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41-621: Back in the Middle Ages, beer brewing was common at Göss Abbey in Styria , where a first brewmaster was documented in a 1459 deed. After the monastery's dissolution in the course of the Josephinist reforms, the tradition was resumed in 1860, when 28-year-old Max Kober, who had been a master brewer with Żywiec ( Saybusch ) Brewery in Galicia (present-day Poland), purchased the premises and re-established

82-413: A border conflict he had picked with King Béla IV of Hungary . Ottokar II gained the support of the local nobility and was proclaimed Austrian and Styrian duke by the estates one year later. In 1253, Ottokar II became Bohemian king upon the death of his father; the concentration of power on the western Hungarian border was viewed with suspicion by King Béla IV, who campaigned against Austria and Styria but

123-442: A force of 5,000 Cuman horse archers . Surprised by Rudolph's maneuver, Ottokar quickly abandoned the siege at Laa, marched southwards, and on August 26 met the united German and Hungarian forces near Dürnkrut. When he arrived his enemies had already taken the opportunity to explore the topography of the future battleground. From the early morning, the left wing of the advancing Bohemian troops were embroiled in impetuous attacks by

164-479: A fresh heavy cavalry regiment he had concealed behind nearby hills and woods to attack the right flank of Ottokar's troops. Such ambushes were commonly regarded as dishonourable in medieval warfare and Rudolph's commander Ulrich von Kapellen apologized to his own men in advance. Nevertheless, the attack prevailed in splitting and stampeding the Bohemian troops. Ottokar became aware of the surprise attack and tried to lead

205-736: A part of the Habsburg monarchy and from 1804 belonged to the Austrian Empire . The development of the duchy was decisively promoted by Archduke John of Austria , younger brother of Emperor Francis I , who in 1811 founded the Joanneum , predecessor of the Graz University of Technology , and the University of Leoben in 1840. He also forwarded the construction of the Semmering railway to Mürzzuschlag and

246-502: A remaining reserve contingent in the rear of von Kapellen's troops, a maneuver that was misinterpreted as a rout by the Bohemian forces. The resulting collapse led to a complete victory for Rudolph and his allies. Ottokar's camp was plundered, and he himself was found slain on the battlefield. Rudolph, to demonstrate his victory, had Ottokar's body displayed in Vienna. The "poor count" from Swabian Habsburg Castle assured his possession of

287-727: Is of pre-Romance substrate origin. The German name Steiermark is a compound; the first element is borrowed from the ancient name Stiria and the second element, Mark , means 'march, border region'. The Slovene name Štajerska and the Czech name Štýrsko are borrowed and adapted from the German name for the region. In 1910 the population of Styria included: Otakars House of Babenberg Přemyslids Árpád dynasty Leopoldian line See List of rulers of Austria . 47°04′00″N 15°26′00″E  /  47.0667°N 15.4333°E  / 47.0667; 15.4333 Battle on

328-690: The Austrian Southern Railway line from Vienna to Trieste completed in 1857, which boosted the Styrian economy. In the course of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 ( Ausgleich ), the duchy was assigned as a crown land for the Cisleithanian part of Austria-Hungary , while along with the rise of nationalism the conflict between the German and Slovene population intensified. On

369-705: The Inner Austrian territory ruled by the descendants of Leopold III of the Leopoldian line , who took their residence at Graz . In 1456 they could significantly enlarge the Styrian territory by acquisition and re-acquisition of the comital Celje estates in Lower Styria . Both duchies were again ruled in personal union, when Leopold's grandson Frederick V inherited Austria in 1457. In 1496 Frederick's son Maximilian I signed an order expelling all Jews from Styria, who were not allowed to return to Graz until 1856. In 1512

410-683: The "poor Swabian count" Rudolph of Habsburg King of the Romans on 29 September 1273. As the election had taken place in his absence, Ottokar did not acknowledge Rudolph as King. Rudolph himself had promised to regain the "alienated" territories which had to be conferred by the Imperial power with consent of the Prince-electors. He claimed the Austrian and Carinthian territories for the Empire and summoned Ottokar to

