Misplaced Pages

#480519

68-430: A group of protesters who call themselves "mutants" have taken over the inner city streets of a large city. They dress weirdly to try to show the effects of toxic poisoning . One of the mutants, Splatter, has really been affected. A group of fraternity boys decide to go into the mutant territory and kidnap one of the mutants as a prank. They are inadvertently framed for the murder of the mutant leader and are hunted through

136-474: A " Making of " featurette, full length commentary by the director Ronald Moore and the producer/star Edwin Neal, cast and crew biographies and a reproduction of Giger's original artwork. Poisoning Poisoning is the harmful effect which occurs when toxic substances are introduced into the body. The term "poisoning" is a derivative of poison , a term describing any chemical substance that may harm or kill

204-445: A compound enter this group, is the absence of halides . It is clear that many agricultural pesticides can be considered as V agents if they are notoriously toxic. The agent is not required to be a phosphonate and presents a dialkylaminoethyl group. The toxicity requirement is waived as the VT agent and its salts (VT-1 and VT-2) are "non-toxic". Replacing the sulfur atom with selenium increases

272-403: A genre of toxic agents that act specifically against the nervous system. Inhaled or ingested cyanide (or Zyklon B ) was used as a method of execution in gas chambers . This method of poisoning instantly starved the body of energy by inhibiting the enzymes in mitochondria that produce ATP . Intravenous injection of an unnaturally high concentration of potassium chloride , such as in

340-454: A greater capacity to produce mustard gas than Germany did. Hitler interrupted to explain that he was not referring to traditional poison gases: "I understand that the countries with petroleum are in a position to make more [mustard gas], but Germany has a special gas, Tabun. In this we have a monopoly in Germany." He specifically wanted to know whether the enemy had access to such a gas and what it

408-505: A high-production facility was under construction (but was not finished) by the end of World War II . Estimates for total Sarin production by Nazi Germany range from 500  kg to 10 tons . During that time, German intelligence believed that the Allies also knew of these compounds, assuming that because these compounds were not discussed in the Allies' scientific journals information about them

476-696: A living organism being harmfully exposed to poison once or more times during a brief period, with symptoms manifesting within 14 days since administration. Chronic toxicity/poisoning involves a living organism being exposed to a toxin on multiple instances over an extended period of time, whereas the symptoms either develop gradually or after a protracted latent period . Chronic poisoning most commonly occurs following exposure to poisons that bioaccumulate , or are biomagnified , such as mercury , gadolinium , and lead . In 2020, America's Poison Centers' NPDS (National Poison Data System) report determined that 76.9% of recorded toxin exposures were accidental, with

544-448: A living organism upon ingestion . Poisoning can be brought on by swallowing, inhaling, injecting or absorbing toxins through the skin. Toxicology is the practice and study of symptoms, mechanisms, diagnoses, and treatments correlated to poisoning. When a living organism is introduced to a poison, the symptoms that follow successful contact develop in close relation to the degree of exposure . Acute toxicity/poisoning consists of

612-435: A nerve agent scavenger. There are two main classes of nerve agents. The members of the two classes share similar properties and are given both a common name (such as Sarin ) and a two-character NATO identifier (such as GB). The G-series is thus named because German scientists first synthesized them. G series agents are known as non-persistent, meaning that they evaporate shortly after release, and do not remain active in

680-460: Is considerable concern about the effects of long-term exposure to these chemicals by farm workers and animals alike. At high enough doses, acute toxicity and death can occur through the same mechanism as other nerve agents. Some insecticides such as demeton , dimefox and paraoxon are sufficiently toxic to humans that they have been withdrawn from agricultural use, and were at one stage investigated for potential military applications. Paraoxon

748-460: Is detailed in Joseph Borkin's book The Crime and Punishment of IG Farben : Speer , who was strongly opposed to the introduction of Tabun , flew Otto Ambros , I.G.'s authority on poison gas as well as synthetic rubber, to the meeting. Hitler asked Ambros, "What is the other side doing about poison gas?" Ambros explained that the enemy, because of its greater access to ethylene , probably had

SECTION 10

#1732881085481

816-445: Is more effective on muscarinic receptors . Anticonvulsants , such as diazepam, may be administered to manage seizures, improving long term prognosis and reducing risk of brain damage. This is not usually self-administered as its use is for actively seizing patients. Pyridostigmine bromide was used by the US military in the first Gulf War as a pretreatment for Soman as it increased

