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30-509: Gąbin was first mentioned in 1215, but a gord -type settlement existed here long before that date, as in 1920, a coin minted by first Polish King Boleslaus I the Brave was found in the market square. Gąbin probably received town charter in 1322, or perhaps earlier; in 1437 the charter was confirmed and expanded. Until the mid-15th century, it was part of the Duchy of Mazovia , and in 1462, it became seat of

60-500: A garden in certain languages. Additionally, it has furnished numerous modern Slavic words for a city or town : The names of many Central and Eastern European cities harken back to their pasts as gords. Some of them are in countries which once were but no longer are mainly inhabited by Slavic-speaking peoples. Examples include: The words in Polish and Slovak for suburbium , podgrodzie and podhradie correspondingly, literally mean

90-419: A decree prohibiting Jews from buying leather from the local peasants, allowing them to purchase leather only at the town market after completion of the morning mass at the town’s Catholic church. In 1582, a decree from king Stephen Báthory further prevented Jews from buying hides and tallow in the town or its vicinity. During subsequent years, Jews were harassed at times, and forced to live in designated parts of

120-540: A garden, and its English descendant horticulture . In Hungarian , kert , the word for a garden, literally means encircled . Because Hungarian is a Uralic rather than an Indo-European language, this is likely a loanword . Further afield, in ancient Iran , a fortified wooden settlement was called a gerd , or certa , which also means garden (as in the suffix -certa in the names of various ancient Iranian cities; e.g., Hunoracerta ). The Persian word evolved into jerd under later Arab influence. Burugerd or Borujerd

150-480: A hollow. Others, built on a natural hill or a man-made mound, were cone-shaped. Those with a natural defense on one side, such as a river or lake, were usually horseshoe-shaped. Most gords were built in densely populated areas on sites that offered particular natural advantages. As Slavic tribes united to form states, gords were also built for defensive purposes in less-populated border areas. Gords in which rulers resided or that lay on trade routes quickly expanded. Near

180-507: A settlement beneath a gord: the gród / hrad was frequently built at the top of a hill, and the podgrodzie / podhradie at its foot. (The Slavic prefix pod- , meaning "under/below" and descending from the Proto-Indo-European root pṓds , meaning foot, being equivalent to Latin sub- ). The word survives in the names of several villages ( Podgrodzie, Subcarpathian Voivodeship ) and town districts (e.g., that of Olsztyn ), as well as in

210-770: A wall made of earth and wood, and a palisade running along the top of the bulwark. The term ultimately descends from the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European root ǵʰortós 'enclosure'. The Proto-Slavic word *gordъ later differentiated into grad ( Cyrillic : град), gorod (Cyrillic: город), gród in Polish , gard in Kashubian , etc. It is the root of various words in modern Slavic languages pertaining to fences and fenced-in areas (Belarusian гарадз іць, Ukrainian horod yty, Slovak o hrad iť, Czech o hrad it, Russian o grad it, Serbo-Croatian o grad iti, and Polish o grad zać, grod zić, to fence off). It also has evolved into words for

240-449: Is a city in the west of Iran. The Indian suffix -garh , meaning a fort in Hindi , Urdu , Sanskrit , and other Indo-Iranian languages , appears in many Indian place names. Given that both Slavic and Indo-Iranian are sub-branches of Indo-European and that there are numerous similarities between Slavic and Sanskrit vocabulary, it is plausible that garh and gord are related. However, this

270-514: Is strongly contradicted by the phoneme /g/ in Indo-Iranian, which cannot be a reflex of the Indo-European palatovelar /*ǵ/. A typical gord was a group of wooden houses built either in rows or in circles, surrounded by one or more rings of walls made of earth and wood, a palisade , and/or moats . Some gords were ring-shaped, with a round, oval, or occasionally polygonal fence or wall surrounding

300-510: The Gostynin Land , in what was then Rawa Voivodeship . It was a royal town of the Polish Crown. In the period known as Polish Golden Age , Gąbin was renowned for its cloth makers, it also was the seat of a starosta . Local merchants traded with the main Polish port city of Gdańsk , to which they sold grain, and from which they bought salt, fish, and foreign liquor. In the late 15th century

330-847: The High Middle Ages , the gord usually evolved into a castle , citadel or kremlin , and the suburbium into a town . Some gords did not stand the test of time and were abandoned or destroyed, gradually turning into more or less discernible mounds or rings of earth ( Russian gorodishche, Polish gród or grodzisko, Ukrainian horodyshche, Slovak hradisko, Czech hradiště, German Hradisch , Hungarian hradis and Serbian gradiška / градишка ). Notable archeological sites include Groß Raden in Germany and Biskupin in Poland. Gothic Revival architecture in Poland From Misplaced Pages,

