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83-687: The Beijing–Shanghai Expressway designated as G2 and commonly abbreviated as the Jinghu Expressway is a major expressway of China , linking the capital Beijing in the north to Shanghai on the central coast. It extends 1262 kilometres in length, and was finished in 2006. The expressway's name, Jinghu, is a combination of the two cities' one-character Chinese abbreviations : Jing stands for Beijing , while Hu stands for Shanghai . The trip from Beijing to Shanghai by automobile takes about ten hours to complete with multiple drivers taking shifts and under good road conditions. The expressway passes

166-420: A 0.7 rate. In 2010 the total expressway mileage accounted for only 1.85 percent of highway mileage driven, however accidents on expressways made up 13.54% of highway traffic deaths. For the 2011-2015 period this was still at 10%. The accidents are mainly caused by tailgating , fatigue and speeding . Neither officially named "motorway" nor "highway", China used to call these roads "freeways". In this sense,

249-791: A Chinese driver's licence for less than a year) are allowed on expressways, something that was prohibited from the mid-1990s. Overtaking on the right, speeding, and illegal use of the emergency belt (or hard shoulder ) cost violators stiff penalties. Expressways in China are signed in both Simplified Chinese and English (except for parts of the Jingshi Expressway , which relies only on Chinese characters , and some provinces, in Inner Mongolia for example signs are in Mongolian and Chinese, and in Xinjiang

332-620: A dedicated ETC lane at almost all toll gates. By 2019, 90% of traffic paid is expected to pay toll fees using the ETC system. City transit cards are not widely used; one of the first experiments with the Beijing Yikatong Card on what is now the Jingzang Expressway (G6) went live for only a year before a new national standard replaced it in early 2008. A previous system, the 1992 "five vertical + seven horizontal expressways" system,

415-522: A direct, albeit slow, train to Hong Kong . As of December 2012, the new Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway serves Anshan West Railway Station and Haicheng West Railway Station . It connects south to Dalian and north east to Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin . This line was hailed as the world's first alpine high-speed rail line. In summer it runs at its full speed of 300 km/h but in winter speeds are restricted to 200 km/h. High-speed services also run via Anshan to Beijing. Tai'an county of Anshan

498-708: A fair distance apart. "Distance checks" are commonplace; the idea here is to keep the two-second rule (or, as Chinese law requires, at least a 100 m (330 ft) distance between cars). Speed checks and speed traps are often signposted (in fact, on the Jingshen Expressway in the Beijing section, even the cameras have a warning sign above them), but some may just be scarecrow signs. Signs urging drivers to slow down, warning about hilly terrain, banning driving in emergency lanes, or about different road surfaces are also present. Also appearing from time to time are signs signaling

581-730: A major steel producer. Anshan's cleanliness has been consistently subpar, leading to a negative reputation for the town. Anshan became a formal administrative region under the Northeastern People's Government (later renamed as the Northeastern Administration Commission) in November 1949. Anshan is reported to have served as a base for Soviet MIG fighter aircraft and pilots during the Korean War (1950–1953) in air combat operations against US/UN forces. On March 12, 1953,

664-944: A national gasoline tax to finance construction of the tollways met with opposition and it has been very difficult for both the Chinese Communist Party and the State Council to pass such a tax through the National People's Congress of China . China has an extensive tollway system, which composed of nearly all expressways as well as having around 70% of the world's tollways. Tolls are roughly around CNY 0.5 per kilometer, and minimum rates (e.g. CNY 5) usually apply regardless of distance. However, some are more expensive (the Jinji Expressway costs around CNY 0.66 per kilometer) and some are less expensive (the Jingshi Expressway in Beijing costs around CNY 0.33 per kilometer). It

747-509: A nearby mountain south of the city, which can be seen on the left (west) about five minutes before the northbound train arrives at Anshan railway station . Anshan is home to the Anshan Iron and Steel Group , one of the largest steel producers in China. Anshan is sister city with Sheffield , United Kingdom . Anshan holds one-third of the world's supply of talcum and a quarter of the world's reserves of magnesite . Anshan also produced

