The Gothenburg Botanical Garden ( Swedish : Göteborgs botaniska trädgård ) is located in Gothenburg , Sweden, and is one of the larger botanical gardens in Europe.
58-499: The Gothenburg Botanical Garden is situated in a formerly completely rural area, where earlier a great country estate named Stora Änggården was located. The garden was initially funded by a donation from the Charles Felix Lindberg Foundation, in special memory of Charles Felix Lindberg [ sv ] himself. Lindberg was a Swedish businessman and donor, who died in 1909. The Gothenburg City Council took
116-468: A chromosome number of x=13, fruit that has a septicidal capsule , an ovary that is superior (or nearly so), stamens that have no appendages, and agglutinate (clumped) pollen . Rhododendron is the largest genus in the family Ericaceae , with over 1,000 species, (though estimates vary from 850 to 1,200) and is morphologically diverse. Consequently, the taxonomy has been historically complex. Although Rhododendrons had been known since
174-431: A cladistic analysis. They confirmed that the genus Rhododendron was monophyletic , with subgenus Therorhodion in the basal position , consistent with the matK studies. Following publication of the studies of Goetsch et al. (2005) with RPB2 , there began an ongoing realignment of species and groups within the genus, based on evolutionary relationships. Their work was more supportive of Sleumer's original system than
232-452: A sister to all other rhododendrons. The small polyphyletic subgenera Pentanthera and Azaleastrum were divided between two clades. The four sections of Pentanthera between clades B and C , with two each, while Azaleastrum had one section in each of A and C . Thus subgenera Azaleastrum and Pentanthera needed to be disassembled, and Rhododendron , Hymenanthes and Tsutsusi correspondingly expanded. In addition to
290-649: A Swedish doctor and botanist (bryology), who worked as curator in the herbarium between 1947 and 1969. Land was donated by the City and by private persons. An adjacent plot of land was donated by the City to Gothenburg University for the construction of the Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences buildings, to the right seen from the Main Entrance. They were designed by the architects Stig Hansson and Walter Kiessling and completed in 1971. In 1975 The Woodlands containing
348-523: A hierarchy of subgenus, section, subsection, and species. Terminology from the Sleumer (1949) system is frequently found in older literature, with five subgenera and is as follows; In the later traditional classification, attributed to Chamberlain (1996), and as used by horticulturalists and the American Rhododendron Society , Rhododendron has eight subgenera based on morphology , namely
406-862: A lesser degree in the Mountainous areas of North America and Western Eurasia . Subgenus Tsutsusi is found in the maritime regions of East Asia (Japan, Korea, Taiwan, East China ), but not in North America or Eurasia. In the United States, native Rhododendron mostly occur in lowland and montane forests in the Pacific Northwest , California , the Northeast , and the Appalachian Mountains . Rhododendron ponticum has become invasive in Ireland and
464-419: A new subgenus was created by elevating subgenus Azaleastrum section Choniastrum to subgenus rank. Subgenus Pentanthera (deciduous azaleas) with its four sections was dismembered by eliminating two sections and redistributing the other two between the existing subgenera in clades B ( Hymenanthes ) and C ( Azaleastrum ), although the name was retained in section Pentanthera (14 species) which
522-413: A single section, and some sections only a single subsection. Shown here is the traditional classification, with species number after Chamberlain (1996), but this scheme is undergoing constant revision. Revisions by Goetsch et al. (2005) and by Craven et al. (2008) shown in ( parenthetical italics ). Older ranks such as Series (groups of species) are no longer used but may be found in the literature, but
580-418: A subgenus of Rhododendron . In 1987 Spethmann, adding phytochemical features proposed a system with fifteen subgenera grouped into three 'chorus' subgenera. A number of closely related genera had been included together with Rhododendron in a former tribe, Rhodoreae. These have been progressively incorporated into Rhododendron . Chamberlain and Rae moved the monotypic section Tsusiopsis together with
638-1483: A version of the international poll initiated by Briggs & Stratton , one of the leading manufacturers of garden machinery. It was the first time the competition had been arranged in Sweden. The botanical garden has two stars in the Michelin Green Guide. [REDACTED] Media related to Gothenburg Botanical Garden at Wikimedia Commons Charles Felix Lindberg Look for Charles Felix Lindberg on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Charles Felix Lindberg in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use
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#1733084786904696-472: Is a genus of shrubs and small to (rarely) large trees , the smallest species growing to 10–100 cm (4–40 in) tall, and the largest, R. protistum var. giganteum , reported to 30 m (100 ft) tall. The leaves are spirally arranged; leaf size can range from 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) to over 50 cm (20 in), exceptionally 100 cm (40 in) in R. sinogrande . They may be either evergreen or deciduous . In some species,
