Misplaced Pages

#131868

34-403: See text Hyacinthus Baker Ornithogalum subgenus Galtonia (Decne.) J.C. Manning & Goldblatt Galtonia is a genus of plants in the family Asparagaceae , subfamily Scilloideae . Native to Southern Africa , the genus is named after Sir Francis Galton . According to some authorities it has been subsumed into Ornithogalum as a subgenus, while others prefer to keep it as

68-420: A campanulate (bell like) tube that extends about half the length of the flower, but are never fragrant. The bracts are membranous and linear-acuminate, while bracteoles are absent. The pedicels are patent The Stamens , which are hidden amongst the perianth lobes where they are inserted at the base have ovate - acuminate (oval, tapering to a point at one end) filaments that are cylindrical and adnate to

102-438: A new classification was proposed with three tribes and four genera, Ornithogalum corresponding to Clade C, was placed in tribe Ornithogaleae, but further subdivided into four subgenera and further sections, with 160 species. Thus three of Speta's other thirteen genera were resurrected. Galtonia on the other hand was retained as a taxon but as a subgenus of Ornithogalum with seven species. Subsequently, an alternative approach

136-465: A new genus, with G. candicans the type species . By the 1870s, as Baker describes in his revision of the family, the taxonomy of Liliaceae had become vast and complicated. Baker had placed the two species of Galtonia , which at that time he considered to be Hyacinthus in the tribe Hyacintheae, one of eight tribes that he divided the Liliaceae into. Later in the 1880s, Galtonia with its two species

170-399: A separate genus. These are large, vigorous perennial bulbous geophytes , with numerous wide (>5 cm) and large tapering glabrous leaves that ascend and sheathe the stem. The inflorescences are racemose , and conical or cylindrical, but sometimes corymbose . They bear nodding (rarely erect) flowers with fleshy white or greenish yellow tepals that are fused (rarely free) into

204-467: A type species of O. candicans ; The number of species has varied from four to seven. The traditional four species were; and these were transferred to Ornithogalum by Manning et al. (2004). When reconstructed as a subgenus there were seven species; In the system of Martinez-Azorin et al. (2011) the original four species ( Galtonia sensu stricto ) are maintained, together with Galtonia saundersiae (Baker) Mart.-Azorín, M.B.Crespo & Juan as

238-423: Is a paraphyletic group, and the circumscription of Hominidae was changed to include all four extant genera of great apes . Sometimes, systematists propose novel circumscriptions that do not address paraphyly. For example, the broadly circumscribed monophyletic moth superfamily Pyraloidea can be split into two families, Pyralidae and Crambidae , which are reciprocally monophyletic sister taxa. An example of

272-437: Is derived from a Greek name used for a plant by Homer , ὑάκινθος ( hyákinthos ), the flowers supposedly having grown up from the blood of a youth of this name killed by the god Zephyr out of jealousy. The original wild plant known as hyakinthos to Homer has been identified with Scilla bifolia , among other possibilities. Linnaeus defined the genus Hyacinthus widely to include species now placed in other genera of

306-653: Is engraved into a puzzle like pattern. The globose bulbs have soft membranous tunics. Chromosome numbers : 2n=16 (12, 14 in G. saundersiae ). Galtonia was first described as a new genus within Liliaceae in 1880 by Joseph Decaisne , and appeared the following year in the 1881 Kew Gardens report. He describes two species, G. candicans ( Hyacinthus candicans Baker) and G. princeps ( Hyacinthus princeps Baker), which are listed in an 1884 text. These were reassignments of two of Baker 's species of Hyacinthus , which he distinguished as sufficiently different to justify forming

340-522: Is the tassel hyacinth , which forms part of the cuisine of some Mediterranean countries. Hyacinths are often associated with spring and rebirth. The hyacinth flower is used in the Haft-Seen table setting for the Persian New Year celebration, Nowruz , held at the spring equinox . The Persian word for hyacinth is سنبل ( sonbol ), meaning 'cluster'. The name ὑάκινθος ( hyakinthos )

374-462: The sensu lato (lumping) approach of Manning et al. , reverting to separate genera (splitting), thus resurrecting Galtonia and eighteen other genera. As of April 2015 the sensu lato approach of Manning et al. (2009) is still in use by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families . Manning et al. (2009) reconstructed Galtonia as a subgenus of Ornithogalum , but with two sections and