830-417: A network of 85,000 kilometres (53,000 mi) expressways over the next three decades, connecting all provincial capitals and cities with a population of over 200,000 residents. The announcement introduced the 7918 network , a grid of 7 radial expressways from Beijing , 9 north–south expressways, and 18 east–west expressways that would form the backbone of the national expressway system. This replaced

913-432: A quarter of all worldwide reserves. Anshan also has the world's largest reserve of talcum, accounting for fully one third of the entire world supply. The Xiuyan area of Anshan is known for the production of jade. The largest single jade stone ever found came from Xiuyan, now carved into the form of a Buddha, it is a major tourist attraction in the area. Anshan is serviced by Shenyang airport, about 90 kilometres (56 miles) to

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996-489: A relatively small city of little importance. As the steel mills expanded, so to did the city. Spin off industries developed alongside the steel plant making the area a centre of heavy industry. As a joint Sino-Japanese venture, Anshan Zhenzing Iron Ore Company Unlimited was started in Anshan in 1918. When Japan occupied Northeast China in 1931, these mills were turned into a Japanese owned monopoly. Anshan subsequently became part of

1079-454: A toll portion of the expressway), an entry card is handed over to the driver. The tolls to be paid are determined from the distance traveled when the driver hands the entry card back to the exit toll gate upon leaving the expressway. A small number of expressways do not use a card system but charge unitary fares. Passage through these expressways is relatively faster but it is economically less advantageous. An example of such an expressway would be

1162-407: A total capacity production of 1,750,000 tonnes of iron bars and 1,000,000 tonnes of processed steel . By 1942, Anshan's Shōwa Steel Works total production capacity reached 3,600,000 tonnes, making it one of the major iron and steel centers in the world. In 1945 the steel plant was looted by Soviet forces. The Republic of China government partially repaired the site, but it was destroyed again during

1245-750: A treasure of the State and listed as a protected property by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai . Anshan city government commissioned the carving which took a team of 120 sculptures 18 months to complete. The temple complex was opened on September 3, 1996. The building that houses the Jade Buddha statue is 33 metres tall, representing the 33 layers of heaven in Buddhism. It claims to be one of the tallest two-story buildings of traditional Chinese architectural style in China. Anshan contains naturally hot spring water spas. There are four spas/hotels in Anshan. Visitors may shower and bathe in

1328-556: A troublesome and costly project. But that will not be a problem for distance-based exit numbering. The exit is written inside an oval in green letters to the immediate right of the Chinese word for exit, "出口" (chukou). The total costs of the national expressway network are estimated to be 2 trillion yuan (some US$ 300 billion as rate in 2016). From 2005 to 2010, the annual investment was planned to run from 140 billion to 150 billion yuan (17 to 18 billion U.S. dollars), while from 2010 to 2020,

1411-639: Is "219 Park". The name of the park commemorates the liberation of Anshan by the People's Liberation Army on February 19, 1948. The park contains the Dongshan (East Mountain) scenic area as well as numerous lakes. Of particular note is the Jade Buddha Palace . This large Buddhist temple complex of 22,104 square metres, houses the world's largest statue of Buddha made of Jade (It is called jade in Chinese, but in English it

1494-461: Is Serpentine). It is a single piece of jade stone measuring 6.88 metres in width, 4.10 metres front to back and 7.95 metres high. The jade stone weighs 260.76 tons. The front of the stone has been carved with an image of Sakyamuni (aka. Gautama) Buddha. On the back of the stone Guanyin (aka. Avalokitesvara) Buddha has been carved. The jade stone was found in 1960 in Xiuyan County. It was declared

1577-457: Is a derivation of the Chinese name kuaisu gonglu (compare with expressway, gaosu gonglu ). Officially, "expressway" is used for both expressways and express routes, which is also the standard used here. The names of the individual expressways are regularly composed of two characters representing start and end of expressway, e.g. "Jingcheng" expressway is the expressway between "Jing" (meaning Beijing) and Chengde. The Road Traffic Safety Law of

1660-621: Is also another main idea in the plan. The Anshan government anticipates the foreign investment assets would be around 80 billion RMB by 2005. Anshan has been identified by the Economist Intelligence Unit in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the CHAMPS ( C hongqing , H efei , A nshan, M aanshan , P ingdingshan and S henyang ), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China. The opportunities for engaging Anshan's consumers have been documented by

