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60-580: The GTD-5 EAX first appeared in Banning, California on June 26, 1982, slowly replacing the electromechanical systems still in use in the independent switch market at that time. The GTD-5 EAX was also used as a Class 4 telephone switch or as a mixed Class 4/5 in markets too small for a GTD-3 EAX or 4ESS switch . The GTD-5 EAX was also exported internationally, and manufactured outside of the U.S. under license, primarily in Canada, Belgium and Italy. By 1988, it had 4% of

120-459: A 768 line capacity with one codec per line. The digital output of the 768 codecs was concentrated to 192 timeslots before presentation to the timeswitch, a 4:1 concentration. In the later 1980s, higher capacity line frames of 1172 and 1536 lines became available, allowing for higher concentration ratios of 6:1 and 8:1. The Space Switch (SSW) was under the control of the TPCs and APC, which accessed it via

180-402: A fault if there are at least two systems ( dual modular redundancy DMR), and the error can be automatically corrected if there are at least three systems ( triple modular redundancy TMR), via majority vote. The term " lockstep " originates from army usage, where it refers to synchronized walking, in which marchers walk as closely together as physically practical. To run in lockstep, each system

240-707: A few months the town was renamed for Phineas Banning , "Father of the Port of Los Angeles " , who had pastured sheep in the San Gorgonio Pass area, and operated a stagecoach that ran through the Pass. The area, up to the mid-19th century, was inhabited by the Cahuilla people , though the region around Banning was originally Maringayam ( Serrano ); the Cahuilla expansion into the pass occurred only late in recent, documented history. In 1824,

300-842: A major emergency, as well as the California Highway Patrol out of the Beaumont regional station. Additionally, the Morongo Tribal Police Department also serves the Morongo Reservation and surrounding communities. The city of Banning contracts for fire and paramedic services with the Riverside County Fire Department through a cooperative agreement with CAL FIRE . Most of Banning is within Banning Unified School District while

360-469: A manner directly analogous to the first two SSUs. Two connected the inputs from TCU0-TCU31 to the output of TCU32-TCU63, while the final two connected the outputs of TCU32-TCU63 to the input of TCU0-TCU31. The GTD-5, unlike its contemporaries, did not make extensive use of serial line technology. Network communication was based on a 12-bit parallel PCM word carried over cables incorporating parallel twisted pairs. Communication between processors and peripherals

420-603: A portion of it, along with most of nearby Beaumont, is within the Beaumont Unified School District . Schools in the Banning USD are: The city is served by Mt. San Jacinto College , a regional community college whose San Gorgonio Pass Campus is located within the city. Former school: Banning is served by Interstate 10 , which connects the city to Los Angeles in the west and the Coachella Valley in

480-539: A separate corporate entity in 2003. The processing building block of the GTD-5 EAX was the "processor complex". These were each assigned a specific function within the overall switch design. In the original generation, Intel 8086 processors were used. These were replaced by NEC V30s (an 80186 instruction set compatible processor with 8086 pinout implemented in CMOS and somewhat faster than the 8086 due to internal improvements) in

540-480: A serial 24 timeslot PCM group. The timeslot assignment capabilities of the codec were used to manage timeslots within the PCM group. The ACU contained a timeslot selection circuit that could select the same timeslot from up to eight PCM groups, (i.e. network timeslot 0-7 would select PCM timeslot 0, network timeslot 8-15 would select PCM timeslot 1, etc., giving eight opportunities for PCM timeslot 0 to connect to network). Since

600-476: A small backplane mounted "fingerboard" to house the transformer circuit. Throughout its lifecycle, the GTD-5 EAX incorporated a quad-redundant processor architecture. The main processor complex of the APC, TPC, TCU, RLU, and RSU all consisted of a pair of processor cards, and each of those processor cards contained a pair of processors. The on-card pair of processors executed precisely the same sequence of instructions, and

660-549: A smaller shared memory, the Message Distribution Circuit (MDC). This was an 8k word 96 port memory that was used to place small packetized messages into software defined queues. The MXU, RLU, and RSU were all sufficiently far from the base unit that they could not participate in the shared memory based communication directly. A special circuit pack, the Remote Data Link Controller (RDLC) was installed in