884-452: Is probably VX , with VR ("Russian V-gas") coming a close second (Amiton is largely forgotten as VG, with G probably coming from "G"hosh). All of the V-agents are persistent agents, meaning that these agents do not degrade or wash away easily and can therefore remain on clothes and other surfaces for long periods. In use, this allows the V-agents to be used to blanket terrain to guide or curtail

952-530: Is the standard oxime used to treat nerve agent poisoning. Rather than counteracting the initial effects of the nerve agent on the nervous system as does atropine, pralidoxime chloride reactivates the poisoned enzyme (acetylcholinesterase) by scavenging the phosphoryl group attached on the functional hydroxyl group of the enzyme, counteracting the nerve agent itself. Revival of acetylcholinesterase with pralidoxime chloride works more effectively on nicotinic receptors while blocking acetylcholine receptors with atropine

1020-530: The Gulf War , no nerve agents (nor other chemical weapons) were used, but a number of U.S. and UK personnel were exposed to them when the Khamisiyah chemical depot was destroyed. This and the widespread use of anticholinergic drugs as a protective treatment against any possible nerve gas attack have been proposed as a possible cause of Gulf War syndrome . Sarin gas was deployed in a 2013 attack on Ghouta during

1088-577: The Oder River 40 km (25 mi) from Breslau (now Wrocław ) in Silesia . The plant was large, covering an area of 2.4 by 0.8 km (1.49 by 0.50 mi) and was completely self-contained, synthesizing all intermediates as well as the final product, Tabun. The factory even had an underground plant for filling munitions, which were then stored at Krappitz (now Krapkowice ) in Upper Silesia. The plant

1156-507: The Ruhr valley to continue his research in secret throughout World War II . The compound was initially codenamed Le-100 and later Trilon-83. Sarin was discovered by Schrader and his team in 1938 and named in honor of its discoverers: Gerhard S chrader , Otto A mbros , Gerhard R itter  [ de ] , and Hans-Jürgen von der L in de. It was codenamed T-144 or Trilon-46. It was found to be more than ten times as potent as Tabun. Soman

1224-483: The cholinesterase enzymes, allowing the breakdown of acetylcholine. Military personnel are issued the combination in an autoinjector (e.g. ATNAA ), for ease of use in stressful conditions. Atropine is the standard anticholinergic drug used to manage the symptoms of nerve agent poisoning. It acts as an antagonist to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors , blocking the effects of excess acetylcholine. Some synthetic anticholinergics, such as biperiden , may counteract

1292-476: The liver . Many drug molecules are made toxic in the liver, and the genetic variability of certain liver enzymes makes the toxicity of many compounds differ between people. As mandated in GHS , various safety-orientated government agencies from around the globe have put into place the usage of pictograms when labelling toxic substances. The hazard symbol which labels a substance as capable of poisoning depicts

1360-478: The median lethal dose . It is only effective if taken prior to exposure and in conjunction with Atropine and Pralidoxime, issued in the Mark I NAAK autoinjector, and is ineffective against other nerve agents. While it reduces fatality rates, there is an increased risk of brain damage; this can be mitigated by administration of an anticonvulsant. Evidence suggests that the use of pyridostigmine may be responsible for some of

1428-660: The United States and the Soviet Union developed carbamate-based nerve agents during the Cold War . Carbamate-based nerve agents are sometimes grouped in academic literature with Fourth Generation Novichok agents, as they were added to the CWC schedule on banned agents at the same time, despite their significant differences in chemical makeup and mechanisms of action. Carbamate-based nerve agents have been identified as Schedule 1 Nerve Agents,

SECTION 20

#1732881085481

1496-434: The abandoned buildings and dark streets by the crazed Splatter and his gang. Ronald W. Moore initially wrote the film with partners John Best and Kathy Hagan under the title Splatter but changed it to Future-Kill in order to avoid confusion with Splatter University and because he wanted to avoid the misconception blood and gore were the main selling point. Moore then took the project to Texas business man Don Barker who

1564-442: The breakdown of acetylcholine (ACh) in the synapses between nerves that control whether muscle tissues are to relax or contract. If the agent cannot be broken down, muscles are prevented from receiving 'relax' signals and they are effectively paralyzed. It is the compounding of this paralysis throughout the body that quickly leads to more severe complications, including the heart and the muscles used for breathing. Because of this,

