Since the 1950s, when the Soviet Union ended its isolation and started to take part in international sports events, there has been a reason to play world championships . The International Bandy Federation was founded in 1955 and

1633-547: Is known as "ball hockey" ( գնդակով հոկեյ , допты хоккей , топтуу хоккей , бөмбөгтэй хоккей and koptokli xokkey respectively). In Finnish the two sports are distinguished as "ice ball" ( jääpallo ) and "ice puck" ( jääkiekko ), as well as in Hungarian ( jéglabda; jégkorong ), although in Hungarian it is more often called "bandy" nowadays. In Estonian bandy is also called "ice ball" ( jääpall ). In Mandarin Chinese it

1704-556: Is limited. Bandy is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play, or when play is stopped by the referee . After a stoppage, play can recommence with a free stroke, a penalty shot or a corner stroke. If the ball has left the field along the sidelines, the referee must decide which team touched the ball last, and award a restart stroke to the opposing team, just like football's throw-in. In terms of rules, bandy has several rules that are similar to football. Each team has 11 players, one of whom

1775-510: Is located on land that originally belonged to Åby manor. This farm, which belongs to the very oldest settlement, was originally called Gammelgård and was a royal farm. Only in the 19th century did the town begin to grow again when the railway (today called Tjustbanan ) ran through the community and contributed to the growth of industries and workshops and as a central location for the surrounding countryside in Tjust. In 1963, Svenska Färgfabriken opened

1846-402: Is still the same game with the same rules indoors or outdoors and no changes are made to the rules depending on whether there's a roof overhead or not. Many games, even in the highest leagues, are still played outdoors. In Sweden there are more indoor arenas than in all other countries combined. Bandy is played on ice, using a single round bandy ball . Two teams of 11 players each compete to get

1917-430: Is usually a 15-minute half-time break. The end of the match is known as full-time. The referee is the official timekeeper for the match and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury-time , and must be reported to the match secretary and the two captains. The referee alone signals

1988-574: The United States in 1985. The interest in the sport has spread to other parts of Europe , North America and Asia , and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 also opened the way for separate national teams from the former Soviet republics. Somalia became the first team from Africa to compete, in the 2014 tournament in Irkutsk. The record number of participants is 20, set in 2019. Denmark , Switzerland , Armenia and Poland are countries that

2059-589: The 1800s but failed to organize and develop popular rules codes. However, these stick and ball games became one of the eventual antecedents of the modern sport of ice hockey , whose first rules were codified in Canada in 1875, almost a decade before the rules of modern bandy were established in Britain. The first international bandy match took place in 1891 between Bury Fen and the Haarlemsche Hockey & Bandy Club from

2130-561: The 1920s to compete in the Olympics. The smaller ice fields needed for ice hockey also made its rinks easier to maintain, especially in countries with short winters. On the other hand, ice hockey was not played in the Soviet Union until the 1950s, when the USSR wanted to compete internationally. The typical European style of ice hockey, with flowing, less physical play, represents a heritage of bandy. The first national bandy league in modern history

2201-404: The 1950s. Later, as the season for each sport increased in time, it was not as easy for the players to engage in both sports, so some clubs came to concentrate on one or the other. Many old clubs still have both sports on their program. Sten-Ove Ramberg is the last Swedish player in both national teams (1978 in bandy, 1979–1984 in football). No clear distinction between bandy and ice hockey

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2272-416: The 1980s and increasingly since the turn of the millennium, more and more indoor arenas for bandy have been built (often as joint arenas to be used also for football or speed skating). The use of indoor arenas makes the effects of the weather on a game virtually insignificant, something which earlier always have been a factor to consider for the teams and the audiences. However, unlike some other sports, bandy

2343-658: The 50th anniversary of the Ball Association of Finland , which at the time was the governing body of bandy in Finland. It was played at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . From 1961 to 2003, the men's championships were played every two years, but since then has been played annually. (During the period 1972–1990, the Rossiya Tournament was held for national teams in the years when there was no world championship. This

2414-601: The Netherlands (a club which after a couple of club fusions now is named HC Bloemendaal ). The same year, the National Bandy Association was established in England as a governing body for the sport in England. National governing federations for bandy were also founded in the 1890s in the Netherlands and Russia and in the following decade in Finland, Sweden, and Norway. The match later dubbed "the original bandy match",