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720-400: A timeshift (delay) is set between systems, which increases the detection probability of errors induced by external influences (e.g. voltage spikes , ionizing radiation , or in situ reverse engineering ). Some vendors, including Intel, use the term lockstep memory to describe a multi-channel memory layout in which cache lines are distributed between two memory channels, so one half of

780-609: A total of 192 trunks, the AT-FIU was unconcentrated, as trunk interfaces demand. T-carrier spans were terminated, four per card, on the Quad Span Interface Circuit (QSIC) in Digital Trunk Facility Interface Units (DTUs). Two QSICS were equipped per copy. providing for an eight DS1 capacity. The span interface circuits were completely redundant, and all control circuitry operated in lockstep between

840-600: Is Douglas Schulze. The city has departments and appointed officers, including the Banning Police Department (BPD). In the California State Legislature , Banning is in the 23rd Senate District , represented by Republican Rosilicie Ochoa Bogh , and in the 42nd Assembly District , represented by Democrat Jacqui Irwin . In the United States House of Representatives , Banning

900-685: Is a General Acute Care Hospital in Banning with Basic Emergency Services as of 2005. The Summit Cemetery District operates the San Gorgonio Memorial Park, which was originally established in 1931 as the Banning- Cabazon Cemetery District. Notable burials include Medal of Honor recipient William Powers Morris. The Banning Library District operates the Banning Public Library, which was established in 1916 as

960-433: Is difficult to arbitrate between them if their outputs differ at the end of a step. For this reason, it is common practice to run DMR systems as "master/slave" configurations with the slave as a "hot-standby" to the master, rather than in lockstep. Since there is no advantage in having the slave unit actively process each step, a common method of working is for the master to copy its state at the end of each step's processing to

1020-563: Is in California's 25th congressional district , represented by Democrat Raul Ruiz . Banning has had its own police force since shortly after its 1913 incorporation, and for many years also had a regional station of the Riverside County Sheriff's Department (which has moved eastward to neighboring Cabazon ). The Beaumont , Palm Springs , Cathedral City , and Desert Hot Springs Police Departments also provide assistance in

1080-433: Is set up to progress from one well-defined state to the next well-defined state. When a new set of inputs reaches the system, it processes them, generates new outputs and updates its state. This set of changes (new inputs, new outputs, new state) is considered to define that step, and must be treated as an atomic transaction; in other words, either all of it happens, or none of it happens, but not something in between. Sometimes

1140-625: Is situated in the San Gorgonio Pass , also known as Banning Pass . It is named for Phineas Banning , stagecoach line owner and the "Father of the Port of Los Angeles ." Banning shares geographic and regional features with its western neighbor, the city of Beaumont . Banning and Beaumont have been rapidly growing in size and population since the 1990s. Both cities are about 80 miles east of downtown Los Angeles and 30 miles west of Palm Springs , each connected by freeway and railroad. Initially named Moore City , by Ransom B. Moore , within only

1200-645: The Mission San Gabriel Arcángel established the Rancho San Gorgonio in the pass. The first Anglo to settle in the area was Dr. Isaac Smith in 1853. In 1863, a smallpox epidemic further diminished the Cahuilla. The government created Indian reservations for the Cahuilla in 1877. The settlement that was to become Banning developed in coincidence with the start of the Colorado River Gold Rush . The Bradshaw Trail , which passed through

1260-537: The Morongo Indian Reservation , home to the Morongo Band of Cahuilla (Mission) Indians. Relations with reservation residents have been strained by disputes over water rights. Dorothy Ramon's book Always Believe (published 2000) depicts a Maringayam's views on Banning and reservation life. Prior to the name Banning, the settlement was called Moore City . Ransom B. Moore operated a large cattle ranch and

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1320-571: The San Andreas Fault which created the pass in which the city is situated. Banning is 25 miles (40 km) west of Palm Springs and 100 miles (160 km) east of Los Angeles . According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Banning has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate , abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps. The 2010 United States Census reported that Banning had a population of 29,603. The population density

1380-528: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 23.1 square miles (60 km ), all of it land. Banning's elevation is approximately 2,300 feet (700 m) above sea level, which gives it a cooler climate in contrast to the county seat of Riverside at 800 feet (240 m) above sea level and the Coachella Valley of the Colorado Desert to the east. Banning is traversed by

