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68-466: The Google Lunar X Prize ( GLXP ) was a 2007–2018 inducement prize space competition organized by the X Prize Foundation , and sponsored by Google . The challenge called for privately funded teams to be the first to land a lunar rover on the Moon , travel 500 meters, and transmit back to Earth high-definition video and images. The original deadline was the end of 2014, with additional prize money for

136-404: A superspreading event . The event charged up to $ 30,000 for tickets. In a follow-up article, Technology Review revealed that after COVID-19 started spreading among attendees, Diamandis tried to sell them "fraudulent" treatments including inhaled amniotic fluid and ketamine lozenges, which a professor of law and medicine at Stanford University characterized as "quackery". The superspreading event

204-437: A genomics and cell therapy-based diagnostic and therapeutic company focused on extending the healthy human lifespan, with Craig Venter and Robert Hariri. In February 2018, Diamandis co-founded Celularity, a biotechnology company productizing allogeneic cells and tissues derived from the postpartum placenta, with Robert Hariri. In 2020, Diamandis co-founded vaccine development company COVAXX with Mei Mei Hu and Lou Reese, as

272-584: A government-led mission lands on and explores the lunar surface. However, in November 2013, the organizers and the teams agreed to drop this rule as the Chinese Chang'e 3 probe prepared to land on the Moon in December 2013. In 2015, XPRIZE announced that the competition deadline would be extended to December 2017 if at least one team could secure a verified launch contract by 31 December 2015. Two teams secured such

340-599: A landing by 2012. In 2015, XPRIZE announced that the competition deadline would be extended to December 2017 if at least one team could secure a verified launch contract by 31 December 2015. Two teams secured such a launch contract, and the deadline was extended. In August 2017, the deadline was extended again, to 31 March 2018. Entering 2018, five teams remained in the competition: SpaceIL , Moon Express , Synergy Moon , TeamIndus , and Team Hakuto , having secured verified launch contracts with Spaceflight Industries , Rocket Lab , Interorbital Systems , and ISRO (jointly for

408-515: A large expense, and probably with little public involvement. The goal of the Google Lunar X Prize was similar to that of the Ansari X Prize : to inspire a new generation of private investment in hopes of developing more cost-effective technologies and materials to overcome many limitations of space exploration that are currently taken for granted. The Google Lunar XPRIZE was announced in 2007. Similar to

476-475: A launch contract, and the deadline was extended. XPRIZE announced 5 finalists on 24 January 2017. SpaceIL , Moon Express , Synergy Moon , Team Indus , and Hakuto having secured verified launch contracts for 2017 (with SpaceX , Rocket Lab , Interorbital Systems and ISRO respectively). All other teams had until the end of 2016 to secure a verified launch contract, but failed to meet this deadline. The Google Lunar XPRIZE expired on 31 March 2018 as none of

544-511: A number of inducement prizes and continue to conduct research into areas where further innovations can make a positive difference. Another organization which develops and manages IPCs is the X PRIZE Foundation. Its mission is to bring about "radical breakthroughs for the benefit of humanity" through incentivized competition. It fosters high-profile competitions that motivate individuals, companies and organizations across all disciplines to develop innovative ideas and technologies that help solve

612-460: A plaque signed by the majority of his fellow surviving Apollo Astronauts. On 23 January 2018, the X Prize Foundation announced that "no team would be able to make a launch attempt to reach the Moon by the [31 March 2018] deadline... and the US$ 30 million Google Lunar XPRIZE will go unclaimed." On 11 April 2019, the foundation awarded a US$ 1 million award to SpaceIL after its Beresheet craft crashed on

680-444: A reasonable bid to win it." In 2010, the deadline was extended by one year, with the prize to expire at the end of December 2015, and the reduction of the grand prize from $ 20 million to $ 15 million changed from originally 2012 to "if a government mission successfully lands on the lunar surface." On 16 December 2014, XPRIZE announced another extension in the prize deadline from 31 December 2015 to 31 December 2016. In May 2015,

748-495: A rover around the site. As a result, some archaeologists went on record calling for the Foundation to cancel the heritage bonus and to ban groups from targeting landing zones within 100 kilometers (62 mi) of previous sites. In turn, the Foundation noted that, as part of the competition's educational goals, these bonuses fostered debate about how to respectfully visit previous lunar landing sites, but that it does not see itself as