754-506: Is a very large genus of about 1,024 species of woody plants and in the heath family (Ericaceae). They can be either evergreen or deciduous . Most species are native to eastern Asia and the Himalayan region, but smaller numbers occur elsewhere in Asia, and in North America, Europe and Australia. It is the national flower of Nepal , the state flower of Washington and West Virginia in
812-599: Is about 40 hectares and there are 16,000 different species. The Rock Garden has received two stars in the Michelin Green Guide . Other sights worth seeing are the Rhododendron Valley , the Japanese Glade and the greenhouses with about 4,000 various plants, including some 1,500 orchids , a remarkable tufa apartment and the rare Easter Island tree, Sophora toromiro . The park is unique in Sweden since it
870-622: Is from the late eighteenth century. It was designed by the city engineer in Gothenburg Bengt Wilhelm Carlberg for the garden of his own country house, Kärralund. It was rebuilt in the botanical garden in 1959 after having stood for a time in a garden between the Röhsska Museum and the present-day HDK (School of Design and Crafts). In 2003 the Gothenburg Botanical Garden was voted the loveliest park in Sweden, in
928-558: Is independent of the city university. Currently it is one of the larger botanical gardens in Europe, with its 175 hectares, which include a wild nature reserve in the Änggårdsbergen hills. This reserve is also the site of the garden's arboretum with copses of trees from many parts of the world, in scientifically ordered collections. The cultivated part of the garden is about 40 hectares in area, of which about half consists of beds of plants. There are also extensive lawns and shrubberies. The symbol of
986-534: Is internationally acknowledged. Nearby is the greenly peaceful Japanese Glade where valuable plants can be seen that were collected and brought in the 1950s by former curator Tor Nitzelius straight from their wild habitats in East Asia to the botanical garden in Gothenburg. The stock of over 500 species and cultivated varieties of Rhododendron offer a gorgeous, scented spectacle in the early summer. At different times of
1044-401: Is now used as staff residence. The Gothenburg Botanical Garden was inaugurated in 1923 when Gothenburg celebrated its 300th anniversary . One of the prominent botanists who created the garden was Carl Skottsberg , who made several research trips around the globe to collect the rare plants of the garden. He was appointed as the first director, and worked from 1919 until 1948. The road outside
1102-458: Is subgenus Rhododendron , containing nearly half of all known species and all of the lepidote species. For a comparison of the Sleumer and Chamberlain systems, see Goetsch et al. (2005) Table 1. This division was based on a number of what were thought to be key morphological characteristics. These included the position of the inflorescence buds (terminal or lateral), whether lepidote or elepidote, deciduousness of leaves, and whether new foliage
1160-699: The Maritime Southeast Asia from their presumed Southeast Asian origin to Northern Australia, with 55 known species in Borneo and 164 in New Guinea . The species in New Guinea are native to subalpine moist grasslands at around 3,000 metres above sea level in the Central Highlands. Subgenera Rhododendron and Hymenanthes , together with section Pentanthera of subgenus Pentanthera are also represented to
1218-572: The Solomon Islands . The centres of diversity are in the Himalayas and Maritime Southeast Asia , with the greatest species diversity in the Sino-Himalayan region, Southwest China and northern Burma , from India – Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand , Sikkim and Nagaland to Nepal , northwestern Yunnan and western Sichuan and southeastern Tibet . Other significant areas of diversity are in
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#17330847869041276-522: The United Kingdom . It is an introduced species, spreading in woodland areas and replacing the natural understory. R. ponticum is difficult to eradicate, as its roots can make new shoots. A number of insects either target rhododendrons or will opportunistically attack them. Rhododendron borers and various weevils are major pests of rhododendrons, and many caterpillars will preferentially devour them. Rhododendron species are used as food plants by
1334-401: The arboretum with a collection of exotic trees were declared as a nature reserve in 1975 and was named Änggårdsbergen. The City of Gothenburg handed over the operation of the garden to Region Västra Götaland Regional Council in 1998. The total area is 175 hectares (ca 430 acres), of which most constitutes the nature reserve, Änggårdsbergen , including an arboretum . The garden proper
1392-399: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Charles Felix Lindberg " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try
