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34-526: G44 , G-44 or G.44 may refer to: Grumman Widgeon , also known as the Grumman G44, is a twin-engine, amphibious commercial aircraft HMS Martin (G44) , a United Kingdom Royal navy destroyer which saw service during World War II G-44 Qeqertarsuaq , a football club based in Greenland Glock 44 , a model of handgun [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

68-513: A 360-degree field of view without moving his seat, including rear vision by engaging the extra prism. This design, patented by Rudolf Gundlach in 1936, first saw use in the Polish 7-TP light tank (produced from 1935 to 1939). As a part of Polish–British pre- World War II military cooperation, the patent was sold to Vickers-Armstrong where it saw further development for use in British tanks, including

102-431: A 45° angle. This form of periscope, with the addition of two simple lenses, served for observation purposes in the trenches during World War I . Military personnel also use periscopes in some gun turrets and in armoured vehicles . More complex periscopes using prisms or advanced fiber optics instead of mirrors and providing magnification operate on submarines and in various fields of science. The overall design of

136-611: A German U-boat off the coast of Louisiana. White reported the submarine sunk, and he was subsequently credited with sinking U-166 and awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross . However, in June 2001 the wreck of U-166 was found sitting near the wreck of SS Robert E. Lee by an oil exploration team; and the sinking of U-166 on July 30 (i.e. two days before the Widgeon flight) is now credited to patrol craft PC-566 escorting

170-449: A device that can rotate to provide a wider field of view (or is fixed into an assembly that can), while an episcope is fixed into position. Periscopes may also be referred to by slang, e.g. "shufti-scope". An important development, the Gundlach rotary periscope , incorporated a rotating top with a selectable additional prism which reversed the view. This allowed a tank commander to obtain

204-669: A fixed, non-retractable periscope that used a combination of prisms to relay the image to the submariner. (Peral also developed a primitive gyroscope for submarine navigation and pioneered the ability to fire live torpedoes while submerged. ) The invention of the collapsible periscope for use in submarine warfare is usually credited to Simon Lake in 1902. Lake called his device the "omniscope" or "skalomniscope". As of 2009 modern submarine periscopes incorporate lenses for magnification and function as telescopes . They typically employ prisms and total internal reflection instead of mirrors, because prisms, which do not require coatings on

238-575: A large payment for his periscope patent from some of its producers." The USSR also copied the design and used it extensively in its tanks, including the T-34 and T-70 . The copies were based on Lend-Lease British vehicles, and many parts remain interchangeable. Germany also made and used copies. Periscopic sights were also introduced during the Second World War. In British use, the Vickers periscope

272-501: A narrower field of view and higher magnification. In World War II and earlier submarines it was the only means of gathering target data to accurately fire a torpedo, since sonar was not yet sufficiently advanced for this purpose (ranging with sonar required emission of an acoustic "ping" that gave away the location of the submarine) and most torpedoes were unguided. Twenty-first-century submarines do not necessarily have periscopes. The United States Navy's Virginia -class submarines and

306-467: A targeting, or commander's, periscope. Navies originally mounted these periscopes in the conning tower , one forward of the other in the narrow hulls of diesel-electric submarines. In the much wider hulls of recent US Navy submarines the two operate side-by-side. The observation scope, used to scan the sea surface and sky, typically had a wide field of view and no magnification or low-power magnification. The targeting or "attack" periscope, by comparison, had

340-456: A true periscopic sight in the primary role. The periscopic sight was linked to the gun itself, allowing elevation to be captured (rotation being fixed as part of rotating turret). The sights formed part of the overall periscope, providing the gunner with greater overall vision than previously possible with the telescopic sight. The FV4201 Chieftain used the TESS (TElescopic Sighting System) developed in

374-747: A visible wake (and may also become detectable by radar ), giving away the submarine's position. Marie-Davey built a simple, fixed naval periscope using mirrors in 1854. Thomas H. Doughty of the United States Navy later invented a prismatic version for use in the American Civil War of 1861–1865. Submarines adopted periscopes early. Captain Arthur Krebs adapted two on the experimental French submarine Gymnote in 1888 and 1889. The Spanish inventor Isaac Peral equipped his submarine Peral (developed in 1886 but launched on September 8, 1888) with