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816-428: A small launcher called Orbital Express (later renamed "ORBEX" ) for taking 100-kg payloads to low-Earth orbit, collaborating with Bristol Aerospace for the manufacture. The company won a $ 100 million SDIO contract for one launch plus nine options and was sold to CTA Inc of Rockville, MD in 1993 for $ 250,000. Diamandis joined CTA for one year as VP of Commercial Space Programs post-acquisition. The ORBEX contract

884-721: A staff of approximately 50 and is headquartered in Culver City , California. Its board of trustees includes Larry Page , Elon Musk , James Cameron , Dean Kamen , Ratan Tata , Ray Kurzweil , Jim Gianopulos , Naveen Jain , Arianna Huffington , Will Wright , and Craig Venter . In 1994, Diamandis cofounded the Zero Gravity Corporation (ZERO-G) with Byron K. Lichtenberg and Ray Cronise. The company offered weightless flight experiences aboard its Boeing 727 aircraft, and provided NASA with microgravity flight services for research purposes. In 1998, Diamandis provided some of

952-470: A subsidiary of United Biomedical Inc. (UBI). COVAXX (now Vaxxinity ) is the developer of the UB-612 COVID-19 vaccine candidate. In 2012, with Steven Kotler , Diamandis coauthored Abundance: The Future Is Better Than You Think . The nonfiction work argues that advances in technology, entrepreneurship, and philanthropy have the potential to significantly raise global standards of living. Abundance

1020-584: A third book in the series "The Exponential Mindset Trilogy," which includes Abundance and Bold : The Future is Faster Than You Think: How Converging Technologies are Transforming Business, Industries, and Our Lives , which examines the revolutionary changes brought about by convergence. The book argues that the already rapid pace of technological innovation is about to get even quicker. In February 2022, Diamandis co-authored Life Force: How New Breakthroughs in Precision Medicine Can Transform

1088-471: A winner, some of these teams have expressed an intention to launch in the future. Two competitors who were unable to get a verified launch contract by 2016, disqualifying them from the competition, plan to launch their crafts independently. Inducement prize contest IPCs are distinct from recognition prizes, such as the Nobel Prize , in that IPCs have prospectively defined criteria for what feat

1156-522: Is an American marketer, engineer , physician, and entrepreneur. He is best known as the founder and chairman of the XPRIZE Foundation , and the cofounder and executive chairman of Singularity University . He is also cofounder and former CEO of the Zero Gravity Corporation , cofounder and vice chairman of Space Adventures Ltd., founder and chairman of the Rocket Racing League , cofounder of

1224-566: Is now working to develop an international treaty that will include enforceable provisions designed to manage access to the Apollo sites and protect and preserve those sites, as well as others on the Moon, as the common heritage of all humankind. Nevertheless, some of the Apollo astronauts themselves have expressed support for the bonus, with Apollo 11 Moonwalker Buzz Aldrin appearing at the Google Lunar XPRIZE's initial announcement and reading

1292-450: Is to be achieved for winning the prize, while recognition prizes may be based on the beneficial effects of the feat. Throughout history, there have been instances where IPCs were successfully utilized to push the boundaries of what would have been considered state-of-the-art at the time. The Longitude Prize was a reward offered by the British government for a simple and practical method for

1360-651: The International Space University , cofounder of Planetary Resources , cofounder of Celularity, founder of Students for the Exploration and Development of Space , and vice chairman and cofounder of Human Longevity, Inc . Diamandis was born in the Bronx , New York to Greek immigrants. Diamandis expressed a keen interest in space exploration from a very early age. At age 8, he began lecturing his family and friends on space. At age 12, Diamandis won first place in

1428-485: The Japanese space agency , in the hope that they would offer similar prize purses. However, budget setbacks stopped NASA from sponsoring the prize. Peter Diamandis then presented the idea to Larry Page and Sergey Brin , co-founders of Google, at an XPRIZE fundraiser. They agreed to sponsor it, and also to increase the prize purse to US$ 30 million, allowing for a second place prize, as well as bonus prizes. The prize

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1496-526: The NASA Ames campus in Silicon Valley and is supported by a number of corporate founders and partners including Autodesk , Cisco , Nokia , Kauffman Foundation and ePlanet Ventures. The company runs a 10-week Graduate Studies Program, a seven-day Executive Program and a five-day Exponential Medicine conference. In April 2012, Diamandis cofounded Planetary Resources Inc ., an organization dedicated to