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360-633: The Germans placed the Jewish population in a ghetto , and in 1942 about 500 were sent to forced labour camps. Later that year, the Germans rounded up the remaining hundreds of Jews and sent them to the Chełmno extermination camp where they were immediately gassed. At war’s end, of the approximately 2,300 Jews that had resided in Gąbin (including about 250 sent there during the war, only about 212 survived, 180 having escaped to

390-560: The Gąbin forest in November 1939, a public execution of 10 Poles near the local church on June 15, 1941. Expulsions of Poles and deportations of mostly young Poles to forced labour to Germany were carried out throughout the war. The Germans also burned down the local synagogue, dismantled the Gothic Revival church, which was erected shortly before the war, and destroyed the Polish Tomb of

420-2954: The Polish Gothic Revival style are Jan Sas Zubrzycki , Feliks Księżarski, Józef Pius Dziekoński , and Enrico Marconi . Gallery [ edit ] Churches and chapels [REDACTED] St. Joseph's Church , Kraków [REDACTED] Blessed Bronisława Chapel , Kraków [REDACTED] Białystok Cathedral, Białystok [REDACTED] Łódź Cathedral, Łódź [REDACTED] Holy Family Church, Tarnów [REDACTED] St. Mary's Church , Katowice [REDACTED] Karl Scheibler's Chapel , Łódź [REDACTED] St. John Church, Sokołów Małopolski [REDACTED] St. Francis of Assisi Church, Gdańsk [REDACTED] Ełk Cathedral, Ełk [REDACTED] St. George Church, Sopot [REDACTED] Immaculate Heart of St. Mary Church, Grudziądz Post offices [REDACTED] Main Post Office, Toruń [REDACTED] Main Post Office, Bydgoszcz [REDACTED] Main Post Office, Chorzów [REDACTED] Main Post Office, Olsztyn Town halls [REDACTED] Niepołomice [REDACTED] Ciechanów [REDACTED] Chojnice [REDACTED] Tczew [REDACTED] Pisz [REDACTED] Lębork [REDACTED] Słupsk [REDACTED] Kołobrzeg Houses [REDACTED] Warsaw [REDACTED] Gdańsk [REDACTED] Toruń [REDACTED] Wrocław [REDACTED] Sopot [REDACTED] Warsaw Other buildings [REDACTED] Collegium Novum , Jagiellonian University , Kraków [REDACTED] Gothic House, Czartoryski palace complex, Puławy [REDACTED] Palace, Sulisław [REDACTED] Castle, Kamieniec Ząbkowicki See also [ edit ] Polish Gothic architecture v t e Architecture of Poland Styles Romanesque Gothic Renaissance Mannerist Baroque Neoclassical Gothic Revival Art Nouveau Zakopane Style Functionalism Socialist realism Buildings and structures Historic Monuments Castles Gothic brick buildings Museums Cathedrals Synagogues Hindu temples Stadiums Lighthouses Tallest buildings Windmills Other Architecture of Warsaw Silesian architecture Lublin Renaissance Residential architecture in Poland Kamienica Ratusz Świdermajer Planned cities Category References [ edit ] ^ Bowe, Nicola Gordon, ed. (1993). Art and

450-579: The Russian army plundered farms and brought the cholera epidemic to the town. Poles also took part in the January Uprising (1863–1864), which resulted in harsh Anti-Polish repressions from the Imperial Russian authorities. Further economic development was halted in the late 19th century, due to proximity of quickly developing industrial town of Żyrardów . During World War I , from 1915 to 1918, Gąbin

480-682: The Soviet occupied zone of Poland in September 1939, and 32 fleeing into the Polish countryside. The Jewish history of Gąbin was memorialized in Minna Packer's acclaimed documentary film Back To Gombin (2002) as seen on United States and Israeli television, and in numerous international film festivals. Gombin is the name for the town in both Yiddish and German. The film is distributed by the National Center for Jewish Film . The anti-communist resistance

510-551: The Unknown Soldier . Despite such circumstances, the Polish underground resistance movement was active in the town. Many Poles from Gąbin were also among the victims of the Katyń massacre . From its earliest days, Gąbin was a town of craftsmen of various trades, and its population contained a sizeable number of Jews. Competition and conflict between Jewish and the non-Jewish tradesmen is noted as early as 1576 when Sigismund III issued

540-517: The 💕 [REDACTED] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources:   "Gothic Revival architecture in Poland"  –  news   · newspapers   · books   · scholar   · JSTOR ( November 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Gothic Revival architecture