451-627: The 1275 Reichstag at Würzburg . By not appearing before the Diet, Ottokar set the events of his demise in motion. He was placed under the Imperial ban and had all his territorial rights revoked, including even his Bohemian inheritance. Meanwhile, Rudolph was gathering allies and preparing for battle. He achieved two of these alliances through the classic Habsburg style – marriage. First, he married his son Albert to Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol . In return, her father Count Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol received

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492-584: The Austrian capital Vienna in 1276. Ottokar was forced to surrender and to renounce all his acquisitions, receiving only Bohemia and Moravia as a fief from King Rudolph. Heavily deprived by this, he was determined to regain his territories and contracted an alliance with the Ascanian Margraves of Brandenburg and the Polish princes. In 1278 he campaigned against Austria, supported by Duke Henry I of Lower Bavaria, who had switched sides. Ottokar first laid siege to

533-563: The Cuman forces, which the heavily armed knights could not ward off. Nevertheless, as the main armies collided and the battle wore on, Ottokar's outnumbering cavalry seemed to gain the upper hand, when even Rudolph's horse was stabbed under him and the 60-year-old narrowly escaped with his life, rescued by his liensmen. After three hours of continuous fighting on a hot summer day, Ottokar's knights in their heavy armour were suffering from heat exhaustion and were not able to move. At noon Rudolph ordered

574-582: The Duchies of Austria and Styria, the heartland and foundation of the rise of the House of Habsburg . At the 1282 Diet of Augsburg , he installed his sons Albert and Rudolf II as Austrian dukes; their descendants held the ducal dignity until 1918. However, in Bohemia, Rudolph acted cautiously and reached an agreement with the nobility and Ottokar's widow Kunigunda of Slavonia on the succession of her son Wenceslaus II to

615-538: The Duchy of Carinthia as a fief. Second, he established an — unstable — alliance with Duke Henry I of Lower Bavaria by offering Rudolph's daughter Katharina as wife for the Duke's son, Otto , in addition to the region of present-day Upper Austria as a pledge for her dowry. He also concluded an alliance with King Ladislaus IV of Hungary , who intended to settle old scores with Ottokar. Rudolph, so strengthened, besieged Ottokar at

656-560: The Marchfeld Mercenaries: Mercenaries: 6,000 cavalry The Battle on the Marchfeld ( i.e. Morava Field ; German : Schlacht auf dem Marchfeld ; Czech : Bitva na Moravském poli ; Hungarian : Második morvamezei csata / dürnkruti csata ); Polish : Bitwa pod Suchymi Krutami at Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen took place on 26 August 1278 and was a decisive event for the history of Central Europe for

697-476: The Steirerbrau group, which merged into rivalling Brau-Beteiligungs-AG (BBAG) in 1991. From 1993 both companies operated under Brau Union Austria. In 2003, Gösser with Brau Union was taken over by Heineken International Zoeterwoude. The Spezial is proudly noted by the company as having been served at the gala dinner at the signing of the 1955 Austrian State Treaty . Since the 1960s the brand's slogan has remained

738-467: The brewery. Göss quickly became the largest brewery in Upper Styria and by 1892 was producing ca. 60,000 barrels per year. In the 1920s the brewery began selling pasteurized beer in crown corked glass bottles permitting Gösser to market their beer outside of Austria. By 1930 the company was producing ca 340,000 barrels per year and had exceeded 850,000 barrels per year by 1973. In 1977 Gösser joined

779-486: The census in 1900 recorded 83.5% German-speakers, which after a massacre of German protestors awaiting the American delegation, popularly known as " Marburg's Bloody Sunday ", although it was actually a Monday, ultimately fell to Yugoslavia. The former duchy was partitioned broadly along ethnic lines, though where mixed, the defeated Austrian side lost the lands to Yugoslavia, such as the majority-German Abstall basin, with only

820-545: The collapse of Austria-Hungary in the aftermath of World War I , the rump state of German Austria claimed all Cisleithanian Austria with a significant German-speaking population including large parts of the Styrian duchy, while the Slovene Lower Styrian part joined the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs . Conflicts arose especially around the majority German-speaking border-town of Maribor (Marburg an der Drau), where