1743-669: Is an integrated system of national and provincial-level expressways in China . With the construction of the Shenyang–Dalian Expressway beginning between the cities of Shenyang and Dalian on 7 June 1984, the Chinese government started to take an interest in a national expressway system. The first modern at-grade China National Highways is the Shanghai–Jiading Expressway , opened in October 1988. The early 1990s saw

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1826-449: Is divided into four districts, one town, one county and one autonomous county. The north east of China is a major industrial zone and Anshan is one of the key sites of the north east. Anshan is in the midst of a at least a quarter of China's iron and coal resources. The city is renowned as "China's capital of iron and steel". Prior to the development of the Iron and Steel industries, Anshan was

1909-596: Is dominated by the large steel works of Angang. The district of Lishan houses 425,600 people and the suburbs of Qianshan district have 366,200 soles. Within Anshan prefecture lies the subordinate city of Haicheng which accounts for 1,181,100 people. The neighbouring subordinate town of Tai'an has 354,700 people. Anshan has no river or sea port. The nearby military airport, Anshan Teng'ao Airport (AOG), also accepts commercial domestic flights. Currently there are five routes in operation, Anshan–Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu and Nanjing, with one flight each per day throughout

1992-420: Is expected that all national expressways will connect prefecture-level administrative regions (except Sansha ), other cities and counties with 100,000 and more populations, and important border checkpoints. In 2008 the rate of fatalities on Chinese expressways is 3.3 fatalities per 100 million vehicle-km. Nonetheless, the fatality rate on Chinese expressways is five times higher than western countries which have

2075-652: Is noteworthy that cheaper expressways do not necessarily mean poorer roads or a greater risk of traffic congestion. Roads in Tibet and Hainan are all toll free. In Tibet, this is done to stimulate economic development, whereas in Hainan, the cost is covered by a provincial fuel tax, first instated in 1994. Tolls are waived nationwide during national holidays, such as Golden Week , and regionally for locally observed holidays. For example, Xinjiang makes all expressway travel free during Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha . Expressway planning

2158-463: Is one of few locations where both religions are found sharing the same site. Cars are not allowed within the park. One of the mountains in the park is believed to resemble Maitreya Buddha. It is claimed to be the largest naturally occurring image of Maitreya in the world. Several temples have been built on the peaks of the overlooking hills. Near the Buddha is a bird park. Another major tourist location

2241-640: Is performed by the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China . Unlike the road networks in most nations, most Chinese expressways are not directly owned by the state, but rather are owned by for-profit corporations (which have varying amounts of public and private ownership) which borrow money from banks or securities markets based on revenue from projected tollways. Examples of these corporations include Huabei Expressway Co., Ltd., Northeast Expressway Co., Ltd., Hunan Changyong Expressway Co., Ltd., and Guangxi Wuzhou Transportation Co., Ltd. One reason for this

2324-405: Is served by another high-speed rail line linking Shenyang to Beijing. Long-distance coaches run to all the main cities of the province as well as to Beijing. Local transportation is primarily by bus or taxi. Anshan used to have a single tram line —along Zhonghua Avenue, through the city centre and past Angang main gate—but this has been closed and the tracks removed. Due to the flat topography of

2407-495: Is that Chinese provinces, which are responsible for road building, have extremely limited powers to tax and even fewer powers to borrow. Since the late-1990s, there were proposals to fund public highways by means of a fuel tax , but this was voted down by the National People's Congress . China's tollways were criticized for having excessively high toll fees. According to Zhongxin.com, by reducing toll fees, it will lead to logistic costs reductions, another problem encountered by

2490-538: Is the Nanguo pears ( Chinese : 南果梨 , Pyrus ussuriensis c.v. Nanguo ), nicknamed the "king of pears". Anshan was used as a travel post with motels during the Ming Dynasty ( Chinese : 明朝 ) for travellers who passed by on work duty. Anshan has a monsoon -influenced humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa ) characterised by hot, humid summers, due to the monsoon, and rather long, cold, and arid winters, due to