1564-590: The "Space Generation"—all those born since the flight of Sputnik—get off the planet. In 1986, Diamandis put his medical degree on hold and returned to MIT to pursue a master's degree in aeronautics and astronautics, conducting research at NASA Johnson Space Center , the MIT Man Vehicle Laboratory and MIT's Whitehead Biomedical Institute. After completing his M.S. at MIT, Diamandis returned to Harvard to complete his M.D. During his last year of medical school in 1989, Diamandis acted as managing director of

1632-538: The Estes Rocket Design Competition for building a launch system able to simultaneously launch three rockets. After graduating from Great Neck North High School in 1979, Diamandis attended Hamilton College for his first year, then transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to study biology and physics. During his second year at MIT in 1980, Diamandis cofounded Students for

1700-599: The Exploration and Development of Space . Diamandis graduated from MIT in 1983 with degrees in molecular genetics and aerospace engineering. He then entered Harvard Medical School to pursue his MD through the Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology . During his second year of medical school, he cofounded the Space Generation Foundation to promote projects and programs that would help

1768-530: The Google Lunar X Prize. Initially, NASA was the planned sponsor and the prize purse was just US$ 20 million. As NASA is a federal agency of the United States government, and thus funded by U.S. tax money, the prize would only have been available to teams from the United States. The original intention was to propose the idea to other national space agencies, including the European Space Agency and

1836-556: The Historic and Scientific Value of U.S. Government Lunar Artifacts . These guidelines were developed with the assistance of Beth O'Leary, an anthropology professor at New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, and a recognized leader in the emerging field of space archaeology . However, these are only guidelines and recommendations and are not enforceable beyond the possibility of "moral sanctions." An organization called For All Moonkind, Inc.

1904-525: The International Space University and CEO of International Micro Space, a microsatellite launch company. Over the course of his career, Diamandis has founded over 25 companies in the areas of longevity, space, venture capital and education. In 1987, during his third year of medical school, Diamandis cofounded International Space University with Todd Hawley , Walter Anderson , Christopher Mau and Robert Richards . Diamandis served as

1972-484: The Moon, verifying from the lunar surface the recent detection of water ice on the Moon, or surviving a lunar night. Additionally, a US$ 1 million diversity award was to be given to teams that make strides in promoting ethnic diversity in STEM fields . To provide an added incentive for teams to complete their missions quickly, it was announced that the prize would decrease from US$ 20 million to US$ 15 million whenever

2040-581: The Moon. Registration in the Google Lunar X Prize closed by 31 December 2010. The complete roster of 32 teams was announced in February 2011. By January 2017, there were just five officially registered Google Lunar X Prize teams continuing to pursue the prize objectives, as other teams had left the competition entirely, failed to achieve a competition interim milestone , or merged with other teams: Initially 32 teams were registered, with 16 teams having actively participated in all activities and only 5 teams satisfying

2108-592: The Quality of Your Life & Those You Love with Tony Robbins. The book, a New York Times bestseller, discusses various ways to boost energy, prevent disease, and extend vitality amidst health uncertainties. Diamandis also: In February 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic , MIT Technology Review reported that Diamandis held a "mostly maskless" event in Santa Monica in violation of the local stay-at-home order that became

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2176-463: The US$ 20 ;million grand prize; the second team to do so, a US$ 5 million second prize. Teams could earn additional money by completing tasks beyond the baseline requirements required to win the grand or second prize, such as traveling ten times the baseline requirements (greater than 5,000 meters (3 mi)), capturing images of the remains of Apollo program hardware or other man-made objects on

2244-550: The X-Prize organization announced that several milestone prizes will be awarded to teams for demonstrating key technologies prior to the actual mission. A total of US$ 6 million was awarded throughout 2014 for achieving the following milestones: In February 2014, a judging panel selected five teams which could compete for several interim prizes based on their proposals to achieve particular goals. The teams and their ultimate awards were: The five selected teams were required to accomplish

2312-516: The appropriate adjudicator of such an internationally relevant and interdisciplinary issue. This response left detractors unsatisfied. The Foundation pointed to the historical precedent set by the Apollo 12 mission, which landed nearby the previous Surveyor 3 robotic probe. Pete Conrad and Alan Bean approached and inspected Surveyor 3 and even removed some parts from it to be returned to Earth for study; new scientific results from that heritage visit, on