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408-536: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Grumman Widgeon The Widgeon was originally designed for the civil market. It is smaller, but otherwise similar to Grumman 's earlier G-21 Goose , and was produced from 1941 to 1955. The aircraft was used during World War II as a small patrol and utility machine by the US Navy, US Coast Guard, and Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm . The first prototype flew in 1940 , and

442-577: The Avro Vulcan and Handley Page Victor and the Nimrod MR1 as the "on top sight". Various US bomber aircraft such as the B-52 used sextant periscopes for celestial navigation before the introduction of GPS . This also allowed the aircrew to navigate without the use of an astrodome in the fuselage. An emergency periscope was used on all Boeing 737 models manufactured before 1997 found under "Seat D" behind

476-633: The Crusader , Churchill , Valentine , and Cromwell models as the Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV . The Gundlach-Vickers technology was shared with the American Army for use in its tanks including the Sherman , built to meet joint British and US requirements. This saw post-war controversy through legal action: "After the Second World War and a long court battle, in 1947 he, Rudolf Gundlach, received

510-751: The Gannet Super Widgeon Data from War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Five: Flying Boats General characteristics Performance Armament Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Periscope A periscope is an instrument for observation over, around or through an object, obstacle or condition that prevents direct line-of-sight observation from an observer's current position. In its simplest form, it consists of an outer case with mirrors at each end set parallel to each other at

544-756: The Robert E. Lee . White's Widgeon is now thought to have made an unsuccessful attack against U-171 , a Type IXC U-boat identical to U-166 that reported an air attack coincident with White's attack. U-171 was undamaged by White's attack, but was sunk four months later in the Bay of Biscay . The sinking of a German U-boat by the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) was claimed by one of their larger aircraft on 11 July 1942. The Grumman G-44 Widgeon, armed with two depth charges and crewed by Captain Johnny Haggins and Major Wynant Farr,

578-619: The Royal Navy 's Astute -class submarines instead use photonics masts , pioneered by the Royal Navy's HMS  Trenchant , which lift an electronic imaging sensor-set above the water. Signals from the sensor-set travel electronically to workstations in the submarine's control center. While the cables carrying the signal must penetrate the submarine's hull, they use a much smaller and more easily sealed—and therefore less expensive and safer—hull opening than those required by periscopes. Eliminating

612-777: The SCAN 30 . Most of these ended up in the United States. McKinnon Enterprises at Sandy, Oregon , converted over 70 Widgeons to "Super Widgeons". The conversion features replacing the engines with 270 hp (200 kW) Avco Lycoming GO-480-B1D flat-six piston engines , and various other modifications, including modern avionics , three-bladed propellers , larger windows, improved soundproofing , emergency exits, and increased maximum takeoff weight . Retractable wingtip floats were optional. Pacific Aerospace Engineering Corporation conversions of S.C.A.N. 30s, powered by 300 hp (220 kW) Lycoming R-680-13 radial engines. Later known as

646-504: The Moon]. Hevelius saw military applications for his invention. Mikhail Lomonosov invented an "optical tube" which was similar to a periscope. In 1834, it was used in a submarine, designed by Karl Andreevich Schilder. In 1854, Hippolyte Marié-Davy invented the first naval periscope, consisting of a vertical tube with two small mirrors fixed at each end at 45°. Simon Lake used periscopes in his submarines in 1902. Sir Howard Grubb perfected

680-416: The classical submarine periscope is very simple: two telescopes pointed into each other. If the two telescopes have different individual magnification, the difference between them causes an overall magnification or reduction. Johannes Hevelius described an early periscope (which he called a "polemoscope") with lenses in 1647 in his work Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio [Selenography, or an account of

714-455: The crew shadowed the submarine. Just as Haggins was about to return to base, the U-boat rose to periscope depth, and Haggins swung the aircraft around, aligned with the submarine and dove to 100 feet (30 m). Farr released one of the two depth charges, blowing the submarine's front out of the water. As it left an oil slick , Farr made a second pass and released the other charge. Debris appeared on

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748-521: The device in World War I. Morgan Robertson (1861–1915) claimed to have tried to patent the periscope: he described a submarine using a periscope in his fictional works. Periscopes, in some cases fixed to rifles , served in World War I (1914–1918) to enable soldiers to see over the tops of trenches , thus avoiding exposure to enemy fire (especially from snipers). The periscope rifle also saw use during

