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53-538: . Fès-Meknes was formed in September 2015 by merging Fès-Boulemane with the prefecture of Meknès and the provinces of El Hajeb and Ifrane (in Meknès-Tafilalet region) and the provinces of Taounate and Taza (in Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate region). The region of Fès-Meknes contains 7 provinces and 2 prefectures: This Fès-Meknès location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mekn%C3%A8s Meknes ( Arabic : مكناس , romanized :  maknās , pronounced [maknaːs] )

106-514: A qubba over the tomb of Sidi Mohammed ben Aissa (just outside the city walls) and built the current minarets of the Grand Mosque and the Nejjarine Mosque in the old city. The Dar al-Kebira, however, was abandoned and progressively transformed into a residential neighbourhood where the inhabitants constructed their houses within and between the former palace structures of Isma'il's time. In

159-424: A large rectangular water basin. The madrasa's main courtyard has a marble water fountain in the middle and is surrounded by galleries on either side. The courtyard is richly decorated, with the floor and lower walls covered in zellij mosaic tilework and the rest of the walls covered in elaborate carved stucco and carved wood. The galleries, shielded by mashrabiya wooden screens, also provide access to

212-524: A particularly serious and violent revolt erupted following attempts to divert the local river to benefit the French settler population during a time of food shortages for the native Moroccan population. A violent suppression of protests took place in the city which results in 13 dead and more injured. Following Morocco's independence in 1956, the changes which began or accelerated under French rule continued to run their course. Large scale rural migration increased

265-621: A quasi-governmental agency based in Fez. The projects include proposed restorations to the historic city walls, to the Heri es-Swani , and to the Bou Inania Madrasa, along with other improvements to parking and tourism infrastructure. Meknes is located in a strategic position in the heart of Morocco . To its south and south-east are the rich cedar forests and mountains of the Middle Atlas mountains with

318-440: A set of wooden doors with decorative copper fittings which leads to a long vestibule passage. At the end of this passage is the entrance to the madrasa's main courtyard on one side, the entrance to the madrasa's ablutions house (for ritual washing) on the other, and the stairs leading to the upper floor. The ablutions house ( Dar al-Wudu ) consists of another courtyard surrounded by 22 changing rooms or latrines and centered around

371-403: A transportation hub for people and goods traveling from east to west or from north to south across the country, in addition to hosting extensive military barracks. The population of Meknes grew from 25,000 at the beginning of the century to over 140,000 by the mid-20th century. Some roads in the old city were widened to accommodate greater circulation, but most of the new development took place in

424-404: Is twinned with: Bou Inania Madrasa (Meknes) The Bou Inania Madrasa ( Arabic : المدرسة البوعنانية al-madrasa al-Būʿinānīya ; Berber languages : ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵉⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢⴰ ) is a historic madrasa (Islamic learning center) in the city of Meknes , Morocco . The building, well-preserved thanks to later restorations, is considered an excellent example of the richly-decorated madrasas of

477-415: Is a vast plaza at the southern end of the old city, before the main gates of Moulay Isma'il's former royal palace complex. The square's name, el-Hedim, means "the rubble/debris" and refers to the demolitions which Moulay Isma'il carried out here during the construction of his palaces. He left this open space as a public square to separate his palace from the rest of the city. Since then, the square has become

530-540: Is also a military airport in Meknes. Public transport in Meknes is managed by the urban commune and it consists of: Meknes is home to the public Moulay Ismail University , with actually the following faculties, schools and institutions divided among three campuses in the cities: Meknes, Errachidia and Khenifra . In Meknes: In Errachidia : In Khenifra : In addition to Moulay Ismail University , numerous private institutes for higher education exist in Meknes. Meknes

583-620: Is believed to have been first built by the Almoravids in the 12th century. The fortress resisted the military advance of the Almohads , who destroyed the city after a long siege in the 12th century. However, at the beginning of the 13th century the Almohad caliph Muhammad al-Nasir (ruled 1199–1213) rebuilt the city and its fortifications, as well as its Grand Mosque. The city enjoyed relative prosperity in this period, before being conquered again by