1450-452: The larvae ( caterpillars ) of some butterflies and moths ; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on rhododendrons. Major diseases include Phytophthora root rot, stem and twig fungal dieback. Rhododendron bud blast, a fungal condition that causes buds to turn brown and dry before they can open, is caused by the fungus Pycnostysanus azaleae , which may be brought to the plant by the rhododendron leafhopper, Graphocephala fennahi . In
1508-438: The nursery trade. Rhododendrons can be propagated by air layering or stem cuttings. They can self-propagate by sending up shoots from the roots. Sometimes an attached branch that has drooped to the ground will root in damp mulch, and the resulting rooted plant then can be cut off the parent rhododendron. They can also be reprodcued by seed dispersal - or by horticulturalists collecting the spent flower buds and saving ad drying
1566-567: The American Rhododendron Society still uses a similar device, called Alliances The system used by the World Flora Online as of December 2023 uses six subgenera, four of which are divided further: Species of the genus Rhododendron are widely distributed between latitudes 80°N and 20°S and are native to areas from North America to Europe , Russia , and Asia , and from Greenland to Queensland , Australia and
1624-482: The Edinburgh group, placing more emphasis on the lepidote characteristics of the leaves, united all of the lepidote species into subgenus Rhododendron , including four of Sleumer's subgenera ( Rhododendron , Pseudoazalea , Pseudorhodorastrum , Rhodorastrum ). In 1986 Philipson & Philipson raised two sections of subgenus Aleastrum ( Mumeazalea , Candidastrum ) to subgenera, while reducing genus Therorhodion to
1682-509: The Main Entrance is named after him (Carl Skotttsbergs gata). Donations from many sources have played a vital role in the financing of the garden, including financing the construction of the Office Building. The Office Building was designed by the Swedish architect Arvid Bjerke and completed in 1926. A wing was added in 1936 to house the herbarium . Nathan Petter Herman Persson (1893–1978), was
1740-712: The UK the forerunner of the Rhododendron, Camellia and Magnolia Group (RCMG), The Rhododendron Society was founded in 1916. while in Scotland species are being conserved by the Rhododendron Species Conservation Group. Both species and hybrid rhododendrons (including azaleas) are used extensively as ornamental plants in landscaping in many parts of the world, including both temperate and subtemperate regions. Many species and cultivars are grown commercially for
1798-812: The United States, the state flower of Nagaland and Himachal Pradesh in India, the provincial flower of Jeju Province in South Korea, the provincial flower of Jiangxi in China and the state tree of Sikkim and Uttarakhand in India. Most species have brightly colored flowers which bloom from late winter through to early summer. Azaleas make up two subgenera of Rhododendron . They are distinguished from "true" rhododendrons by having only five anthers per flower. The common and generic name comes from Ancient Greek ῥόδον rhódon 'rose' and δένδρον déndron 'tree'. Rhododendron
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1856-572: The description of Rhododendron hirsutum by Charles de l'Écluse (Clusius) in the sixteenth century, and were known to classical writers (Magor 1990), and referred to as Chamaerhododendron (low-growing rose tree), the genus was first formally described by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum in 1753. He listed five species under Rhododendron : R. ferrugineum (the type species ), R. dauricum , R. hirsutum , R. chamaecistus (now Rhodothamnus chamaecistus (L.) Rchb.) and R. maximum . At that time he considered
1914-518: The garden is a white wood anemone . These flowers carpet the valleys of the Woodlands and the Nature Reserve in the spring. The topography of the botanical garden is very varied, much of it consisting of hilly terrain which lends itself naturally to boundaries drawn between different layouts with contrasting vegetation. The huge and dramatic rock garden with its 5,000 species from different continents
1972-561: The genus divided into eight sections. Of these Tsutsutsi ( Tsutsusi ), Pentanthera , Pogonanthum , Ponticum and Rhodora are still used, the other sections being Lepipherum , Booram , and Chamaecistus . This structure largely survived till recently (2004), following which the development of molecular phylogeny led to major re-examinations of traditional morphological classifications, although other authors such as Candolle, who described six sections, used slightly different numeration. Soon, as more species became available in
2030-563: The greenhouses. It is used as a staff residence, as is the timbered Boatsman's Cottage, also known as the Blue House. Built in 1794, it was originally situated in the old harbour area of Gothenburg, below Stigbergstorget in the residential area of Majorna . In 1917 it was taken down and rebuilt two years later in its present place near the Bamboo Thickets. The summerhouse in the Herb Garden