2485-401: The Netherlands each had sports or pastimes, such as bando , which can be seen as forerunners of the present sport. The mid-eighteenth-century Devonshire Dialogue collection lists Bandy as "a game, like that of Golf, in which the adverse parties endeavour to beat a ball (generally a knob or gnarl from the trunk of a tree,) opposite ways... the stick with which the game is played is crook'd at

2556-512: The Nordic countries. A film from British Pathé created in 1935 called "Ice Hockey At Helsingfors On Sleeve As Ice Hockey At Halsingfors News In A Nutshell (1935)" shows an international bandy match between women bandy players from Finland and women bandy players from Sweden being played outdoors at Helsingfors Ice Stadium ( Helsinki ) in Finland where the narrator corrects the misconception that it

2627-406: The ball into the other team's goal using bandy sticks , thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner. If both teams have scored an equal number of goals, then, with some exceptions, the game is a draw . The game is designed to be played on a rectangular sheet of ice, called a bandy field , which is the same size as a football (soccer) field. In

2698-731: The best team in group B Went into a playoff match with the team which came bottom of the A-group, replacing them if they won. In 2004 the B-pool was played in a location separate from group A for the first time, at the City Park Ice Rink in Budapest . In 2013 this happened again as Vetlanda hosted the B-pool, whereas Vänersborg was the main venue of the A-pool with three matches played at other locations, Trollhättan , Gothenburg and Oslo . In 2015 and 2016

2769-410: The centre, attacking or defensive, and forwards in the form of centre forward, second strikers and sometimes a winger. Sometimes one player is also taking up the role of a libero. Any number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. Substitutions can be performed without notifying the referee and can be performed while the ball is in play. However, the substitute must leave

2840-514: The end of the match. Bandy World Championship The Bandy World Championship is a competition for the men's teams of bandy -playing nations. The tournament is administrated by the Federation of International Bandy . It is distinct from the Bandy World Cup , a club competition, and from the Women's Bandy World Championship . A Youth Bandy World Championship also exists separately from

2911-430: The end". The sport's first published set of organized rules was codified in 1882 in England by Charles Goodman Tebbutt of the Bury Fen Bandy Club . When the international federation was founded in 1955, it came about after a compromise between Russian and English rules, in which more of the English rules prevailed. Since association football was already popular in England, the codified bandy rules took after much of

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2982-508: The exact same rules as men, but the women's game is played separately. Women have been playing bandy since the sport was originally developed. Although there were several attempts in the early part of the nineteenth century to organise bandy leagues for women's teams, regular leagues only started in the 1970s in Sweden and Finland and then later in the 1980s in Norway and the Soviet Union. Starting in

3053-423: The first world championships were played in 1957 with the Soviet Union and then Russia (as its successor country in 1993) almost consistently in a top position in the sport of bandy alongside Sweden. Finland has won once, in 2004. In a similar fashion, Russia, along with Sweden, has emerged as one of the two dominant women's bandy nations internationally in the Women's Bandy World Championship . Women's bandy uses

3124-606: The following year while the last placed team of Group A is automatically relegated to Group B. The interest is biggest in Sweden, Finland and Russia. For a few times now it has been shown on Eurosport 2 . The games are also viewable via online streaming . * For 1959–1981 championships, there are listed venues (host cities) of the decisive matches of round-robin tournaments (i.e. matches between champions and runners-up for each tournament), not final matches. ** 18 teams were enrolled in 2020, but only 10 (the B division) could participate. Countries in italics no longer compete at

3195-459: The football rules. Like association football, games are normally two 45 minute halves and there are 11 players per side. Players sticks are curved like large field hockey sticks and the bandy ball is roughly the size of a tennis ball with a cork core and hard plastic coating. Bandy balls were originally usually red but are now either orange or more commonly cerise . Bandy as an ice skating sport first developed in Britain. English bandy developed as

3266-474: The game. A game is officiated by a referee, the authority and enforcer of the rules, whose decisions are final. The referee may have one or two assistant referees. A secretary outside of the field often takes care of the match protocol. The Bandy Playing Rules can be found on the official website of the Federation of International Bandy , and are overseen by the Rules and Referee Committee. Each team consists of