2573-601: The Imperial Japanese Army Air Force , to Anshan, with other air squadrons for industrial defence purposes. Although this unit was equipped with modern Nakajima Ki-84 Ia (Manshu Type) Hayate "Frank" fighters, manufactured by Manshūkoku Hikōki Seizo KK , the plant suffered heavy damage from the air raids, losing up to 30% of its capacity. After the war in Europe ended , the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as

G2 Beijing–Shanghai Expressway - Misplaced Pages Continue

2656-509: The Jingtong Expressway . China is increasingly deploying a network of electronic toll collection (ETC) systems, and in the latest edition of expressway toll gate signage, a new ETC sign is now shown at an increasing number of toll gates. ETC networks based around Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong province all feature either mixed toll passages supporting toll card payment or full-service dedicated ETC lanes. Beijing, in particular, has

2739-662: The Ming Dynasty to combat the growing power of the Manchu . The city was burnt down during the Boxer Rebellion , and was destroyed again in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). As a result of this war, Japan had gained influence in Liaoning and was engaged in industrialising the region. Anshan lay beside the new South Manchuria Railway line that ran from the port of Dalian to the major city of Shenyang . From 1918 to 1945, Anshan

2822-596: The National Trunk Highway System, NTHS ), uses one, two or four digits in the G-series numbering system, leaving three-figured G roads as the China National Highways. The new 7, 11, 18 Network is composed of The network is additionally composed of connection expressways as well as regional and metropolitan ring expressways. Anshan The city's name came from the horse saddle -like shape of

2905-780: The Siberian anticyclone . The four seasons here are distinctive. Nearly half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August. The monthly 24-hour average temperatures ranges from −8.1 °C (17.4 °F) in January to 25.3 °C (77.5 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 10.2 °C (50.4 °F). Sunshine is generous and amounts to 2,543 hours annually, while relative humidity averages 58%, ranging from 47% in March and April to 75% in July and August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −26.9 °C (−16.4 °F) up to 36.7 °C (98.1 °F). Anshan

2988-438: The 108 kilometres (67 mi) middle portion of the expressway remaining a highway. It would take until 20 August 1990, for all sections of the highway to become that of an expressway. The expressway is now part of the longer G15 Shenyang–Haikou Expressway . On 21 December 1984, construction began on the Shanghai–Jiading Expressway in the city of Shanghai . The Shanghai–Jiading Expressway opened on 31 October 1988, becoming

3071-478: The 1980s, freight and passenger transport activities were predominantly achieved by rail transport rather than by road . The 1980s and 1990s saw a growing trend toward roads as a method of transportation and a shift away from rail transport. In 1978, rail transport accounted for 54.4 percent of the total freight movement in China, while road transport only accounted for 2.8 per cent. By 1997, road transport's share of freight movement had increased to 13.8 percent while

3154-421: The 2009–2010 numbering switchover, nearly all of China's expressways used sequential numbering, and a few expressways used Chinese names outright. One of the reasons for this shift is that distance-based exit numbering comes in handy when newly built exits are added to an expressway exit system. If sequential numbering is used, numbers of all the exits following the new exit have to be replaced, which will be

3237-404: The 2010 census, the conurbation of urban Anshan and urban Liaoyang districts contains 2.17 million inhabitants. The city of Anshan can be divided into districts. The East district, Tiedong has a population of 452,900. The western district, Tiexi has 311,600 people. These two districts are demarcated by the railway lines that run north to south through the city. The north western portion of the city

3320-585: The Basic Industry Department of the Development and Reform Commission, said that whether the plan is for ordinary national roads, the development of expressways is prioritized more in the western regions. According to Huang, the two expressways were to be added to the western region, while none in the northern, eastern, or southern regions. In 2014, Wang Tai, deputy director of the Highway Bureau of

3403-684: The Chinese Manchuria. Civil war continued between the Nationalists and the Communists. The Nationalist Government attempted to revive manufacturing in the area during their period of control from 1946 to 1948. The city of Anshan was the scene of one of the battles of this war. The city was taken by the PLA on February 19, 1948. A monument in Lieshishan Park commemorates the battle. The northeast of China

