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27-451: The Federal Targeted Program "Global Navigation System" 2002-2011 , introduced in 2001, stipulated the development of a third-generation navigation satellite design, called GLONASS-K, as part of the overall GLONASS upgrade program in the time frame 2005–2011. The new satellite followed the second generation GLONASS-M , introduced in 2003. The Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) initially ordered 27 GLONASS-K satellites from ISS Reshetnev,

54-491: A December 14, 2014 interview with GPS World, he stated that while the original idea was to have just two GLONASS-K1 prototypes to be followed by the GLONASS-K2 production, international sanctions limited the supply of radiation resistant electronics. And thus, they had decided to launch an additional nine GLONASS-K1 as fleet replacement while they finished the GLONASS-K2 design. In a May, 2015 presentation, Mr. Testoyedov expected

81-442: A December 14, 2014 interview with GPS World, he stated that while the original idea was to have just two GLONASS-K1 prototypes to be followed by the GLONASS-K2 production, the international sanctions limited the supply of radiation-resistant electronics. And thus, they had decided to launch an additional nine GLONASS-K1 as a fleet replacement while they finished the GLONASS-K2 design. In a May 2015 presentation, Mr. Testoyedov expected

108-507: A Russian microprocessor reimplementation of the VAX 11/750 architecture: the Angstrem K1839 . The Uragan-M are usually launched in trios, and due to the close distance, the radios of the three would interfere with each other, meaning that the ground segment can only command one satellite at a time. Setting sun pointing attitude for power and then Earth pointing attitude for communications for

135-574: A single pass. The onboard computer in the Uragan-M can put the spacecraft in sun pointing mode autonomously, and does many of the start up processes so the ground segment can take control and process the Earth pointing mode. The payload consisted of 3 L-Band navigation signals in 25 channels separated by 0.5625 MHz intervals in 2 frequency bands: 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz and 1240 - 1260 MHz. EIRP 25 to 27 dBW. Right hand circular polarized. It transmits

162-635: A single unit takes about 5 hours. Since the radio contact window with ground control is between 4 and 6 hours, ground control can not control all spacecraft in a single pass. The on-board computer in the Uragan-M can put the spacecraft in sun pointing mode autonomously, and does many of the start up processes so the ground segment can take control and process the Earth pointing mode. The payload consists of L-Band navigation signals in 25 channels separated by 0.5625 MHz intervals in 2 frequency bands: 1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz and 1240 - 1260 MHz. EIRP 25 to 27 dBW. Right hand circular polarized. It transmits

189-502: The FDMA signals L1OF, L1SF and L2SF. It uses 2 Cs clocks with a clock stability of 5x10 . And includes retroreflector for accurate orbit assessment by laser ranging. The first generation Uragan spacecraft were created under ban of foreign radiation-hardened components and thus had an inferior expected design life of just 1 year. Throughout the years the design was gradually improved to last up to 5 years: Block I, II, and III nomenclature

216-721: The FDMA signals L1OF, L1SF, L2OF and L2SF, with the open L2OF being new to the Uragan series. It uses 3 Cs clocks with a clock stability of 1x10 (an 5x improvement over the 5x10 clock stability of the previous generation Uragan). In 2011 ISS Reshetnev announced plans to include the new CDMA signal L3OC, first introduced on Glonass-K series, on Glonass-M satellites flown from 2014; seven of these enhanced models were launched between 2014 and 2022 (s/n 755 to 761). The first generation Uragan spacecraft were created under ban of foreign radiation-hardened components and thus had been an inferior product with just 3 years of expected design life. Given

243-554: The GLONASS K2 is installed with equipment that will provide functionality for the COSPAS-SARSAT international search and rescue system. On July 16, 2016, the satellite developer announced that the first flight model had entered the thermal vacuum chamber . GLONASS-M GLONASS-M (Russian: ГЛОНАСС-М ), also known as Uragan-M (Russian: Ураган-М ) ( GRAU index 11F654M given to the first two pilot satellites and 14F113 to