861-641: The duchy joined the Empire's Austrian Circle . A second Inner Austrian cadet branch of the Habsburgs ruled over Styria from 1564. Under Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria, Graz became a centre of the Counter-Reformation , expedited by the Jesuits at the University of Graz established in 1585 and continued under Charles' son Archduke Ferdinand II , who became sole rule of all Habsburg hereditary lands and Holy Roman Emperor in 1619. The Protestant population

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902-588: The enemy piecemeal. In the first phase of the battle, the Cuman horse archers in the Hungarian army outflanked and distracted the Bohemian left flank by launching arrows while the Hungarian light cavalry crashed into the Bohemians, driving them from the field. In the second phase, a great collision of knights and heavy cavalry took place in the center, with Rudolf's forces being driven back. Rudolf's third division, led by

943-561: The entirely German-speaking two thirds of its territory ( Upper Styria and parts of Central Styria  [ de ] ) remaining with Austria , and the southern third of Lower Styria with Maribor passing to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , eventually becoming part of modern Slovenia . Timeline Styria was attested in historical documents in AD 907 as Styria , in 1191 as Marchia Stirensis , and in 1215 as Marchia Styrie . The name

984-573: The first duke of Styria and also the last of the ancient Otakar dynasty . As Ottokar had no issue, he in 1186 signed the Georgenberg Pact with the mighty House of Babenberg , rulers of Austria since 976, after which both duchies should in perpetuity be ruled in personal union. Upon his death in 1192, Styria as stipulated fell to the Babenberg Leopold V, Duke of Austria . The Austrian Babenbergs became extinct in 1246, when Duke Frederick II

1025-577: The fleeing Bohemians with impunity. The battle marked the beginning of the ascendancy of the House of Habsburg in Austria and Central Europe. The influence of the Přemyslid kings of Bohemia was diminished and restricted to their inheritance in Bohemia and Moravia. The deposition of Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen by Pope Innocent IV in 1245 created a grave crisis for the Holy Roman Empire , as in

1066-565: The following centuries. The opponents were a Bohemian (Czech) army led by the Přemyslid king Ottokar II of Bohemia and the German army under the German king Rudolph I of Habsburg in alliance with King Ladislaus IV of Hungary . With 15,300 mounted troops, it was one of the largest cavalry battles in Central Europe during the Middle Ages . The Hungarian cavalry played a significant role in

1107-523: The following decades several nobles were elected as Rex Romanorum and Emperor-to-be, none of whom were able to gain actual governing power upon the Emperor's death in 1250. That same year, Ottokar II, son of King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia , moved into the princeless Duchies of Austria and Styria . The last Babenberg duke Frederick II of Austria had been killed at the 1246 Battle of the Leitha River , in

1148-441: The king personally, attacked and halted Ottokar's charge. Rudolf was unhorsed in the melee and nearly killed. At a decisive moment, a German cavalry force of 200 riders, commanded by Ulrich von Kapellen, ambushed and attacked the Bohemian right flank from the rear. Assailed from two directions at once, Ottokar's army disintegrated into a rout, and Ottokar himself was killed in the confusion and slaughter. The Cumans pursued and killed

1189-470: The newly-elected King Rudolph I of Germany , who claimed the duchies as escheated fiefs. Rudolph finally defeated Ottokar at the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld , seized Austria and Styria and granted them to his sons Albert I and Rudolf II . The House of Habsburg provided Styria with dukes of their lineage from that point on. The duchy was, however, separated from Austria by the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg , after which Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola formed

1230-543: The outcome of the battle. King Ottokar II of Bohemia expanded his territories considerably from 1250 to 1273, but suffered a devastating defeat in November 1276, when the newly elected German king Rudolph I of Habsburg imposed the Imperial ban on Ottokar, declaring him an outlaw and took over Ottokar's holdings in Austria , Carinthia , Carniola , and Styria . Ottokar was reduced to his possessions in Bohemia and Moravia , but

1271-531: The rise of nationalism in the 19th century, when it was viewed as the example of a traditional co-operation between the Habsburg dynasty (Austria) and the Kingdom of Hungary, from one side, and the traditional tension between the Habsburg dynasty and Bohemia, from the Czech side. The tragedy König Ottokars Glück und Ende written by Franz Grillparzer in 1823 is based on the rise and fall of king Ottokar II. The drama