2380-627: The biology of aging. In May 2012, the Robin Hood Foundation announced its plans to partner with the XPRIZE Foundation for several New York-based challenges targeted at eradicating poverty. The $ 101 million global competition for technologies that combat aging and extend health span was launched in 2023. It asks teams to test and verify therapeutics that can restore a decade of muscle, immune, and cognitive functioning for people aged 65 to 80 in one year or less. The XPRIZE Foundation has

2448-567: The challenge.gov platform, or local with Tampere hackathons. Inducement prizes provide policy flexibility and a non-prescriptive approach that allows regional policymakers to also address specific societal challenges and concerns related to directionality, legitimacy, and responsibility .Overall, inducement prizes can be an effective policy tool with a challenge-oriented approach for addressing diverse societal challenges. Peter Diamandis Peter H. Diamandis ( / ˌ d iː ə ˈ m æ n d ɪ s / DEE -ə- MAN -diss ; born May 20, 1961)

2516-574: The deadline was extended again, to 31 March 2018. None of the remaining teams were able to claim the Google X-Prize money due to the inability to launch before the final deadline. Some observers have raised objections to the inclusion of the two "Heritage Bonus Prizes," particularly the Apollo Heritage Bonus Prize, which was to award an additional estimated US$ 1 million to the first group that successfully delivers images and videos of

2584-631: The exposure of manmade objects to conditions in outer space, were still being published in leading papers nearly four decades later. However, as Surveyor 3 and Apollo 12 were both NASA missions, there was no controversy at the time. In January 2011, NASA's manager for lunar commercial space noted on Twitter that work was underway to provide insight and guidelines on how lunar heritage sites could be protected while still allowing visitations that could yield critical science. And in July 2011, NASA issued Recommendations to Space-Faring Entities: How to Protect and Preserve

2652-401: The five final teams were able to launch their vehicles by the deadline. Google declined to further extend the deadline, and the prize went unclaimed. Peter Diamandis , the project founder, wrote on the official web page in 2007: It has been many decades since we explored the Moon from the lunar surface, and it could be another 6–8 years before any government returns. Even then, it will be at

2720-510: The form of monetary or non-monetary benefits, and aim to engage diverse groups of actors to develop solutions with low barriers to entry. The primary objectives of inducement prizes are to direct research efforts and incentivize the creation of desired technologies. In recent years, national and regional policymakers have increasingly utilized inducement prizes to stimulate innovation. These prizes can be implemented at various territorial levels, such as supranational with H2020 prizes, national with

2788-408: The foundation announced another extension of the deadline. The deadline for winning the prize was now December 2017, but contingent on at least one team showing by 31 December 2015 that they have a secured contract for launch. On 9 October 2015, team SpaceIL announced their officially verified launch contract with SpaceX , therefore extending the competition until the end of 2017. On 16 August 2017,

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2856-511: The foundation has launched the $ 10M Ansari XPRIZE (awarded), the $ 10M Automotive XPRIZE (awarded), the $ 10M Archon XPRIZE (in progress), the $ 30M Google Lunar XPRIZE (in progress), the $ 10M Qualcomm Tricorder XPRIZE , the $ 2M Lunar Lander Challenge (awarded), the $ 1.4M Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge (awarded), the Wendy Schmidt Ocean Health XPRIZE, and the $ 101 million XPRIZE Healthspan targeting aspects of

2924-671: The foundation. XPRIZE was created to fund and operate a $ 10 million incentive competition intended to inspire a new generation of private passenger-carrying spaceships. The prize was announced on May 18, 1996, in St. Louis, MO without any purse money or any teams. The prize was ultimately funded through an insurance policy underwritten by the Anousheh and Hamid Ansari Family and renamed the Ansari XPRIZE in their honor. The $ 10 million competition attracted 26 teams from seven countries as teams and

2992-468: The grand challenges that restrict humanity's progress. The most high-profile X PRIZE to date was the Ansari X PRIZE relating to spacecraft development awarded in 2004. This prize was intended to inspire research and development into technology for space exploration. Indeed, the X Prize has inspired other "letter" named inducement prize competitions such as the H-Prize , N-Prize , and so forth. In 2006, there

3060-405: The grid refugees and returnees. In some literature on the subject, it has been stated that well-designed IPCs can garner economic activity on the order of 10 to 20 times the amount of the prize face value. Inducement prizes have a long history as a policy tool for promoting innovation and solving various technical and societal challenges. These prizes offer a compensation reward, which can be in