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3486-648: The Chinese civil war that saw the Communist forces victorious. The mills were once again repaired and Anshan Iron and Steel Company (Angang) was founded in 1948. From then to 2001, the company produced 290 million tons of steel, 284 million tons of pig iron and 192 million tons of rolled steel. Until the opening of a new steel plant in Shanghai, Angang was the largest steel producer in China. Today, Angang consists of three steelworks with 13 rolling mills plus supporting plants which produce coke, refractory materials and machinery for

3569-723: The Han and Man people, come the Hui and the Chaoxian with 23,400 and 10,000 people respectively. The Hui population is widely dispersed but the Chaoxian population is mostly concentrated in Teixi (West district) and Qianshan district. Anshan has a population of 3.65 million at the 2010 census. As the city has expanded, the area between Anshan and the neighbouring city of Liaoyang has become urbanised, with little or no farmland visible on route between them. According to

3652-601: The Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and additional industries developed around the iron and steel mills. Due to its mills, the city became a significant strategic industrial hub during World War II and as such, was subject to constant Allied bombing during the war. Total production of processed iron in Manchuria reached 1,000,000 tonnes in 1931–32, of which almost half was made by Shōwa Steel in Anshan. Iron production grew to 7,000,000 tonnes in 1938 and by 1941, Shōwa Steel Works had

3735-537: The Jingshen Expressway (G1). The Panhai and Danxi Expressways (together forming the G16) pass through Anshan's counties of Haicheng and Xiuyan, connecting them to Yingkou and Panjin in the west and Dandong to the east. Anshan is connected to the Chinese rail network with rail routes to Beijing , Dalian, and to the northeastern provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang as well as to eastern Inner Mongolia , and even

3818-642: The Ministry of Transport, introduced the national toll highway mileage and mainline toll stations. On 6 November 2015, Hu Zuicai, deputy director of the National Development and Reform Commission, introduced a reform policy for construction of China's expressway system that was approved by the State Council . Hu claimed that the current highway construction is facing problems such as pre-approval and evaluation assessment. Through simplification and integration of examination and approval stages, it will help speed up

3901-555: The People's Republic of China stipulates the speed limit of 120 km/h (75 mph), effective since 1 May 2004. A minimum speed limit of 60 km/h (37 mph) is in force. On overtaking lanes, however, this could be as high as 110 km/h (68 mph). Penalties for driving both below and in excess of the prescribed speed limits are enforced. Some expressways have a lower design speed of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph). Only motor vehicles are allowed to enter expressways. As of 1 May 2004, "new drivers" (i.e., those with

3984-567: The Red Army simultaneously launched Operation August Storm . Soviet forces advanced rapidly and soon captured much of Manchuria from the Japanese. In late 1945, the Soviet Red Army occupied a large amount of Liaoning and took major portions of the area's manufacturing and mining equipment to the Soviet Union. With the defeat of Japan in 1945, Anshan was returned to China along with the rest of

4067-771: The annual investment planned is to be around 100 billion yuan. The construction fund will come from vehicle purchase tax, fees and taxes collected by local governments, state bonds, domestic investment and foreign investment. Unlike other freeway systems, almost all of the roads on the NTHS/"7918 Network" are toll roads that are largely financed by private companies under contract from provincial governments. The private companies raise money through bond and stock offerings and recover money through tolls. Examples of these companies include Huabei Expressway Co., Ltd., Northeast Expressway Co., Ltd., Hunan Changyong Expressway Co., Ltd., and Guangxi Wuzhou Transportation Co., Ltd. Efforts to impose

4150-474: The attractions in Anshan is Qianshan National Park which is about 18 km (11 mi), by road, to the southeast of the city. Qianshan, literally 'Thousand Mountains', is an abbreviation of 'Thousand lotus flower mountains'. The peaks were said to resemble the petals of the lotus flower which had been dropped to earth by a goddess. The park area of 44 km (17 sq mi), is filled with both Buddhist and Taoist temples, monasteries and nunneries. It

4233-508: The city became a municipality under the Central Government's direct administration. Haicheng County and Xiuyan County were subordinated to Liaodong Province. Tai'an County was subordinated to Liaoxi Province. On August 22, 1954, the central government decided that Anshan should be administered by Liaoning Province. The State Council confirmed that Anshan should be in charge of Xiuyan County and Haicheng City in 1985. The furnaces of