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636-473: Is located near the site of the current city of Meknes. The current city and its name, however, originate with a Berber tribe called the Miknasa who settled this region around the 10th century. A group of small unfortified Miknasa villages known as miknāsat al-zaytūn were established here in the 10th century. The Almoravids founded a fortress or fortified settlement just south of these villages after conquering

689-572: Is of light type, most of it is related to food processing especially in the Commune of Mejjat, and chemical and para-chemical industry in other industrial zones like the Agropolis industrial and agribusiness zone. Add to those the textile and metallic manufacturing which are old industries in the city. The year 2016 marks a new era of industry in the city of Meknes; it includes electrical wire, embedded systems, and automotive parts production companies. Many of

742-534: Is one of the four Imperial cities of Morocco , located in northern central Morocco and the sixth largest city by population in the kingdom. Founded in the 11th century by the Almoravids as a military settlement, Meknes became the capital of Morocco during the reign of Sultan Ismail Ibn Sharif (1672–1727), son of the founder of the Alaouite dynasty . Sultan Ismail created a massive imperial palace complex and endowed

795-535: Is rare. Meknes is the seat of the prefecture of Meknès, which consists of 6 municipalities (including the city Meknes) and 15 rural communes. The main historic monuments of the city are concentrated in the medina (old city) and the vast former Kasbah of Moulay Ismail to the south. The most notable monuments are listed below. Often compared to the Jemaa el-Fnaa square in Marrakesh , el-Hedim Square (Place el-Hedim)

848-501: Is similar to some inland cities in southern Portugal (such as Beja or Évora ) and some areas of southern Spain. The temperatures shifts from cool in winter to hot days in the summer months of June–September. Afternoon temperatures generally rise 10–14 °C above the low on most days. The winter highs typically reach only 15.5 °C (59.9 °F) in December–January, whereas night temperatures average 5 °C (41 °F). Snow

901-544: Is the centre of this plain. Each year Meknes holds the International Agriculture Show in Morocco (French: Salon International de l'Agriculture au Maroc) since April 2006. This agriculture show has an area of more than 250000 square meters, with more than 60 countries participating, and more than 1200 exhibitors. The lands around Meknes area are known to be fertile and productive. The high elevation, fertility and

954-562: The Madrasa Shuhud and the Madrasat al-Qadi . The latter was remodeled afterwards by sultan Moulay Isma'il (ruled 1672-1727), who devoted it to students from the Tafilalt. Like these other madrasas, the Bou Inania Madrasa was devoted to teaching Islamic sciences but also to providing housing for students. The madrasa covers an area of about 315 square meters. It is entered from the street via

1007-488: The Marinid period. Contrary to what the name might suggest, it was not founded by the Marinid ruler Abu Inan Faris but rather by his father Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman in 1335-36, as inscriptions in the madrasa itself indicate. Abu Inan most likely restored the madrasa later during his own reign, which may account for its current name. Even so, the madrasa was originally known as Madrasat al-Jadida ("New Madrasa") and

1060-485: The Ville Nouvelle . The new French authorities took interest in the conservation of historic monuments in the old city; the madrasas, for example, were restored in 1922. During this period Meknes also became a center of agriculture and viniculture , led mainly by French colonists who appropriated large amounts of land nearby. Nonetheless, Meknes, like other cities, also hosted resistance to French authority. In 1937,

1113-509: The Kasbah (the later Mosque of Lalla Aouda ) was also founded and first built in 1276. The Marinids also carried out major restorations to the Grand Mosque in the 14th century and built the major madrasas of the city near it. The latter included the Bou Inania Madrasa (built in 1336) and two other madrasas, Madrasa al-Qadi and Madrasa Shuhud , all built by Sultan Abu el-Hassan . After

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1166-688: The Kasbah Tizimi. He carried out renovations to the Grand Mosque and the nearby Madrasa al-Qadi (which he devotes to students from the Tafilalt ), and founded the Zitouna Mosque. Khnata bent Bakkar , one of his wives who was vizier (minister) under him (and briefly became de facto ruler of Morocco in 1728 after his death), was responsible for founding the Bab Berda'in Mosque , completed in 1709. One of