2088-425: The heath complex in oak-heath forests in eastern North America. They have frequently been divided based on the presence or absence of scales on the abaxial (lower) leaf surface ( lepidote or elepidote). These scales, unique to subgenus Rhododendron , are modified hairs consisting of a polygonal scale attached by a stalk. Rhododendron are characterised by having inflorescences with scarious (dry) perulae ,
2146-477: The initiative to the botanical garden in 1912. The decision was finally taken in 1915 and work started in 1916. The park was opened to the public in 1919 (the Woodlands) and in 1923 (the cultivated areas). It was first planned as "a field for experimentation and biological demonstrations, and a nature park". Stora Änggården was built in 1812 and renovated under the supervision of the architect Sigfrid Ericson in 1919 and
2204-520: The later modifications introduced by Chamberlain et al. . The major finding of Goetsch and colleagues was that all species examined (except R. camtschaticum , subgenus Therorhodion ) formed three major clades which they labelled A , B , and C , with the subgenera Rhododendron and Hymenanthes as monophyletic groups nested within clades A and B , respectively. By contrast subgenera Azaleastrum and Pentanthera were polyphyletic , while R. camtschaticum appeared as
2262-492: The monotypic genus Tsusiophyllum into section Tsutsusi , while Kron & Judd reduced genus Ledum to a subsection of section Rhododendron . Then Judd & Kron moved two species ( R. schlippenbachii and R. quinquefolium ) from section Brachybachii , subgenus Tsutsusi and two from section Rhodora , subgenus Pentanthera ( R. albrechtii , R. pentaphyllum ) into section Sciadorhodion , subgenus Pentanthera . Finally Chamberlain brought
2320-561: The mountains of Korea , Japan and Taiwan . More than 90% of Rhododendron sensu Chamberlain belong to the Asian subgenera Rhododendron , Hymenanthes and section Tsutsusi . Of the first two of these, the species are predominantly found in the area of the Himalayas and Southwest China (Sino-Himalayan Region). The 300 tropical species within the Vireya section of subgenus Rhododendron occupy
2378-415: The new section Tsutsusi , subgenus Azaleastrum . Genus Menziesa (9 species) was also added to section Sciadorhodion . The remaining small subgenus Therorhodion with its two species was left intact. Thus two subgenera, Hymenanthes and Azaleastrum were expanded at the expense of four subgenera that were eliminated, although Azaleastrum lost one section ( Choniastrum ) as a new subgenus, since it
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2436-428: The nineteenth century so did a better understanding of the characteristics necessary for the major divisions. Chief amongst these were Maximovicz 's Rhododendreae Asiae Orientali and Planchon . Maximovicz used flower bud position and its relationship with leaf buds to create eight "Sections". Bentham and Hooker used a similar scheme, but called the divisions "Series". It was not until 1893 that Koehne appreciated
2494-475: The presence of scales (lepidote), deciduousness of leaves, and the floral and vegetative branching patterns, after Sleumer (1980). These consist of four large and four small subgenera. The first two subgenera ( Rhododendron and Hymenanthes ) represent the species commonly considered as 'Rhododendrons'. The next two smaller subgenera ( Pentanthera and Tsutsusi ) represent the 'Azaleas'. The remaining four subgenera contain very few species. The largest of these
2552-537: The purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for the first character; please check alternative capitalizations and consider adding a redirect here to the correct title. If the page has been deleted, check the deletion log , and see Why was the page I created deleted? Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Felix_Lindberg " Rhododendron Former subgenera : Rhododendron ( / ˌ r oʊ d ə ˈ d ɛ n d r ən / ; pl. : rhododendra )
2610-512: The relationship of the flower buds to the leaf buds, habitat, flower structure, and whether the leaves were lepidote or non-lepidote. While Sleumer's work was widely accepted, many in the United States and the United Kingdom continued to use the simpler Balfourian system of the Edinburgh group. Sleumer's system underwent many revisions by others, predominantly the Edinburgh group in their continuing Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh notes. Cullen of
2668-595: The significance of scaling and hence the separation of lepidote and elepidote species. The large number of species that were available by the early twentieth century prompted a new approach when Balfour introduced the concept of grouping species into series . The Species of Rhododendron referred to this series concept as the Balfourian system. That system continued up to modern times in Davidian's four volume The Rhododendron Species . The next major attempt at classification
2726-515: The so-called summer blooming concept. As many as 16,000 plant species can be seen out-of-doors as well as 4,000 species in the greenhouses. Among them are Sweden's finest collection of 1,500 orchids and the unique Toromiro Tree ( Sophora toromiro ) from Easter Island. This tree has become extinct in its natural habitat, but has survived in cultivated form thanks to the efforts of the Gothenburg Botanical Garden. The yellow-painted country house Stora Änggården with its formal garden lies just beyond