3337-423: The ice before the teammate enters it. A team can bring at the most four substitutes to the game, five if one of these is an extra goalkeeper. Formation in bandy describes how the players in a team generally position themselves on the rink and is often comparable to the formation in association football . The team's manager(s) define the team's formation while tactics are usually their prerogative as well. Bandy

3408-597: The ice, as the game was played on frozen lakes back then. An 1899 photo of two players demonstrating the game shows the sticks being held single-handed. Historically, bandy was a popular sport in England and in some central and western European countries until the First World War , and from 1901 to 1926 it was played in the Scandinavian Nordic Games , the first international multi-sport event focused on winter sports . The sport's English name comes from

3479-507: The number of participating athletes, the FIB has claimed bandy is the world's second-most participated winter sport after ice hockey , but it is not recorded how many of these participants are male and how many are female. The earliest origin of the sport is debated. Though many Russians see their old countrymen as the creators of the sport – reflected by the unofficial title for bandy, "Russian hockey" (русский хоккей) – Russia, England, Wales, and

3550-414: The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders would create a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse would create a slower, more defensive style of play. While players may spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time. The layout of

3621-536: The number of teams in that division from six to eight. The number of groups is not fixed, it is changed from year to year and there are discussions about reinstating a Group C. Japan and Kyrgyzstan attended their first World Championships in 2012, Ukraine joined in 2013, Germany and Somalia made their debuts in 2014, China in 2015, and the Czech Republic in 2016. Russia , Finland , Sweden , Kazakhstan , Norway , USA and Belarus usually play in group A. Until 2011,

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3692-422: The players on the pitch is called the team's formation , and defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager(s). Formation in bandy is often comparable to the formation in association football . Shouldering is allowed in checking situations and body contact therefore does occur, but body checking and fighting are illegal. Bandy is a swift game. Elite players have

3763-469: The round-robin stage. When the number of participating nations increased, the championship was split up in two groups from 2003 onwards, A and B, with the better teams in Group A. The winner of Group B for some years played a game against the least successful team of Group A to determine qualification for Group A for next year, but in 2016, 2017, and 2018 winning Group B has been directly qualifying for group A for

3834-584: The same time as modern ice hockey rules were formalized in British North America (present-day Canada), bandy rules were decided upon in Europe. A cross between English and Russian bandy rules eventually developed with the football-inspired English rules ( cf the passage above about bandy and Association football) becoming dominant, together with the Russian low-border along most of the two sidelines, an addition to

3905-470: The same time as the bandy tournament at the 1913 Nordic Games . However, this European Championship tournament likely never happened, or is a conflation of titles, since no contemporary sources have been found. Still, in 2014, a Four Nation Bandy tournament was held in Davos, Switzerland , as a centenary celebration of the alleged 1913 European Bandy Championships. The highest altitude where bandy has been played

3976-628: The senior competition and has competitions in both the male and female categories. The 2020 Bandy World Championship for Division A was scheduled to be played in Irkutsk, Russia in 2020 but was postponed twice due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The 2021 Bandy World Championship for Division A and B was initially scheduled to be played in Syktyvkar, Russia , but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The tournament

4047-552: The sport which has maintained its presence since the 1950s. Before Canadians introduced ice hockey into Europe in the early twentieth century, " hockey " was another name for bandy, and still is in parts of Russia and Kazakhstan. Both bandy and ice hockey were played in Europe during the twentieth century, especially in Sweden, Finland, and Norway. Ice hockey became more popular than bandy in most of Europe, mostly because it had become an Olympic sport, while bandy had not. Athletes in Europe who had played bandy switched to ice hockey in

4118-416: The tournaments were separated in time while in the same cities. The Division B matches are shorter in time, except for the end matches. *18 teams were enrolled in 2020, but only 10 (the B division) could participate (teams marked with "x" could not participate). Originally, the competition was played as an all-meet-all round-robin tournament . Starting in 1983, semifinals and a final was added to follow

4189-431: The turn of the century 1900, the sport is literally called "bandy or hockey on the ice". Since the early twentieth century, the term bandy is usually preferred to prevent confusion with ice hockey . The sport is known as bandy in many languages, with a few exceptions. In Russia, bandy is called "Russian hockey" ( русский хоккей ) or more frequently, and officially, "hockey with a ball" ( хоккей с мячом ) while ice hockey