270-409: The close distance, the radios of the three would interfere with each other, meaning that the ground segment can only command one satellite at a time. Setting sun pointing attitude for power and then Earth pointing attitude for communications for a single unit takes about 5 hours. Since the radio contact window with ground control is between 4 and 6 hours, ground control can not control all spacecraft in

297-587: The design life and adding the FDMA L2OF open signal. The last eight Glonass-M spacecraft in production included the new CDMA L3OC open signal. It used a 3-axis stabilized pressurized bus with two solar panels, a propulsion module and a payload module. At 1,415 kilograms (3,120 lb) these are just 2 kg (4.4 lb) heavier than the previous generation, but have 25% more power 1250 W, 230% more design life (7 years), an additional signal (L2OF) and generally improved accuracy. It uses an on-board computer based on

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324-584: The developer of all the previous GLONASS satellites. On 7 December 2010, the company announced it had completed ground tests of the first GLONASS-K1 development satellite. The satellite was launched to orbit on 26 February 2011 as Kosmos 2471 . On 30 November 2014, the second and supposedly last GLONASS-K1 development satellite was put to orbit as Kosmos 2501 . On a May 28, 2014, interview, Nikolay Testoyedov — president of ISS Reshetnev — stated that production of GLONASS-M would end in 2015, with GLONASS-K being exclusively produced after that final batch. In

351-477: The first generation of GLONASS spacecraft was created under such a ban and thus had been an inferior product with just 3 years of expected life. A situation that was not acceptable now. During May 27 and 28, 2015, in Dubna , Moscow region , ISS Reshetnev held a Council on electronic components. They specifically worked out a plan with ISS Reshetnev on the provisioning of high-quality electronic components in compliance with

378-597: The fleet at full operative capacity with 24 healthy satellites. On April 26, 2013, a Soyuz successfully orbited Kosmos 2485 , but the Proton-M mission failed spectacularly taking with it a trio of Uragan-M. During 2014, two satellites were launched by Soyuz in March and June. On a May 28, 2014 interview, Nikolay Testoyedov — president of ISS Reshetnev — stated that production of GLONASS-M would end in 2015, with GLONASS-K being exclusively produced after that final batch. In

405-489: The last GLONASS-M to fly in late 2017. On July 30, 2015, ISS Reshetnev announced that it had completed the last GLONASS-M (No.61) spacecraft and it was putting it in storage waiting for launch, along with an additional eight already built satellites. The last production batch (s/n 755+) is an enhanced GLONASS-M that includes an additional transmitter and antenna for the L3OC CDMA signal. After four successful launches until 2019,

432-404: The last Uragan Block IIv satellites. On December 25, 2006, launched the first trio of only Uragan-M. Two launches by late 2007 meant that six additional Uragan-M were added to the fleet. And another six were successfully launched in 2008. On September 12, 2008 Prime Minister Vladimir Putin signed RF Government Resolution on increasing GLONASS Program financing by 67 billion rubles. 2009 saw

459-487: The last launched unit on 25 December 2005 and the retirement of the last unit Kosmos 2403 on 30 April 2009. It has been superseded by the GLONASS-M ( GRAU Index 11F654M), the second-generation satellites. It used a 3-axis stabilized pressurized bus with two solar panels, a propulsion module and a payload module. It weighs 1,413 kg (3,115 lb) generates 1000W of power and had a limited design life of 3 years, but it

486-527: The last three spacecraft remained in storage and were launched as needed in 2019-2022. GLONASS (first-generation satellites) GLONASS (Russian: ГЛОНАСС-М ), also known as Uragan (Russian: Ураган ) ( GRAU Index 11F654 ) are the first generation of Uragan satellite used as part of the Russian GLONASS radio-based satellite navigation system. Developed by Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems , it had its debut launch on 12 October 1982, with