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4316-426: The city centre, bicycles are popular. Almost all roads have a wide cycle lane on each side. Often this lane is further protected by a traffic island that separates the bikes from larger motor vehicles. In recent years, Anshan has been trying to throw off its image as a heavy industrial town along with the dirt and pollution that goes with such industry. It has remodeled itself as a tourist destination. Foremost among

4399-495: The country's expressway system. Reforms of the tollway system were planned by the National People's Congress with the inclusion of cost reduction of bridges. However, the toll system was also praised by the World Bank for encouraging construction/maintenance, discouraging overuse, and not unduly favouring roads over other forms of transportation like rail. Most expressways use a card system. Upon entrance to an expressway (or to

4482-496: The dust and other pollution in the city. The new plant equipment is also much less labour-intensive. This has meant a reduction in the workforce has caused an unemployment problem in the city. A new drive to market Anshan as a tourist destination is hoped to help bolster the city's economy. Sited north of the Liao River plains, Anshan has wide flat lands in the west and central regions that develop into hilly and mountainous terrain on

4565-476: The earlier proposal for five north–south and seven east–west core routes, proposed in 1992. In June 2013, the Ministry of Transport introduced the National Highway Network Planning , covering both the national highway system and the national expressway system from 2013 to 2030. Goals include making traffic travel more convenient and developing a variety of regions, as well as more focus to

4648-538: The end of 2020, the total length of China's expressway network reached 161,000 kilometres (100,000 mi), the world's largest expressway system by length, having surpassed the overall length of the American Interstate Highway System in 2011. Many of the major expressways parallel routes of the older China National Highways . By the end of 2022, the total length of China's expressway network reached 177,000 kilometres (110,000 mi). Prior to

4731-519: The ethnographer and cultural sociologist Michael B. Griffiths. Out of the 3,584,000 people living in Anshan prefecture, 519,400 are ethnic Manchu , a holdover from northeast China 's historical rule by the ethnic group. They are mainly in or around the Xiuyan Man regional ethnic autonomy area which is within Anshan's borders. During the last years of the Qing dynasty , large numbers of Han people migrated to

4814-458: The first completed expressway in China. This 17.37 kilometres (10.79 mi) expressway now forms part of Shanghai's expressway network . In December 1987, construction of the 142.69-kilometre (88.66 mi) long Jingjintang Expressway started, connecting the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin , and the province of Hebei . It the first expressway in mainland China that uses a World Bank loan for international open bidding. The expressway

4897-416: The following major cities: Note: italic indicates the routes that were available in 2013 network plan, but removed in 2022 network plan Expressway of China The expressway network of China , with the national-level expressway system officially known as the National Trunk Highway System ( Chinese : 中国国家干线公路系统 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó Guójiā Gànxiàn Gōnglù Xìtǒng ; abbreviated as NTHS ),

4980-481: The highways and expressways of the western regions of China. According to this plan, the total size of the national road network will reach 400,000 kilometres (250,000 mi), including 265,000 kilometres (165,000 mi) of common national highways and about 118,000 kilometres (73,000 mi) of expressways. In addition, the 7918 network would be renamed the 71118 network when the number of north–south expressways were increased from 9 to 11 . Huang Min, director of

5063-560: The iron and steel mills. Anshan grew significantly in size around this new industrial site, becoming one of, if not the largest producers of iron and steel in Asia. It was therefore of strategic importance in the Pacific War , and was subject to several attacks by B-29 Superfortress strategic bombers of the USAAF . The Japanese Army detached the 1st Chutai (unit) of the 104th Sentai (squadron) of

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5146-464: The largest ever jade stone, now a local tourist attraction carved as a Buddha statue . The area of Anshan has been inhabited since prehistoric times. It has been a site of iron mining and metallurgy for over 2,000 years. The area remained of little significance, a small city in Liaodong province, overshadowed by neighbouring Liaoyang city, until the mid-20th Century. In 1587 Anshan was fortified by