SECTION 10

#1732902376132

408-519: The Caribbean (Cuba, Haiti) and Korea. The Dutch, or common hyacinth, of house and garden culture ( H. orientalis , native to Southwest Asia ) was so popular in the 18th century that over 2,000 cultivars were grown in the Netherlands , its chief commercial producer. This hyacinth has a single dense spike of fragrant flowers in shades of red, blue, white, orange, pink, violet or yellow. A form of

442-460: The blue flower hyacinth plant varies between 'mid-blue', violet blue and bluish purple . Within this range can be found Persenche , which is an American color name (probably from French), for a hyacinth hue. The colour analysis of Persenche is 73% ultramarine , 9% red and 18% white . Circumscription (taxonomy) A goal of biological taxonomy is to achieve a stable circumscription for every taxon. This goal conflicts, at times, with

476-426: The common hyacinth is the less hardy and smaller blue- or white-petalled Roman hyacinth. These flowers need full sunlight and should be watered moderately. The inedible bulbs contain oxalic acid and may cause mild skin irritation. Protective gloves are recommended. Some members of the plant subfamily Scilloideae are commonly called hyacinths but are not members of the genus Hyacinthus and are edible; one example

510-559: The concept of these subclades and subsumed all of the subfamily Scilloideae into the genus Ornithogalum with about 300 species. At the same time they pointed out the historical importance of Galtonia and its distinct floral characteristics and horticultural importance. In considering the circumscription of Galtonia , they pointed out that the genus was paraphyletic unless it included Ornithogalum saundersiae , but to include it created problems of morphological circumscription. This sensu lato reduction of Speta's fourteen genera into one

544-514: The drops of blood into flowers. Several species of Brodiaea , Scilla , and other plants that were formerly classified in the Liliaceae family and have flower clusters borne along the stalk also have common names with the word "hyacinth" in them. Hyacinths should also not be confused with the genus Muscari , which are commonly known as grape hyacinths. Hyacinthus grows from bulbs, each producing around four to six narrow untoothed leaves and one to three spikes or racemes of flowers. In

578-559: The family Asparagaceae , subfamily Scilloideae and are commonly called hyacinths ( / ˈ h aɪ ə s ɪ n θ s / ). The genus is native predominantly to the Eastern Mediterranean region from the south of Turkey to the Palestine region , although naturalized more widely. The name comes from Greek mythology : Hyacinth was killed by Zephyrus, the god of the west wind, jealous of his love for Apollo , who then transformed

612-420: The family into twelve subfamilies and subordinate tribes. Galtonia was then placed in the subfamily Lilioideae and tribe Scilleae together with 21 other genera. In 1955 a third species, G. viridiflora , was described, followed by G. regalis in 1986. For a graphical history of its circumscription , see Manning et al. 2009 Table 1. and Martinez-Azorin et al. Table 2. Various efforts were made during

646-502: The fifth species, while the two species of section Xanthochlora , a sister clade , are transferred to a separate genus— Ethesia . As of April 2015 The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families lists six species with their preferred synonyms; The genus Galtonia was named by Decaisne after Sir Francis Galton , who had published his account of his travels in South Africa. The species of Galtonia sensu stricto are distributed in

680-434: The goal of achieving a natural classification that reflects the evolutionary history of divergence of groups of organisms. Balancing these two goals is a work in progress, and the circumscriptions of many taxa that had been regarded as stable for decades are in upheaval in the light of rapid developments in molecular phylogenetics . New evidence may suggest that a traditional circumscription should be revised, particularly if

714-515: The high precipitation summer rainfall, high-altitude areas of the Drakensberg , Low Drakensberg, Southern Berg and Natal Midlands of the eastern provinces of South Africa ( KwaZulu-Natal , Free State , Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape ) and Lesotho . Hyacinthus See text . Hyacinthus / ˌ h aɪ ə ˈ s ɪ n θ ə s / is a small genus of bulbous herbs, spring-blooming perennials . They are fragrant flowering plants in

SECTION 20

#1732902376132

748-531: The old circumscription is shown to be paraphyletic (a group containing some but not all of the descendants of the common ancestor). For example, the family Pongidae contained orangutans ( Pongo ), chimpanzees ( Pan ) and gorillas ( Gorilla ), but not humans ( Homo ), which are placed in Hominidae . Once molecular phylogenetic data showed that chimpanzees were more closely related to humans than to gorillas or orangutans , it became clear that Pongidae

782-497: The perianth tube, merged at its end (occasionally free). The ovary may be black, green or yellow and or ovoid or cylindrical. The style is filiform (thread like) and white, with a stigma that is glandular and somewhat trilobed. The fruit capsule is lanceolate, cylindrical or ovate and acute, and wider in its basal third. The capsule is triangular in section with blunt edges and bears seeds that are large and polygonal or irregularly flattened and biseriate . The seed testa