3128-449: The identification, remote sensing and prospecting of near-Earth approaching asteroids, with Eric Anderson . He has also served on the company's board. Following financial troubles, it was announced in October 2018 that the company's human assets were purchased by the blockchain software technology company ConsenSys, Inc . In March 2014, Diamandis cofounded Human Longevity Inc. (HLI) ,

3196-530: The initial funding for the space tourism company Space Adventures . In March 2008, Space Adventures acquired Zero Gravity Corporation. More than 15,000 people have flown on the G-Force One aircraft as of 2017. Between 1999 and 2001, Diamandis was the CEO of BlastOff! Corporation , which proposed to fly a private rover mission to land on the Moon as a mix of entertainment, Internet and space. Diamandis commented on how

3264-429: The initial startup cost for the project was in the region of five million dollars, which was necessary to cover the costs of the servers, bandwidth and software. The company lost funding and ceased business in 2001. In 2005, Diamandis cofounded the Rocket Racing League . Developed as a cross between IndyCar racing and rockets, it envisioned enabling the public to enjoy speed, rockets and competitive spirits. Diamandis

3332-457: The landing site of one of the Apollo Program landing sites, such as Tranquility Base , after landing on the lunar surface. Such sites are widely regarded as archaeologically and culturally significant, and some have expressed concern that a team attempting to win this heritage bonus might inadvertently damage or destroy such a site, either during the landing phase of the mission, or by piloting

3400-610: The last two teams). On 23 January 2018, the X Prize Foundation announced that "no team would be able to make a launch attempt to reach the Moon by the [31 March 2018] deadline...and the US$ 30 million Google Lunar XPRIZE will go unclaimed." On 5 April 2018, the X Prize Foundation announced that the Lunar XPRIZE would continue as a non-cash competition. On 11 April 2019, the SpaceIL Beresheet spacecraft crashed while attempting to land on

3468-476: The milestones outlined in their submissions through testing and mission simulations, in order to be awarded the interim prizes. The teams had until October 2014 to complete the prize requirements. The winners were officially awarded on 26 January 2015 in San Francisco. Teams were required to have verified launch contracts by the end of 2016 in order to remain in the competition. Although the contest ended without

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3536-564: The moon. The SpaceIL team was awarded a $ 1 million "Moonshot Award" by the X Prize Foundation in recognition of touching the surface of the Moon. The Google Lunar XPRIZE was announced at the Wired Nextfest on 13 September 2007. The competition offered a total of US$ 30 million in prizes to the first privately funded teams to land a robot on the Moon that travels more than 500 meters (1,640 ft) and transmits back high-definition images and video. The first team to do so would have received

3604-604: The offer for another five years in 1924 when the state of aviation technology had advanced to the point that numerous competitors vied for the prize. Several famous aviators made unsuccessful attempts at the New York–Paris flight before relatively unknown American Charles Lindbergh won the prize in 1927 in his aircraft Spirit of St. Louis . One of the leading organizations for IPCs is Challenge Works . This social enterprise, originating from Nesta (charity) , uses IPCs, or 'Challenge Prizes', to catalyse innovative solutions to

3672-400: The period required increased, regular supplies of quality food. Limited food availability was among the factors limiting military campaigns to the summer and autumn months. In 1809, a French confectioner and brewer, Nicolas Appert , observed that food cooked inside a jar did not spoil unless the seals leaked, and developed a method of sealing food in glass jars. The reason for lack of spoilage

3740-600: The precise determination of a ship's longitude . The prize, established through an Act of Parliament (the Longitude Act ) in 1714, was administered by the Board of Longitude . Another example happened during the first years of the Napoleonic Wars . The French government offered a hefty cash award of 12,000 francs to any inventor who could devise a cheap and effective method of preserving large amounts of food. The larger armies of

3808-414: The rule requiring a verified launch contract by 31 December 2016. Shortly after the announcement of the complete roster of teams, an X Prize Foundation official noted that a total of thirty one teams entered a partial registration program by filing a "Letter of Intent" to compete; of these, twenty did indeed register or join other registered teams, while eleven ultimately did not register. In November 2013

3876-480: The university's managing director and chief operating officer until 1989. Today, ISU offers a Space Studies program and two accredited Master of Space Studies degrees. Its $ 30 million campus is headquartered in Strasbourg , France. Diamandis cofounded Microsat Launch Systems, later renamed International MicroSpace Inc., in 1989 during his fourth year of medical school and served as the company's CEO. IMI designed