1219-457: The area in the 11th century. Originally called Tagrart or Taqrart, this Almoravid settlement formed the beginnings of what is now the old medina of Meknes. The Nejjarine Mosque , often reputed to be the oldest mosque in the city, dates back to the Almoravid period and may have served as the central mosque of the Almoravid settlement. The mosque that became the present-day Grand Mosque of Meknes

1272-441: The cities Ifrane and Azrou ; and more to the south are the rich oases of Tafilalt . To the west are the two largest metropolitan areas of Morocco: Casablanca and Rabat . To the north is the mountainous north of Morocco with the cities of Tangier and Tétouan . Oujda and Fes lie east of Meknes. Meknes has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ) with continental influences. Its climate

1325-509: The city economically competitive and attractive for investment. A December 2015 World Bank report classified Meknes as one of the three most competitive cities in Africa . Two of those three competitive African cities are Moroccan: Meknes and Tangier . Meknes is considered to be the capital of agriculture in Morocco. And the Saïss plain is one of the most fertile and rich plains in Morocco and Meknes

1378-487: The city for a siege of ten years. Below is a list of some of its main areas and monuments. The ruins of the Roman town of Volubilis (Oualili), another UNESCO World Heritage Site , are about half an hour to the north, as is the village and important pilgrimage site of Moulay Idriss Zerhoun . Meknes is an economic centre in Morocco with various products from three sectors (agriculture, industry and services), which makes

1431-506: The city with extensive fortifications and monumental gates. The city recorded a population of 632,079 in the 2014 Moroccan census . It is the seat of Meknès Prefecture and an important economic hub in the region of Fès-Meknès . Meknes is named after an Amazigh (Berber) tribe historically known as the Miknasa ( Imeknasen in Amazigh languages ). Volubilis , a major Roman -era settlement in Morocco and one of its early urban centres,

1484-400: The early 19th century, Sultan Moulay Abd ar-Rahman added a loggia structure in front of Bab al-Mansur which served as a meeting place for ceremonies and the governor's tribunal, though this structure was later removed. After the installation of French colonial rule in Morocco in 1912, the French administration created a new city ( Ville Nouvelle ) on a nearby plateau across the valley on

1537-461: The end of the Marinid and Wattasid periods, however, Meknes suffered from neglect as the new Saadian dynasty (16th and early 17th century) focused their attention on their capital at Marrakesh and neglected the old northern cities of Morocco. It wasn't until the Alaouite dynasty in the second half of the 17th century that Meknes received renewed attention. Under Moulay Rashid (ruled 1666–1672),

1590-534: The first Alaouite sultan to unite Morocco under his rule, Fes became the capital once more and his brother, Moulay Isma'il ibn Sharif , governed Meknes. Upon Rashid's death in 1672, Moulay Isma'il became sultan and chose Meknes as his new capital. In addition to his possible attachment to the city as a governor, a number of reasons may have favoured this choice. One may have been the fact that Ismail had to fight hard to reconquer both Fes and Marrakesh from his rival nephew (Ahmad al-Mahriz, son of Moulay Rashid) during

1643-779: The first years of his reign, which may have rendered him skeptical towards both cities as possible centers of power. Moreover, Moulay Rashid had garrisoned much of Fes with his own contingents from the Tafilalt and eastern Morocco while Moulay Isma'il was forming his own personal royal guard composed of Black slaves ( 'abid ) from Sub-Saharan Africa , and there may have been concerns that not all these contingents could be garrisoned simultaneously in Fes. The ulema (religious scholars) of Fes were also particularly disapproving of his ways, including his use of slaves (many of whom were of Muslim background), and maintained tense relations with him throughout his reign. Choosing Meknes thus removed him from

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1696-431: The focus of various activities including evening entertainers such as storytellers, acrobats, and musicians. The palace complex or "imperial city" of Sultan Moulay Isma'il was constructed over his entire 55-year reign from 1672 to 1727 (with some elements finished or remodeled shortly after). It occupies the site of the city's former medieval kasbah (citadel) and stretches over an area approximately four times larger than