5229-622: The late 1980s. On 7 June 1984, China's expressway ambitions began when construction of the Shenyang–Dalian Expressway began between the cities of Shenyang and Dalian . Due to policy restrictions, the expressway was nominally implemented on the first-grade automobile special highway standard in the initial stage of construction, thus making the highway technically not an expressway. Despite this, in October 1988, four years later, two full-speed, fully enclosed, controlled-accessed expressway sections from Shenyang to Anshan and Dalian to Sanshilipu totaling 131 kilometres (81 mi) were completed, with

5312-541: The national network, use distance-based exit numbering, with the last three numbers before the decimal point taken used as the exit number. Hence, an exit at km 982.7 would be Exit 982, whereas an exit at km 3,121.2 would be Exit 121. Exit numbers on Chinese expressways increase along the total length of the freeway, regardless of how many provincial boundaries the expressway crosses. Some, mostly regional, expressways still use sequential exit numbering, although even here, new signage feature distance-based exit numbering. Before

5395-574: The next three exits. At each exit, there is a sign with the distance to the next exit. Exit signs are also posted 3,000 m (9,800 ft), 2,000 m (6,600 ft), 1,000 m (3,300 ft), and 500 m (1,600 ft) ahead of the exit, immediately before the exit, and at the exit itself. Service areas and refreshment areas are standard on some of the older, more established expressways, and are expanding in number. Gas stations are frequent. Signs indicate exits, toll gates, service/refreshment areas, intersections, and also warn about keeping

5478-506: The north and Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport about 270 km (170 mi) to the south. The city is beside the Shenyang–Dalian Expressway (part of the G15 Shenyang–Haikou Expressway ), a privately funded eight-lane tolled highway, and was the first road of its kind in mainland China. The Liaozhong Ring Expressway (G91) passes just a few kilometers north of Anshan city. It connects east to Benxi and west onto

5561-436: The north east in search of work. This pattern continued into the 20th century. The development of Anshan as a large industrial center during and after World War II caused the city's population to increase rapidly, and the new arrivals began to significantly outnumber the local Man people. As of the last census data, Anshan was home to 48 Chinese ethnic groups. The Han people make up the lion's share at 3,020,500 people. Next, after

5644-442: The north, and by two major highways linking it with Shenyang and Dalian. The government of Anshan established a five-year plan in 2000 with the aim of turning the city into a strong modern industrial city with plenty of tourism. It also aimed to make the city GDP reach 100 billion RMB by 2005 and to build a modern industrial city by using advances in technology to transform the traditional industries. Attracting foreign investment

5727-538: The overtaking lane (which legally should only be used to pass other cars). Although most English signs are comprehensible, occasionally the English is garbled . Many expressways have digital displays. These displays may advise against speeding, indicate upcoming road construction, warn of traffic jams, or alert drivers to rain. Recommended detours are also signaled. The great majority of messages are only in Chinese. Exit numbering has been standardised in China from its inception. Most Chinese expressways, especially those in

5810-556: The pace of highway construction, promote urban development in the region, and help stabilize growth and promote investment. This policy, during the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan” period, would focus on five aspects: In 2020, all toll booths at provincial borders were abolished in favour of ETC , greatly reducing traffic congestion. In 2022, the NDRC and MOT published a new National Highway Network Plan ( Chinese : 国家公路网规划 ), added and re-formed several expressways and national highways. It

5893-415: The railway's share decreased to 34.3 percent. Similarly, road's share of passenger transport increased from 29.9% to 53.3% within the same time period, with railway's share decreasing from 62.7 percent to 35.4 percent. The shift from rail to road can be attributed to the rapid development of the expressway network in China. Expressways were not present in China until 1988. It began building expressways in

5976-505: The signs are in Chinese and Uyghur Language which uses Perso-Arabic alphabet ). The signs on Chinese expressways use white lettering on a green background, like Japanese highways , Italian autostrade , Swiss autobahns and United States freeways . Newer signage places the exit number in an exit tab to the upper right of the sign, making them very similar in appearance to American freeway signs. Exits are well indicated, with signs far ahead of exits. There are frequent signs that announce