1632-418: The breakdown of acetylcholine , a neurotransmitter . Nerve agents are irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used as poison . Poisoning by a nerve agent leads to constriction of pupils , profuse salivation , convulsions , and involuntary urination and defecation , with the first symptoms appearing in seconds after exposure. Death by asphyxiation or cardiac arrest may follow in minutes due to

1700-441: The central symptoms of nerve agent poisoning more effectively than atropine, since they pass the blood–brain barrier better. While these drugs will save the life of a person affected by nerve agents, that person may be incapacitated briefly or for an extended period, depending on the extent of exposure. The endpoint of atropine administration is the clearing of bronchial secretions. Pralidoxime chloride (also known as 2-PAMCl )

1768-422: The dispersal area for very long. All of the compounds in this class were discovered and synthesized during or prior to World War II , led by Gerhard Schrader (later under the employment of IG Farben ). This series is the first and oldest family of nerve agents. The first nerve agent ever synthesized was GA ( Tabun ) in 1936. GB ( Sarin ) was discovered next in 1939, followed by GD ( Soman ) in 1944, and finally

1836-412: The entire spectrum of organophosphate nerve agents. Butyrylcholinesterase currently is the preferred enzyme for development as a pharmaceutical drug primarily because it is a naturally circulating human plasma protein (superior pharmacokinetics ) and its larger active site compared with acetylcholinesterase may permit greater flexibility for future design and improvement of butyrylcholinesterase to act as

1904-596: The excessive peripheral activity at the neuromuscular junction of the diaphragm . The effects of nerve agents are long lasting and increase with continued exposure. Survivors of nerve agent poisoning almost invariably develop chronic neurological damage and related psychiatric effects. Possible effects that can last at least up to two–three years after exposure include blurred vision, tiredness , declined memory, hoarse voice, palpitations , sleeplessness , shoulder stiffness and eye strain . In people exposed to nerve agents, serum and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase in

1972-458: The execution of prisoners in parts of the United States, quickly stops the heart by eliminating the cell potential necessary for muscle contraction . Most biocides, including pesticides , are created to act as poisons to target organisms. Although acute or less observable chronic poisoning can also occur in non-target organisms ( secondary poisoning ), including the humans who apply the biocides and other beneficial organisms . For example,

2040-494: The eyes (lacrimation) and excess production of mucus from the nose (rhinorrhea). The reaction product of the most important nerve agents, including Soman, Sarin, Tabun and VX, with acetylcholinesterase were solved by the U.S. Army using X-ray crystallography in the 1990s. The reaction products have been confirmed subsequently using different sources of acetylcholinesterase and the closely related target enzyme, butyrylcholinesterase. The X-ray structures clarify important aspects of

2108-403: The film a negative review calling the film, "immensely dated and standard science fiction punk flick from the era of leather jackets and Mohawks". TV Guide awarded the film 2 out of 4 stars stating that it "serve[d] no purpose but to sate juvenile blood lust and to take people's money". The film was released on DVD by Subversive Cinema on October 31, 2006, in widescreen formatting and included

Future-Kill - Misplaced Pages Continue

2176-487: The film has been mixed to negative. Allmovie gave the film a mixed review stating, "Filled with all sorts of anti-nuclear mumbo jumbo bred straight out of the Cold War Reagan era , Future Kill is slightly interesting for its relative place in history, but better viewed as '80s trash cinema whose long life on home video spawned more memories of its box art than anything else." Felix Vasquez Jr. from Cinema Crazed gave

2244-439: The first symptoms usually appear within 30 seconds of exposure and death can occur via asphyxiation or cardiac arrest in a few minutes, depending upon the dose received and the agent used. Initial symptoms following exposure to nerve agents (like Sarin ) are a runny nose, tightness in the chest, and constriction of the pupils . Soon after, the victim will have difficulty breathing and will experience nausea and salivation. As

2312-421: The herbicide 2,4-D imitates the action of a plant hormone, which makes its lethal toxicity specific to plants. Indeed, 2,4-D is not a poison, but is classified as harmful. Many substances regarded as poisons are toxic only indirectly through toxication . An example is "wood alcohol" or methanol , which is not poisonous itself but is chemically converted to toxic formaldehyde and formic acid once it reaches

2380-451: The highest classification possible under the CWC, reserved for agents with no identified alternate use, and those that can cause the most harm. Some insecticides , including carbamates and organophosphates such as dichlorvos , malathion and parathion , are nerve agents. The metabolism of insects is sufficiently different from mammals that these compounds have little effect on humans and other mammals at proper doses, but there