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1312-407: The same -- Gut. Besser. Gösser. (Good. Better. Gösser.) 47°21′44″N 15°05′41″E  /  47.36222°N 15.09472°E  / 47.36222; 15.09472 Duchy of Styria The Duchy of Styria ( German : Herzogtum Steiermark ; Slovene : Vojvodina Štajerska ; Latin : Ducatus Styriae ) was a duchy located in modern-day southern Austria and northern Slovenia . It

1353-538: The throne. On the same occasion he reconciled with the Brandenburg margraves, ceding them the guardianship over the minor heir apparent. King Ladislaus IV exerted himself in the christianization of the Cuman warriors, before he was assassinated in 1290. Ottokar's son, the young king Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, turned out to be a capable ruler. In 1291 he acquired the Polish Seniorate Province at Kraków and

1394-709: The towns of Drosendorf and Laa an der Thaya near the Austrian border, while Rudolph decided to leave Vienna and to face the Bohemian army in open battle in the Morava basin north of the capital, where the Cuman cavalry of King Ladislaus could easily join his forces. Ottakar fielded 6,000 cavalry, of which 1,000 were heavily armed and armored and 5,000 lightly equipped riders. Ottokar's heavy cavalry rode armored horses. About one third of Ottakar’s knights were Poles from Silesia, Greater Poland and Lesser Poland. Rudolf had 300 heavy cavalry and 4,000 light cavalry, of which an indeterminate number were Hungarians. Rudolf's force included

1435-587: Was a part of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806 and a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary until its dissolution in 1918. It was created by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1180 when he raised the March of Styria to a duchy of equal rank with neighbouring Carinthia and Bavaria , after the fall of the Bavarian Duke Henry the Lion earlier that year. Margrave Ottokar IV thereby became

1476-406: Was crowned King of Poland in 1300. He was even able to secure the Hungarian crown for his son Wenceslaus III , still a minor, who nevertheless was murdered in 1306, one year after his father's death, whereby the Přemyslid dynasty became extinct. No exact data on casualties is available, but Ottokar's losses were considerably higher than Rudolf's. The battle was depicted in art especially during

1517-544: Was determined to regain his dominions, power, and influence. In 1278 he invaded Austria, where parts of the local population, especially in Vienna , resented Habsburg rule. Rudolf allied himself with King Ladislaus IV of Hungary and mustered forces for a decisive confrontation. Ottokar abandoned his siege of Laa an der Thaya and advanced to meet the allies near Dürnkrut, north of Vienna. Both armies were composed purely of cavalry and were divided into three divisions that attacked

1558-498: Was expelled, including the astronomer Johannes Kepler in 1600. Meanwhile, at the time of the Ottoman invasions in the 16th and 17th centuries after the 1526 Battle of Mohács , the land suffered severely and was depopulated. The Turks made incursions into Styria nearly twenty times; churches, monasteries, cities, and villages were destroyed and plundered, while the population was either killed or carried away into slavery. Styria remained

1599-535: Was finally defeated at the 1260 Battle of Kressenbrunn . In 1268 Ottokar signed a contract of inheritance with Ulrich III , the last Carinthian duke of the House of Sponheim , and thus acquired Carinthia including the March of Carniola and the Windic March one year later. At the height of his power he aimed at the Imperial crown, but the Princes-Electors ( Kurfürsten ), distrustful of his steep rise, elected

1640-459: Was killed in battle against King Béla IV of Hungary . Styria, a vacant Imperial fief, became a matter of dispute among the neighbouring estates. It passed quickly through the hands of Hungarian kings in 1254, until King Ottokar II of Bohemia conquered it, being victorious at the 1260 Battle of Kressenbrunn . As King Ottokar II had married the last duke's sister Margaret , he laid claim to both Austria and Styria. This met with strong opposition by

1681-404: Was originally inspired by the life of Napoleon , but Grillparzer, fearing Metternich 's censorship, chose to write the play about Ottokar, in whose story he found many parallels. It nevertheless was immediately forbidden and could not be performed until 1825. Grillparzer perpetuated the legend of Ottokar's wife, Margaret of Babenberg , unsuccessfully trying to reconcile the opponents on the eve of

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