1440-467: The system console ). Various outboard systems have been connected to these channels to provide specialized functions. The following is a non-exhaustive list of U.S. patents applicable to the GTD-5 EAX design Banning, California Banning is a city in Riverside County, California , United States. Its population was 29,505 as of the 2020 census , down from 29,603 at the 2010 census . It

1500-513: The Banning Unified School District Library District and became an independent special district in 2005. Lockstep (computing) Lockstep systems are fault-tolerant computer systems that run the same set of operations at the same time in parallel . The redundancy (duplication) allows error detection and error correction: the output from lockstep operations can be compared to determine if there has been

1560-576: The DT-FIU of the remote unit and its host TCU. This allowed a serial communication link over a dedicated timeslot of a DS1 carrier. The host TCU was responsible for forwarding messages from the remote unit through the MDC. Two generations of network were available on the GTD-5. The latter network was made available sometime around 2000, but its characteristics are not described in public documentation. The network described in

1620-522: The Space Interface Controller (SIC). The SSW was divided into eight Space Switch Units (SSUs). Each SSU could switch all 772 channels between 32 TCUs. The first 32 TCUs connected in sequential order to the first two SSUs. Connecting the two SSUs in parallel this way provided the doubling of network capacity required in a CLOS network. When the system grew beyond 32 TCUs, an additional 6 SSUs were added. Two of these SSUs connected to TCU32-TCU63 in

1680-421: The age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.1% were non-families. 25.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.11. In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.4% under

1740-460: The age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 20.9% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 26.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 32,076, and the median income for a family was $ 38,995. Males had a median income of $ 31,300 versus $ 20,794 for females. The per capita income for

1800-545: The area in 1862, was a wagon road to the gold boomtowns of the Arizona Territory . Gilman's Ranch , north of downtown, served as a station for the stagecoach lines on this road. The railroad followed, passing through the town in 1876. The Southern Pacific (later purchased by Union Pacific ) railroad was a major contributor to the area's growth. U.S. Route 99 was built in 1923, followed by U.S. Route 60 / 70 in 1936, and subsequently Interstate 10 . Banning borders

1860-540: The article is the original network, available from 1982 until approximately 2000. The GTD-5 EAX ran on a Time-Space-Time (TST) topology. Each TCU contained two timeswitches (TSWs) with a total capacity of 1544 timeslots: 772 in the originating time switch and 772 in the terminating time switch. Four FIUs of 193 timeslots each were connected to the TSW. Trunking FIUs connected 192 timeslots of facility (eight DS1 carriers or 192 individual analog trunks). The original Analog Line FIU had

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1920-402: The cache line is stored in a DIMM on the first channel, while the second half goes to a DIMM on the second channel. By combining the single error correction and double error detection (SECDED) capabilities of two ECC -enabled DIMMs in a lockstep layout, their single-device data correction (SDDC) nature can be extended into double-device data correction (DDDC), providing protection against

1980-597: The citizens of Banning raised funds for the purchase of an M3 Stuart tank to support the war effort. After the war the tank was given to the South African Defence Force . The tank, named "City of Johannesburg", is preserved at a local museum in Richmond , Natal Province , South Africa . Banning is located at 33°55′54″N 116°53′51″W  /  33.93167°N 116.89750°W  / 33.93167; -116.89750 (33.931729, -116.897557). According to

2040-411: The city was $ 16,231. About 14.8% of families and 19.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 31.8% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over. Banning Stagecoach Days has been held annually since 1957 in recognition of the city's historic ties to the original stagecoach line that passed through the area in the late 1800s, and because the city's namesake, Phineas Banning,

2100-541: The east. The northern terminus of State Route 243 , which runs south to Idyllwild and Mountain Center , is located in the city. City-owned Banning Municipal Airport , FAA designator: BNG, has a 5,200-foot (1,600 m) runway. City-owned Pass Transit operates three fixed-route buses. SunLine Transit Agency provides service to Palm Desert and Riverside . Riverside Transit Agency provides connecting service to Hemet and Moreno Valley . San Gorgonio Memorial Hospital