2784-570: The then known six species of Azalea that he had described earlier in 1735 in his Systema Naturae as a separate genus. Linnaeus' six species of Azalea were Azalea indica , A. pontica , A. lutea , A. viscosa , A. lapponica and A. procumbens (now Kalmia procumbens ), which he distinguished from Rhododendron by having five stamens , as opposed to ten. As new species of what are now considered Rhododendron were discovered, they were assigned to separate genera if they seemed to differ significantly from
2842-571: The two separate genera included under Rhododendron by Chamberlain ( Ledum , Tsusiophyllum ), Goetsch et al. . added Menziesia (clade C ). Despite a degree of paraphyly , the subgenus Rhododendron was otherwise untouched with regard to its three sections but four other subgenera were eliminated and one new subgenus created, leaving a total of five subgenera in all, from eight in Chamberlain's scheme. The discontinued subgenera are Pentanthera , Tsutsusi , Candidastrum and Mumeazalea , while
2900-414: The type species. For instance Rhodora (Linnaeus 1763) for Rhododendron canadense , Vireya ( Blume 1826) and Hymenanthes (Blume 1826) for Rhododendron metternichii , now R. degronianum . Meanwhile, other botanists such as Salisbury (1796) and Tate (1831) began to question the distinction between Azalea and Rhododendron , and finally in 1836, Azalea was incorporated into Rhododendron and
2958-552: The undersides of the leaves are covered with scales (lepidote) or hairs (indumentum). Some of the best known species are noted for their many clusters of large flowers. A recently discovered species in New Guinea has flowers up to six inches (fifteen centimeters) in width, the largest in the whole genus. The accompanying photograph shows it as having seven petals . There are alpine species with small flowers and small leaves, and tropical species such as section Vireya that often grow as epiphytes . Species in this genus may be part of
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#17330847869043016-493: The various systems together in 1996, with 1,025 species divided into eight subgenera. Goetsch (2005) provides a comparison of the Sleumer and Chamberlain schemata (Table 1). Rhododendron Choniastrum Hymenanthes Azaleastrum Therorhodion The era of molecular analysis rather than descriptive features can be dated to the work of Kurashige (1988) and Kron (1997) who used matK sequencing . Later Gao et al. (2002) used ITS sequences to determine
3074-496: The year visitors may also enjoy the world's largest collection of bulbs and tuberous plants brought here straight from their wild habitats. The pretty Herb Garden, the lush beds of perennials and not least the Kitchen Garden with its crop rotation and typically Swedish syringa arbour are all interesting in their special ways. The Gothenburg Botanical Garden has been well to the fore with a new outlook on how to grow annual plants ;
3132-534: Was a distinct subclade in A . In all, Hymenanthes increased from one to two sections, while Azaleastrum , by losing one section and gaining two increased from two to three sections. (See schemata under Subgenera .) Subsequent research has supported the revision by Goetsch, although has largely concentrated on further defining the phylogeny within the subdivisions. In 2011 the two species of Diplarche were also added to Rhododendron , incertae sedis . This genus has been progressively subdivided into
3190-571: Was by Sleumer who from 1934 began incorporating the Balfourian series into the older hierarchical structure of subgenera and sections, according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature , culminating in 1949 with his "Ein System der Gattung Rhododendron L.", and subsequent refinements. Most of the Balfourian series are represented by Sleumer as subsections, though some appear as sections or even subgenera. Sleumer based his system on
3248-402: Was derived from axils from previous year's shoots or the lowest scaly leaves. Following the cladistic analysis of Goetsch et al. (2005) this scheme was simplified, based on the discovery of three major clades (A, B, C) as follows. Clade A Clade B Clade C Sister taxon The larger subgenera are further subdivided into sections and subsections Some subgenera contain only
3306-467: Was moved to subgenus Hymenanthes . Of the remaining three sections, monotypic Viscidula was discontinued by moving R. nipponicum to Tsutsusi ( C ), while Rhodora (2 species) was itself polyphyletic and was broken up by moving R. canadense to section Pentanthera ( B ) and R. vaseyi to section Sciadorhodion , which then became a new section of subgenus Azaleastrum ( C ). Subgenus Tsutsusi ( C )
3364-411: Was reduced to section status retaining the name, and included in subgenus Azaleastrum . Of the three minor subgenera, all in C , two were discontinued. The single species of monotypic subgenus Candidastrum ( R. albiflorum ) was moved to subgenus Azaleastrum , section Sciadorhodion . Similarly the single species in monotypic subgenus Mumeazalea ( R. semibarbatum ) was placed in
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