816-574: The related genus Hyacinthella , which would make Hyacinthus a monotypic genus. The genus Hyacinthus is considered native to the eastern Mediterranean from southern Turkey to the region of Palestine , including Lebanon and Syria , and on through Iraq and Iran to Turkmenistan . It is widely naturalized elsewhere, including Europe (Bulgaria, France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Sardinia, Sicily and former Yugoslavia), Cyprus, North America (California, Pennsylvania, Texas), central Mexico,

850-514: The spring. You gave me hyacinths first a year ago; "They called me the hyacinth girl." —Yet when we came back, late, from the Hyacinth garden, Your arms full, and your hair wet, I could not Speak, and my eyes failed, I was neither Living nor dead, and I knew nothing, Looking into the heart of light, the silence. In Roman Catholic tradition, H. orientalis represents prudence, constancy, desire of heaven and peace of mind. The colour of

884-435: The subfamily Scilloideae , such as Muscari (e.g. his Hyacinthus botryoides ) and Hyacinthoides (e.g. his Hyacinthus non-scriptus ). Hyacinthus was formerly the type genus of the separate family Hyacinthaceae; prior to that, the genus was placed in the lily family Liliaceae . Three species are placed within the genus Hyacinthus : Some authorities place H. litwonovii and H. transcaspicus in

918-553: The time of Linnaeus . Phylogenetic analysis utilising plastid gene sequencing (trnL-F) brought some new clarity to the complex and controversial taxonomy of subfamily Scilloideae, with Pfosser and Speta (1999) demonstrating that the Ornithogaloideae/Ornithogaleae were one of four major clades within the subfamily. This clade also demonstrated two subclades, Ornithogaleae and Dipcadieae (which included Galtonia ). Further work by Manning et al. did not support

952-510: The twentieth century to dismember the Liliaceae , culminating in the separation of the higher orders , Asparagales and Liliales , and the emergence of Asparagaceae as a separate family, in which the Scilleae, including Galtonia, were now the Scilloideae subfamily. Galtonia is one of the genera in the tribe Ornithogaleae , the largest tribe within the subfamily Scilloideae. Historically it

986-432: The wild species, the flowers are widely spaced, with as few as two per raceme in H. litwinovii and typically six to eight in H. orientalis which grows to a height of 15–20 cm (6–8 in). Cultivars of H. orientalis have much denser flower spikes and are generally more robust. The genus name Hyacinthus was attributed to Joseph Pitton de Tournefort when used by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It

1020-587: Was included as a district and separate genus in two influential taxonomic systems . In the United Kingdom Bentham and Hooker published their volume on the Liliaceae in Latin in 1883. Bentham and Hooker divided it into 20 tribes and placed Galtonia in the tribe Scilleae with 19 other genera. In the German literature the taxonomic system of Engler completed its classification of Liliaceae in 1888. He divided

1054-498: Was not widely accepted, even though they were polyphyletic , and had a number of problems. (This also had the effect of eliminating Galtonia as a genus, under which a number of Ornithogalum species are still sold.) Further analysis with wider sampling (70 compared to 40 taxa) and an additional plastid region ( matK ) revealed the presence of three clades (A, B and C) within Ornithogaleae/ Ornithogalum . Consequently,

Galtonia - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-418: Was suggested combining plastid gene sequences with nuclear DNA sequences, morphology and biogeography . This supported Manning et al.' s Clade C within which Ornithogalum was contained, but the very large subgenus Ornithogalum was noted to still be heterogeneous , an issue which those authors had managed by treating the subgenus in seven sections. In contrast Martinez-Azorin et al. suggested reversing

1122-492: Was treated as part of the subfamily Ornithogaloideae of Hyacinthaceae, now obsolete terms. The preferred treatment being to consider the Hyacinthaceae as subfamily Scilloideae of Asparagaceae. The original subfamilies within Hyacinthaceae becoming tribes of subfamily Scilloideae. Thus subfamily Ornithogaloideae became tribe Ornithogaleae. The precise taxonomy of the Ornithogaloideae/Ornithogaleae has been problematic since at least

1156-466: Was used in Ancient Greece for at least two distinct plants, which have variously been identified as Scilla bifolia or Orchis quadripunctata and Consolida ajacis (larkspur). Plants known by this name were sacred to Aphrodite . The hyacinth appears in the first section of T. S. Eliot 's The Waste Land during a conversation between the narrator and the "hyacinth girl" that takes place in

#131868