2160-459: The failure of any single memory chip. Downsides of the Intel's lockstep memory layout are the reduction of effectively usable amount of RAM (in case of a triple-channel memory layout, maximum amount of memory reduces to one third of the physically available maximum), and reduced performance of the memory subsystem. Where the computing systems are duplicated, but both actively process each step, it

2220-480: The land, construction, and operations. Over its history, about 8,000 students attended the school which was demolished in 1974. A small abandoned cemetery remains. During World War II , Banning was the site of the 1,000-bed Banning General Hospital . It supported training at the Desert Training Center and was later used as a naval convalescent hospital. The facilities were dismantled in 1948. In 1942

2280-447: The oldest almond growing district in southern California. The St. Boniface Indian Industrial School was opened in 1890, providing vocational education to Cahuilla , Serrano , Luiseño , Kumeyaay , and other American Indians. Bishop Francisco Mora y Borrell authorized the school and Mother Katharine Drexel provided funding to the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions for purchase of

2340-417: The output of the pair were compared each clock cycle. If the results were not identical, the processors were immediately reset, and the pair of processors on the other card were brought online as the active processor complex. The active processor always kept memory up-to-date so that when these forced switches occurred, little data loss was suffered. When the switch was requested as a part of routine maintenance,

2400-423: The peripheral processors. This term referred collectively to the APC and TPCs. Physically, this distinction made little sense, but was important from a software compilation standpoint. Since the APC and TPC processors shared a large memory-mapped space, some stages of compilation were performed in common. The TCU was responsible for a group of Facility Interface Units (FIUs). Each FIU was responsible for connecting

2460-650: The population) lived in households, 254 (0.9%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 1,111 (3.8%) were institutionalized. There were 10,838 households, out of which 3,083 (28.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 5,106 (47.1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,488 (13.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 592 (5.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 700 (6.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 75 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 3,092 households (28.5%) were made up of individuals, and 2,085 (19.2%) had someone living alone who

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2520-414: The population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 10,686 people (36.1%) lived in rental housing units. According to the 2010 United States Census, Banning had a median household income of $ 38,919, with 19.4% of the population living below the federal poverty line. As of the census of 2000, there were 23,562 people, 8,923 households, and 6,237 families residing in the city. The population density

2580-446: The remainder of the system. Most communication within the GTD-5 was performed via direct memory-mapped I/O. The APC and each TPC were each connected to three common memory units. These common memory units each contained 16 megabytes of memory which were allocated to shared data structures, both dynamic structures related to dynamic call data and static (protected) data related to the office database. The APC, TPC, and TCUs all connected to

2640-479: The same timeslot could be selected only eight times out of thirty-two possible candidates, the overall concentration was four to one. A later generation expanded the number of ALUs to twelve or sixteen, as appropriate, giving larger effective concentration. The AT-FIU was a repackaged AL-FIU. Only two simplex groups were supported, and the trunk cards carried four circuits instead of eight. PCM groups were six cards wide instead of three. Since two simplex groups provided

2700-437: The second generation, and ultimately by 80386 processors. The APC was responsible for the craft interface to the system, administration of status control for all hardware devices, Recent Change, billing, and overall administration. The TPC was responsible for call sequence and state control. It received signalling inputs collected from peripheral processors (see MXU, RLU, RSU, and TCU below) and sent control information back to

2760-399: The slave - in attempting to repeat the execution of the step which failed - will simply repeat the same error and fail in the same way, an example of a common mode failure . Where the computing systems are triplicated, it becomes possible to treat them as "voting" systems. If one unit's output disagrees with the other two, it is detected as having failed. The matched output from the other two

2820-455: The slave. Should the master fail at some point, the slave is ready to continue from the previous known good step. While either the lockstep or the DMR approach (when combined with some means of detecting errors in the master) can provide redundancy against hardware failure in the master, they do not protect against software error. If the master fails because of a software error, it is highly likely that

2880-521: The switch could be accomplished with no data loss at all. The GTD-5 EAX was programmed in a custom version of Pascal . This Pascal was extended to include a separate data and type compilation phase, known as the COMPOOL (Communications Pool). By enforcing this separate compilation phase, strict typing could be enforced across separate code compilation. This allowed type checking across procedure boundaries and across processor boundaries. A small subset of code