4260-455: The verb "to bandy", from the Middle French bander ("to strike back and forth"), and originally referred to a seventeenth-century Irish game similar to field hockey. The curved stick was also called a "bandy". The etymological connection to the similarly named Welsh hockey game of bando is not clear. An old name for bandy is hockey on the ice ; in the first rule books from England at

4331-432: The year. Some examples are Nottingham Forest Football and Bandy Club in England (today known just as Nottingham Forest F.C. ) and Norwegian Strømsgodset IF and Mjøndalen IF , with both having an active bandy section. In Sweden, most football clubs that were active during the first half of the 20th century also played bandy. Swedish player Orvar Bergmark earned silver medals in the world championships of both sports in

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4402-512: Was actually held in 1875 at The Crystal Palace in London. However, at the time, the game was called "hockey on the ice", probably as it was considered an ice variant of field hockey . An early maker of bandy sticks was the firm of Gray's, Cambridge. One such stick, now in the collections of the Museum of Cambridge , has a length of rope twisted round the handle to rescue any player who might fall through

4473-483: Was also denied in 2011. Most probably also Lithuania. The reason for the 2011 tournament having only eleven teams, was a late cancellation from Australia, another country no longer an FIB member. With more nations competing, Group B was created in 1991. In 2012 there was a Group C for the first time as 14 countries participated. Group C was abolished in 2013, when instead two sub-groups of Group B were created. In 2014 there were two sub-groups also in Group A, increasing

4544-399: Was always played in the Soviet Union and arranged by newspaper Sovetskaya Rossiya . It was affectionately called "the small world championship".) For a long time, only four countries competed at the world championships: the Soviet Union, Sweden , Finland and Norway , with the Soviet Union the dominating country. More countries have joined the tournaments in recent decades, starting with

4615-404: Was highly influenced by football and taking after its main rules: having a field approximately the same size, having the same number of players on each team and having the same game time (2×45 minutes). It is natural that bandy got the nickname 'winter football'. It was common for sports clubs to have both a bandy and a football section, with athletes playing both sports but at different times of

4686-475: Was made before the 1920s. As bandy in a way can be seen as a precursor to ice hockey , bandy has influenced the development and history of ice hockey, mainly in European and former Soviet countries. While modern ice hockey was created in Canada, a variety of games which bore a closer resemblance to bandy were initially played there after British soldiers introduced the game of bandy in the late nineteenth century. At

4757-577: Was no established international governing body for the sport. The international governing body for bandy today is the Federation of International Bandy (FIB) which formed in February 1955. In 2001, bandy was recognized as a sport by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Both traditional eleven-a-side bandy and rink bandy (which is played on a smaller rink) are recognized by the IOC. Based on

4828-442: Was originally located, until 1433. The name Västervik was mentioned in 1275. The place had the north-eastern Småland's leading port, until the move of the city when Västervik was considered to have a better placed harbor than this town which is located at the end of Gamlebyviken about 25 km to the northwest. The place was named after the move in 1433 Gamla Västervik, later Gamleby and is written 1456 Gamblaby. The whole of Gamleby

4899-584: Was played in Moscow , this was the first time the Soviet Union met teams from other countries and the first time the new, jointly agreed rules were used, however this was not called a world championship. The international federation was founded in 1955 by the four countries which had men's national bandy teams who had played in Moscow. The first ever men's Bandy World Championship was organised in 1957 in association with

4970-536: Was rescheduled for Division B to 8–13 March 2022 and for Division A to 27 March–3 April 2022. However, in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine , Finland and Sweden withdrew from the tournament, which was then postponed indefinitely. Although bandy has been played since the 19th century, the first men's world championships were only played as recently as 1957, and the first women's championships not until 2004. Before this, friendlies had been played regularly between

5041-699: Was started in Sweden in 1902. Bandy was played at the Nordic Games in both Stockholm and Kristiania (present day Oslo ) in 1901, 1903, 1905, 1909, 1913 , 1917, 1922 and 1926, and between Swedish, Finnish and Russian teams at similar games in Helsinki in 1907. Bandy appeared as a sport in all eight editions of the Nordic Games from 1901 to 1926. Some sources describe a 1913 European Bandy Championships as having been held in February 1913, in St. Moritz, Switzerland , at

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