6059-515: The southeastern fringes, which is bounded by the Qian Mountains and contains the famous Qianshan National Park . The region is rich in minerals including iron ore , coal , magnesite , talcum and jade . The plains of western Anshan have large flat fertile fields ideal for agriculture, with 24,480 hectares (60,500 acres) of arable land accounting for 26.4% of its total land area. One such agricultural product that Anshan has become renowned for

6142-424: The start of the country's massive plan to upgrade its network of roads. On 13 January 2005, Zhang Chunxian , China's Minister of Transport introduced the 7918 network , later renamed the 71118 network , composed of a grid of 7 radial expressways from Beijing , 9 north–south expressways (increased to 11 ), and 18 east–west expressways that would form the backbone of the national expressway system. By

6225-464: The steel plant were changed in the 1980s to designs which blow oxygen in from the front. This increased the production and also reduced pollution. In the 1990s, they were additionally altered to blow oxygen in from the top as well. This further increases production and reduces pollution. In December 2000, all three production lines of Anshan Iron and Steel Company switched from mould-casting to continuous casting. This new technology has significantly reduced

6308-480: The steel plants. The company has an annual production capacity of 10 million tons of pig iron, 10 million tons of steel and 9.5 million tons of rolled steel. A quarter of China's total iron ore reserves, about 10 billion tons, are located in Anshan, ensuring that the city will remain an important steel producer well into the future. Anshan is rich in other mineral wealth too. The southern and south eastern areas of Anshan are rich in magnesite, with reserves equivalent to

6391-488: The word "free" means that the traffic is free-flowing; that is, cross traffic is grade separated and the traffic on the freeway is not impeded by traffic control devices like traffic lights and stop signs . Some time in the 1990s, "expressways" became the standardised term. Note that "highways" refers to China National Highways , which are not expressways at all. "Express routes" exist too; they are akin to expressways but are mainly inside cities. The "express route" name

6474-532: The year. Anshan Teng'ao Airport is 15 km (9 mi) southwest of the city centre. In addition to the small terminal building at the airport, there is also a city terminal situated just off Qianshan Road in Tiexi district. Passengers may buy tickets and check-in at the city terminal, from which they are taken by coach to the main airport terminal. The nearest other major commercial airports are Shenyang Taoxian International Airport (SHE), about 90 km (56 mi) to

6557-501: Was a centre of industrialization as part of China's First Five-Year Plan . Production in the newly repaired steel plant resumed on July 9, 1949. The plant was expanded to become the largest steel producer in China. Other industries set up alongside the steel plant including mining for coal, iron and other minerals. This industrial wealth had an environmental cost. The open-hearth furnaces of the steel mill created large amounts of dust and other pollution. Along with its growing reputation as

6640-459: Was marked out to become a major industrial centre for the new People's Republic of China. Anshan was set to become a key part of this industrial development. Its mining and manufacturing industries had to be rebuilt almost from scratch, however. During this period, Anshan was given the same status as provinces , although it was reversed after the period ended. In December 1948, the Anshan Iron and Steel Company —also known as Angang —was founded. It

6723-596: Was opened on 25 September 1993 and later became part of the G2 Beijing–Shanghai Expressway . On 3 September 1998, Huabei Expressway Co., Ltd., Northeast Expressway Co., Ltd., Hunan Changyong Expressway Co., Ltd., and Guangxi Wuzhou Transportation Co., Ltd. were approved by the government as the first batch of nationally issued stock companies that would develop, construct, and operate expressways in China. On 13 January 2005, Zhang Chunxian , China's Minister of Transport announced that China would build

6806-491: Was under Japanese colonial control and was a centre for modern iron and steel production. After the Mukden Incident in 1931, Japan occupied the northeast of China. The mills were turned into a Japanese-owned monopoly. In 1933, the site was expanded to include steel production and the company was renamed Showa Steel Works . Anshan became part of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Additional industries developed around

6889-425: Was used for arterial expressways and were, in essence, G0-series expressways (e.g. G020, G025). This was replaced by the present-day new numeric system (see below). A new system, which dates from 2004 and began use on a nationwide level between late 2009 and early 2010, integrates itself into the present-day G-series number system. The present-day network announced in 2017, termed the 7, 11, 18 Network (also known as

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