1749-593: The following centuries. Sultan Muhammad ibn Abdallah , who ruled between 1757 and 1790, built a number of projects in the city. He added the Dar al-Bayda Palace in the Agdal garden to the southeast of the main palace complex, which was later turned into a royal military academy . He constructed the Er-Roua Mosque in the southern part of Moulay Isma'il's Kasbah, which became the largest mosque in Meknes. He also renovated and added

1802-405: The fresh water of those lands favor the cultivation of fruits and vegetables, most notably: peaches, nectarines, prunes, apples, potatoes, onions and garlic. Meknes is also known for its olives and olive oil. Livestock raising, particularly sheep and cattle, is widespread. Meknes has large industrial units for milk and dairy production that fulfill most of the needs of the region. Industry in Meknes

1855-440: The historic city of Meknes contains insufficient drainage systems, and as a result, suffers from inundation and leakage in certain areas. Still, some conservation and restoration efforts have taken place in recent years, motivated in part by the revenues of tourism. As of 2023, a number of major restoration projects were planned or underway, led by ADER-Fès ( Agence pour la Dédensification et la Réhabilitation de la Médina de Fès ),

1908-456: The influence of traditional elites and allowed him to build a fresh base from which he hoped to exercise absolute power. The threat of Ottoman attacks from the east (from Algeria ) and the increasing insecurity in central Morocco due to tribal migrations from the Atlas and Sahara regions may have also persuaded Ismail that Meknes, situated further west, was more defensible than Fes. Whatever

1961-528: The last constructions before his death, carried out between 1721 and 1725, was the Heri al-Mansur, a palace on the far southern edge of the kasbah which included vast stables. The monumental gate known as Bab al-Mansur al-'Alj, overlooking Place al-Hedim, was only finished in 1732 by his son Moulay Abdallah . His son and brief successor, Moulay Ahmad ad-Dhahabi , carried out modifications to his father's mausoleum during his two brief reigns (in 1727–28 and 1728–29) and

2014-705: The medina, along with the main station for grand taxis (intercity taxis). A newer station for buses operated by CTM is located near the main train station. Two train stations are located in the new city district (French: Ville Nouvelle) of Meknes, with trains each hour to the east, west, and north of Morocco. One is larger than the other and serve a different purpose. Operated by ONCF, the following table lists destinations reachable via Meknes railway stations (round-trips): As mentioned above, Meknes city has two train stations, and their names are: Meknes Railway Station (French: Gare de Meknès) and Meknes Amir Abdul Qadir Railway Station (French: Gare de Meknès Amir Abdelkader). All

2067-477: The mentioned trains cited in the previous table stop by the former station; and except the first row of the table, all the remaining trains stop by the latter station. The nearest airport is Fes-Saïss Airport ( IATA : FEZ , ICAO : GMFF ) accessible only by road transport. Otherwise, Mohammed V Airport in Casablanca, with more international flights and destinations, is conveniently accessible by train. There

2120-484: The middle of its southeastern wall is a mihrab (niche symbolizing the direction of prayer ) which is surrounded by intricately-carved stucco decoration with arabesque and geometric motifs as well as Arabic inscriptions . French scholar George Marçais, in his major work on Islamic architecture in the region , noted that the Bu Inania Madrasa of Meknes represented a kind of architectural transition between

2173-480: The name Bu Inaniya is only used by historical sources at a much later date. There is a madrasa with the same name in the city of Fes , which was built entirely by Abu Inan. The madrasa's construction was supervised by the city's qadi , Abdallah ibn Abi al-Ghamr. It was one of several madrasas in the area around the nearby Grand Mosque of Meknes , the city's main mosque where teaching also took place. The two other main madrasas, also built by Abu al-Hasan, were

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2226-457: The name of the large public square in front of the Kasbah today, el-Hedim (or Place el-Hedim), means "the rubble" and came from the masses of rubble and debris which were piled here during the demolition. Labour was carried out by paid workers as well as by contingents of slaves, particularly Christian prisoners of war . Estimates on the total number of workers involved range from 25,000 and 55,000. Nonetheless, frequently-told stories about