3944-509: The way in which the Ansari XPRIZE was formed, the Google Lunar XPRIZE was created out of a former venture of Peter Diamandis to achieve a similar goal. Diamandis served as CEO of BlastOff! Corporation , a commercial initiative to land a robotic spacecraft on the Moon as a mix of entertainment, internet, and space. Although it was ultimately unsuccessful, the BlastOff! initiative paved the way for

4012-501: The world's largest problems. Their work includes the continuation of Longitude rewards , for example, the Longitude Prize on Dementia , which seeks to use Artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies to help those with dementia to manage their symptoms and live independently. Their work in social innovations revolves around 4 key pillars; Climate Response, Global health , Resilient Society and Technology Frontiers. They run

4080-549: Was No. 2 on The New York Times Best Seller list , remaining on the list for nine weeks. It was No. 1 on the non-fiction bestseller lists of Amazon and Barnes and Noble. In 2015, again with Steven Kotler , Diamandis coauthored Bold: How to Go Big, Create Wealth, and Impact the World , which provides analysis and instruction for entrepreneurs interested in learning about exponential technologies, moon-shot thinking, and crowdsourcing. January 28, 2020, Kotler and Diamandis released

4148-461: Was acquired by Angel Technology. Between 1995 and 1999, Diamandis was the president of Angel Technologies Corporation, a commercial communications company that intended to develop wireless broadband communications networks based on a high-altitude aircraft. In 1994, Diamandis founded the XPRIZE Foundation after the failure of International MicroSpace, Inc and reading Charles Lindbergh 's The Spirit of St. Louis . He serves as chairman and CEO of

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4216-448: Was eventually canceled "because of a glut of small launchers," and CTA put the project on hold and eventually canceled the project. In 1991, Diamandis founded Constellation Communications, Inc., one of five low-Earth orbit satellite constellations for voice telephony. The company planned to deploy an equatorial ring of 10 satellites to provide communications primarily to Brazil and Indonesia. Diamandis remained director until 1993, when it

4284-537: Was much interest in prizes for automotive achievement, such as the 250 mpg car. In Europe there has been a re-emergence of challenge prizes that following in the tradition of the Longitude Prize for solutions which impact on social problems. Nesta Challenges, based in London, is an example of this running prizes for innovations that for example reduce social isolation or make renewable energy generators accessible to off

4352-490: Was originally announced in 2007 as "a contest to put a robotic rover on the Moon by 2012," with a $ 20 million prize to the winner if the landing was achieved by 2012; the prize decreased to $ 15M until the end of 2014, at which point the contest would conclude. The five-year deadline was optimistic about schedule. Jeff Foust commented in Space Review that as the end of 2012 approached, "no team appeared that close to mounting

4420-524: Was the chairman of RRL until it ceased business. In 2008, with the American author, inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil , Diamandis cofounded Singularity University (SU), a Silicon Valley-based nonprofit offering education in futurology . It is now called the Singularity Group, as it is not a university. Diamandis now serves as its executive chairman. SU is an interdisciplinary organization based on

4488-631: Was the world's first non-government piloted spacecraft and hangs in the National Air and Space Museum adjacent to the Spirit of St. Louis aircraft. In January 2005, the XPRIZE Foundation Board of Trustees expanded the focus of the XPRIZE to address four different group areas: Exploration (oceans and space), Life Sciences, Energy and Environment, and Education and Global Development. Since inception,

4556-485: Was unknown at the time, since it would be another 50 years before Louis Pasteur demonstrated the role of microbes in food spoilage. Yet another example is the Orteig Prize which was a $ 25,000 reward offered on May 19, 1919, by New York hotel owner Raymond Orteig to the first allied aviator(s) to fly non-stop from New York City to Paris or vice versa. On offer for five years, it attracted no competitors. Orteig renewed

4624-435: Was won on October 4, 2004, by Mojave Aerospace Ventures , a team run by the aviation designer Burt Rutan and funded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen . The winning vehicle, SpaceShipOne , was piloted to space twice within two weeks to win the competition. The first flight was made on September 29, 2004, piloted by Mike Melvill , and the winning, second flight was made on October 4, 2004, by pilot Brian Binnie . SpaceShipOne

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