2940-819: The system to a particular class of physical connection: analog lines in the Analog Line FIU (and its successor, the Extended Line FIU); analog trunks in the Analog Trunk FIU; and digital carrier in the Digital Trunk FIU and its successor, the EDT FIU. Unlike the SM in the competitive 5ESS Switch , the TCUs did not perform all call processing functions, but limited themselves to digit collection and signalling interpretation. The RSU

3000-426: The two copies. This arrangement provided for excellent failure detection but was plagued by design flaws in the earliest versions. Corrected versions of the design were not widely available until the early 1990s. The later generation Extended Digital Trunk Unit (EDT) included 8 T-carriers per card, and incorporated ESF and PRI interfaces. This FIU operated also operated in lockstep between the two copies, but incorporated

3060-403: The worldwide switching market, with an installed base of 11,000,000 subscriber lines. GTE Automatic Electric Laboratories became GTE Network Systems and later GTE Communication Systems. In 1989, GTE sold partial ownership of its switching division to AT&T , forming AG Communication Systems. AG Communication Systems eventually fell under the ownership of Lucent Technologies, and was dissolved as

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3120-476: Was 1,022 inhabitants per square mile (395/km ). There were 9,761 housing units at an average density of 423 per square mile (163/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 64.2% White , 8.6% Black or African American , 2.5% Native American , 5.4% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 14.9% from other races , and 4.9% from two or more races. 30.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 8,923 households, out of which 26.3% had children under

3180-442: Was 1,281.6 inhabitants per square mile (494.8/km ). The racial makeup of Banning was 19,164 (64.7%) White (43.4% Non-Hispanic White), 2,165 (7.3%) African American , 641 (2.2%) Native American , 1,549 (5.2%) Asian , 39 (0.1%) Pacific Islander , 4,604 (15.6%) from other races , and 1,441 (4.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12,181 persons (41.1%). The Census reported that 28,238 people (95.4% of

3240-402: Was 42.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.7 males. There were 12,144 housing units at an average density of 525.7 per square mile (203.0/km ), of which 7,412 (68.4%) were owner-occupied, and 3,426 (31.6%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 4.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 10.9%. 17,552 people (59.3% of

3300-417: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61. There were 7,186 families (66.3% of all households); the average family size was 3.19. The population was spread out, with 6,777 people (22.9%) under the age of 18, 2,730 people (9.2%) aged 18 to 24, 6,048 people (20.4%) aged 25 to 44, 6,387 people (21.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 7,661 people (25.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

3360-586: Was himself a stagecoach operator. Currently, each year the event is operated by the non-profit "Stagecoach Days Association", and held at the AC Dysart Equestrian Park in Banning. Banning is a general law city as opposed to a charter city . The elected government consists of the Banning City Council which operates under a council-manager government . The current mayor is Colleen Wallace. There are 5 city council districts. The current manager

3420-466: Was later a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, settling in the area and nearby San Gorgonio mountains in the early 1860s. Moore sold his holdings and relocated to central Arizona in 1883. The town of Banning was incorporated on February 6, 1913. In the early 20th century, the area immediately around Banning was considered well fitted to almond culture, and was known as

3480-530: Was memory mapped, with similar cables extending 18 bit address and data buses between frames. The AL-FIU contained 8 simplex groups of 96 lines each, referred to as Analog Line Units (ALUs), controlled by a redundant controller, the Analog Control Unit (ACU). The 96 lines within each ALU were housed on 12 circuit packs of eight line circuits. These 12 circuit packs were electrically grouped into four groups of three cards, where each group of three cards shared

3540-456: Was programmed in 8086 assembly language. The assembler used had a preprocessor that imported identifiers from the COMPOOL, allowing type compatibility checking between Pascal and assembly. The earliest peripherals were programmed in the assembly language appropriate to each processor. Eventually, most peripherals were programmed in variations of C and C++. The system is administered through an assortment of teletypewriter "Channels" (also called

3600-517: Was similar to the TCU, but had a network capable of local switching, and could process calls locally when links to the base unit were severed. The RLU was a condensed version of the RSU, with no local switching capability and limited line capacity. The MXU was actually a Lenkurt 914E Subscriber Loop Carrier . When integrated with the GTD-5 EAX, it used a custom software load that permitted message communication with

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