2279-416: The new Marinid dynasty in 1244. The first kasbah (citadel or governor's district) of Meknes was created afterwards by sultan Abu Yusuf Ya'qub in 1276 CE – the same year that the citadel of Fes el-Jdid was built in nearby Fes , the new capital. During this period, Meknes was frequently the residence of Marinid princes (often appointed there as governors) and especially of viziers . The Mosque of

2332-422: The northeast side of the old city. The capital of Morocco was moved from Fes to Rabat , further marginalizing cities like Meknes (which is near Fes). Some traditional Muslim authorities and officials were retained, but Meknes was reorganized under a new French municipal and military regime. This also led to a greater influence of the cities over their surrounding countryside and growing urbanization. The city became

2385-542: The old city itself. It was composed of several autonomous palaces along with vast gardens, religious buildings, and other amenities. The complex was also notable for its impressive infrastructure, which included a water supply system with a hydraulic system of wells, norias (water extraction mechanism powered by wheel), canals, and underground pipes which distributed water to the royal city's many buildings. It also contained numerous monumental granaries and underground warehouses which stockpiled supplies that could allegedly sustain

2438-462: The population of the city and intensified the urbanization process (as elsewhere in the country). Industries developed around the city's perimeter, but at the same time the old elites and bourgeois families moved away to the coastal cities like Casablanca and Rabat. These changes also contributed to the relative neglect of the old city. According to the ICOMOS Heritage at Risk report of 2000,

2491-405: The reasons, Ismail made Meknes the center of Morocco in his time and he embarked on the construction of a new monumental palace-city on the south side of the old city. Its construction continued throughout the 55 years of his reign, beginning immediately after his accession to the throne in 1672. Existing structures dating from the earlier medieval kasbah of the city were demolished to make way;

2544-457: The services products in Meknes are related to tourism due to the attractions of the old city district (the medina ). The geographical location of the city of Meknes makes it one of the important transport hubs in Morocco. The city is accessed via the A2 expressway with two exits, one to the east of the city and another to the west. The city's Gare Routière (intercity bus station) is located west of

2597-413: The students' private rooms on the ground floor, while more rooms are situated on the upper floor around the courtyard (many of them with windows onto the courtyard), for a total of 39 student rooms (13 on the ground floor and 26 on the upper floor. On the courtyard's southeastern side is a large chamber, entered via an ornate archway with muqarnas , which served as the madrasa's mosque or prayer hall. In

2650-484: The tens of thousands of Christian slaves used for labour and the large underground dungeons where they were kept are somewhat exaggerated and originate from the accounts of European ambassadors who visited Isma'il's court (often to negotiate the release of prisoners from their countries). In reality, the number of Christian slaves was likely closer to a few thousand at most and the chambers popularly called "prisons" were actually storage rooms for grain and supplies. It

2703-468: The western angle between the old city and the Kasbah. Moulay Isma'il also undertook works throughout the old city too. He refortified the walls and built new monumental city gates such as Bab Berda'in and Bab Khemis . He also built several other kasbahs or garrison forts throughout the city to house his 'abid troops and help protect (and control) the rest of the town, such as the Kasbah Hadrash and

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2756-633: Was also in Moulay Ismail's reign that the Jewish inhabitants of the city were moved to a new Mellah or Jewish district to the west, near the Kasbah, not unlike the Mellah of Fes or that of Marrakesh. The Mellah was located between the old medina, west of Place el-Hedim, and the more outlying quarter of Madinat al-Riyad al-Anbari. Both the Mellah and Madinat ar-Riyad were part of an urban extension ordered by Isma'il in

2809-404: Was himself buried here in 1729. Following Moulay Isma'il's death, however, the political situation in Morocco degenerated into relative anarchy as his sons competed for power. Meknes lost its status as capital and suffered damage in the 1755 earthquake . The city was neglected and many parts of the enormous imperial kasbah fell into disrepair. The site received only occasional royal attention in

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