570-407: The gord, or below it in elevation, there formed small communities of servants, merchants, artisans, and others who served the higher-ranked inhabitants of the gord. Each such community was known as a suburbium (literally "undercity") ( Polish : podgrodzie ). Its residents could shelter within the walls of the gord in the event of danger. Eventually the suburbium acquired its own fence or wall. In

600-483: The local Catholic population include: The local football team is Błękitni Gąbin. It competes in the lower leagues. Gord (archaeology) A gord is a medieval Slavonic fortified settlement, usually built on strategic sites such as hilltops, riverbanks, lake islets or peninsulas between the 6th and 12th centuries in Central and Eastern Europe . A typical gord consisted of a group of wooden houses surrounded by

630-472: The local parish priest was Maciej Drzewicki , the future archbishop of Gniezno and Primate of Poland. The period of prosperity ended during the Swedish invasion of Poland (1655–1660), when Gąbin was ransacked and burned to the ground, and Great Northern War (1700–1721). The revival of the local economy took place in the second half of the 18th century during the reign of King Stanislaus Augustus . In 1793

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660-577: The names of the German municipalities Puttgarden , Wagria and Putgarten , Rügen . From this same Proto-Indo-European root come the Germanic word elements * gard and * gart (as in Stuttgart ), and likely also the names of Graz , Austria and Gartz , Germany . Cognate to these are English words such as garden , yard , garth , girdle and court. Also cognate but less closely related are Latin hortus ,

690-532: The tower were migrated to a block-style apartment building in the center of Gąbin, where many still reside today. The town has experienced a remarkable renaissance since the fall of Communism . Gąbin is home to a large high school of over 1,000 students with specialties in modern farming techniques, technical skills, and preparation for higher education. The school has been home to Peace Corps volunteers and has promoted foreign exchange visits with peers from Germany, Russia, and other countries. Churches that support

720-657: The town on September 17, 1939, and the German occupation began. The Polish population was subjected to various atrocities . Germans immediately carried out mass arrests of local Polish intelligentsia , activists and officials, who were deported to the Mauthausen concentration camp and murdered there. Germans also carried out massacres of Poles in Gąbin itself, notable examples include an execution of 20 Polish refugees from Pomerania on September 19–21, 1939, an execution of six farmers from nearby villages of Czermno and Strzemeszno in

750-593: The town was annexed by Prussia in the Second Partition of Poland . In 1807 it was regained by Poles and included in the short-lived French Duchy of Warsaw , and in 1815 it became part of so-called Congress Poland , soon forcibly integrated into Russia . On the initiative of Stanisław Staszic , a weaver settlement was founded in Gąbin in the 1820s, and a number of German artisans settled here. The Polish November Uprising against Russia (1830–1831), in which many local Poles took part, caused an economic collapse, as

780-410: The town, called the “quarter.” Jews generally represented approximately half the population of the town. For example, in 1808, the town’s population consisted of 577 Jews out of a total population of 1,183. The census of 1827 counted 1,472 Jews out of a total population of 2,926. After World War I the 1921 census showed that of the total population of the town, at 5,777, there were 2,564 Jews living in

810-527: The town. Before the onset of World War II , Gąbin was home to a large Jewish population, around 2,000 residents, and hosted an ornate wooden synagogue from the early 1700s. On September 7, 1939, Gąbin was occupied by the invading German Army, which burned down the wooden synagogue and rounded up the town’s Jewish population to dig trenches for protection against the Polish Army. In 1940, German police and SS murdered many Jews and tortured many others. In 1941,

840-533: Was active in the town. Between 1974 and 1991 the Warsaw radio mast in Konstantynów , a village belonging to Gąbin commune ( gmina ) was the tallest structure on earth. The tower was used to broadcast the programs of Polish Radio throughout Europe. Because of fears that the tower's incredibly powerful radio waves might cause health problems, a large number of villagers who had once farmed the land directly under and around

870-531: Was developed in Poland mainly after the country was partitioned between Prussia , Austria and Russia . It was popular especially in the Prussian partition of Poland. Gothic Revival architecture In Poland often has certain features, derived from the characteristic Polish Brick Gothic architecture style. Churches, schools, post offices, government buildings and palaces were often built in this style. Notable authors of

900-414: Was occupied by Germany , and afterwards, in 1918, Poland regained independence and the town was reintegrated with Polish territory. During the invasion of Poland , which started World War II , in September 1939, Gąbin was raided by Germany. Eugenia Sikorska-Dąbrowska, sister of Polish wartime leader Władysław Sikorski , was fatally shot by the Germans, while she was saving children. German troops entered

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