782-532: The early 1980s that was later sold as surplus for use on the RAF Phantom aircraft. In modern use, specialised periscopes can also provide night vision. The Embedded Image Periscope (EIP) designed and patented by Kent Periscopes provides standard unity vision periscope functionality for normal daytime viewing of the vehicle surroundings plus the ability to display digital images from a range of on-vehicle sensors and cameras (including thermal and low light) such that

816-571: The first production aircraft went to the US Navy as an antisubmarine aircraft . In total, 276 were built by Grumman, including 176 for the military. During World War II, they served with the US Navy, Coast Guard, Civil Air Patrol , and Army Air Force, as well as with the British Royal Navy, which gave it the service name Gosling . On August 1, 1942, a J4F-1 flown by US Coast Guard Patrol Squadron 212 based out of Houma, Louisiana , and flown by Chief Aviation Pilot Henry White, spotted and attacked

850-638: The ocean's surface, confirming the U-boat's demise and the CAP's first kill. After the war, Grumman redesigned the aircraft to make it more suitable for civilian operations. A new hull improved its water handling, and six seats were installed. In total, 76 of the new G-44As were built by Grumman, the last being delivered on January 13, 1949. Another 41 were produced under license by the Société de construction aéronavale  [ fr ] (SCAN) in La Rochelle , France , as

884-411: The protectoscope allows the vision slit to be blanked off with spaced armoured plate. This prevents a potential ingress point for small arms fire, with only a small difference in vision height, but still requires the armour to be cut. In the context of armoured fighting vehicles , such as tanks , a periscopic vision device may also be referred to as an episcope . In this context a periscope refers to

918-436: The reflecting surface, are much more rugged than mirrors. They may have additional optical capabilities such as range-finding and targeting. The mechanical systems of submarine periscopes typically use hydraulics and need to be quite sturdy to withstand the drag through water. The periscope chassis may also support a radio or radar antenna. Submarines traditionally had two periscopes; a navigation or observation periscope and

952-469: The resulting image appears "embedded" internally within the unit and projected at a comfortable viewing positions. Periscopes allow a submarine , when submerged at a relatively shallow depth, to search visually for nearby targets and threats on the surface of the water and in the air. When not in use, a submarine's periscope retracts into the hull . A submarine commander in tactical conditions must exercise discretion when using his periscope, since it creates

986-448: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G44&oldid=1064139913 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1020-468: The telescoping tube running through the conning tower also allows greater freedom in designing the pressure hull and in placing internal equipment. Periscopes have also been used on aircraft for sections with limited view. The first known use of aircraft periscope was on the Spirit of St. Louis . The Vickers VC10 had a periscope that could be used on four locations of the aircraft fuselage, V-Bombers such as

1054-447: The vehicle roof. Prior to periscopes, direct vision slits were cut in the armour for occupants to see out. Periscopes permit view outside of the vehicle without needing to cut these weaker vision openings in the front and side armour, better protecting the vehicle and occupants. A protectoscope is a related periscopic vision device designed to provide a window in armoured plate, similar to a direct vision slit. A compact periscope inside

G44 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-576: The war – this was an infantry rifle sighted by means of a periscope, so the shooter could aim and fire the weapon from a safe position below the trench parapet. During World War II (1939–1945), artillery observers and officers used specifically manufactured periscope binoculars with different mountings. Some of them also allowed estimating the distance to a target, as they were designed as stereoscopic rangefinders . Tanks and armoured vehicles use periscopes: they enable drivers, tank commanders, and other vehicle occupants to inspect their situation through

1122-452: Was provided with sighting lines, enabling front and rear prisms to be directly aligned to gain an accurate direction. On later tanks such as the Churchill and Cromwell, a similarly marked episcope provided a backup sighting mechanism aligned with a vane sight on the turret roof. Later, US-built Sherman tanks and British Centurion and Charioteer tanks replaced the main telescopic sight with

1156-425: Was scrambled when another CAP patrol radioed that they had encountered an enemy submarine, but were returning to base due to low fuel. After scanning the area, Farr spotted the U-boat cruising beneath the surface of the waves. Unable to accurately determine the depth of the vessel, Haggins and Ferr radioed the situation back to base and followed the enemy in hopes that it would rise to periscope depth . For three hours,

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