513-538: The launch of a single trio of Uragan-M, and with nine spacecraft planned for 2010, full service availability was expected. Regrettably, the third launch, on 5 December 2010, ended in failure, leaving no on-orbit spares. On October 2, 2011, the first launch of single Uragan-M satellite was performed by a Soyuz-2.1b/Fregat-M which put Kosmos 2474 on orbit from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome . Another Proton-M launched trio and an additional Soyuz-2.1b/Fregat-M launch put

540-533: The new GLONASS-K2 were expected to use Russian radiation-hardened components. Given the sanctions that banned the transfer of ITAR controlled parts, the Russian industry had been ordered to initiate an import substitution program. In the case of the GLONASS-K1, the foreign components were up to 90% of the electronics. And thus without substitution, the modernization program could not make modern spacecraft. He stated that

567-438: The realized average life was just 22 months, and the fleet should have 24 spacecraft, it was necessary to launch more than 7 spacecraft per year to keep the fleet in good health. To this end, the Uragan-M was designed, with an increased design life of 7 years, thanks to the availability of ITAR controlled parts. On December 1, 2001, a first generation GLONASS satellite Kosmos 2382 with new flight control and power systems

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594-560: The rest) are the second generation of Uragan satellite design used as part of the Russian GLONASS radio-based satellite navigation system. Developed by ISS Reshetnev (Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev), it had its debut launch in 2003, and is in the process of being phased out. Its production finished in 2015 and its last launch was in November 2022. It is an evolution of the previous Uragan ( GRAU Index 11F654) second-generation satellites, improving accuracy, increasing power, extending

621-570: The serial production of GLONASS-K1 to start flying in early 2018, just after the launch of the first GLONASS-K2 prototype. The presentation showed at least eleven additional GLONASS-K1 satellites flying until 2020. On April 2, 2015, he affirmed that the first GLONASS-K2 prototype was expected to fly in 2018 and feature COSPAS-SARSAT compatible equipment. The first launch was later delayed to 2019, and then further to 2022, and has been launched on 7 August 2023. On May 21, 2015, during an interview with Izvestia, ISS Reshetnev CEO, Andrey Tyulina, stated that

648-554: The state-run import substitution programs. These spacecraft differ from their predecessors in that they possess enhanced navigation functions. They will have a new design and amenities, and more accurate chronometers. GLONASS K2 will emit new signals code division that will provide greater accuracy in determining the coordinates of the users, and more accurate binding in those systems, such as computer systems, where accurate time references are important. Thus, CDMA signals are transmitted at frequencies L3, as well as L1 and L2. In addition,

675-473: Was extended to 5 years in later models. It had a strict requirement of keeping the internal temperature at ±1 °C. The previous design used an embedded liquid cooling system that weighted 340 kg (750 lb). The Uragan implemented a gaseous cooling system that put most of the heat generating parts on the outside of the pressure vessel, simplifying the system and weighing just 40 kg (88 lb). The Uragan-M are usually launched in trios, and due to

702-504: Was launched. This satellite was incorrectly named Uragan-M in a RIA Novosti news message issued days before the launch. When contacted by Novosti Kosmonavtiki magazine Roscosmos spokesman said all three launched satellites were first generation versions but one of them featured new upgraded flight control and power systems. Novosti Kosmonavtiki also pointed out the fact that GLONASS-M project had been approved on August 20, 2001, just three months before Kosmos 2382 launch. RIA Novosti mistake

729-420: Was widely propagated causing confusion regarding which satellite was the first GLONASS-M satellite. On December 10, 2003, the first Uragan-M was launched by a Proton-K / Briz-M from Baikonur along two Uragan Block IIv satellites. On December 26, 2004, the second Uragan-M was launched by a Proton-K DM-2 , also along two Uragan Block IIv satellites. And on December 25, 2005, two Uragan-M were launched along

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