2448-456: The imagery of a human skull in front of two bones crossing one another. GHS precautionary statements , which advise users to exercise caution or be aware of the substance's potentially dangerous features, are added to a legal toxins' labelling. Toxic substances can also come with instructions on how to handle the product, what compounds to avoid mixing the product with, and how to treat a victim at risk of poisoning who has come in contact with

2516-442: The long-term are noticeably lower than normal and tend to be lower the worse the persisting symptoms are. When a normally functioning motor nerve is stimulated, it releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine , which transmits the impulse to a muscle or organ. Once the impulse is sent, the enzyme acetylcholinesterase immediately breaks down the acetylcholine in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. Nerve agents disrupt

2584-480: The loss of the body's control over respiratory and other muscles. Some nerve agents are readily vaporized or aerosolized , and the primary portal of entry into the body is the respiratory system . Nerve agents can also be absorbed through the skin, requiring that those likely to be subjected to such agents wear a full body suit in addition to a respirator . Nerve agents are generally colorless and tasteless liquids. Nerve agents evaporate at varying rates depending on

2652-511: The more obscure GF ( Cyclosarin ) in 1949. GB was the only G agent that was fielded by the US as a munition, in rockets, aerial bombs , and artillery shells . The V-series is the second family of nerve agents and contains five well known members: VE , VG , VM , VR , and VX , along with several more obscure analogues. The most studied agent in this family, VX (it is thought that the 'X' in its name comes from its overlapping isopropyl radicals),

2720-409: The movement of enemy ground forces. The consistency of these agents is similar to oil; as a result, the contact hazard for V-agents is primarily – but not exclusively – dermal. VX was the only V-series agent that was fielded by the US as a munition, in rockets, artillery shells , airplane spray tanks, and landmines . Analyzing the structure of thirteen V agents, the standard composition, which makes

2788-607: The nature of the target, and the achievable level of sophistication. This first class of nerve agents, the G-series, was accidentally discovered in Germany on December 23, 1936, by a research team headed by Gerhard Schrader working for IG Farben . Since 1934, Schrader had been working in a laboratory in Leverkusen to develop new types of insecticides for IG Farben . While working toward his goal of improved insecticide, Schrader experimented with numerous compounds, eventually leading to

Future-Kill - Misplaced Pages Continue

2856-456: The nervous system by inhibiting the function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase by forming a covalent bond with its active site , where acetylcholine would normally be broken down (undergo hydrolysis ). Acetylcholine thus builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. This same action also occurs at the gland and organ levels, resulting in uncontrolled drooling, tearing of

2924-557: The newly developed "third generation" weapons, binary versions of several Soviet agents were developed and were designated as "Novichok" agents. Contrary to some claims, not all nerve agents are organophosphates . The starting compound studied by the United States was the carbamate EA-1464, of notorious toxicity. Compounds similar in structure and effect to EA-1464 formed a large group, including compounds such as EA-3990 and EA-4056 . The Family Practice Notebook claims carbamate-based nerve agents can be three times as toxic as VX. Both

2992-516: The only large-scale use of any chemical weapons. On the scale of the single Kurdish village of Halabja within its own territory, Iraqi forces did expose the populace to some kind of chemical weapons, possibly mustard gas and most likely nerve agents. Operatives of the Aum Shinrikyo religious group made and used Sarin several times on other Japanese, most notably the Tokyo subway sarin attack . In

3060-402: The poisoning, the patient's age, weight, and any other drugs they may be taking in addition to the symptoms of the illness. Try to determine what was ingested, the amount and how long since the person was exposed to it. If possible, have on hand the pill bottle, medication package or other suspect container. The treatment will depend on the substance to which the patient is exposed. Depending on

3128-411: The preparation of Tabun . In experiments, Tabun was extremely potent against insects: as little as 5 ppm of Tabun killed all the leaf lice he used in his initial experiment. In January 1937, Schrader observed the effects of nerve agents on human beings first-hand when a drop of Tabun spilled onto a lab bench. Within minutes he and his laboratory assistant began to experience miosis (constriction of

3196-449: The product. Various poison control centers are also available to assist in diagnosing, managing, and preventing possible incidents of poisoning. Many are accessible through phone calls or official websites . Seeking medical attention is strongly advised if someone is thought to have been exposed to or consumed a poison, mainly from a nearby poison control centre. It is advised to provide medical personnel with information regarding

3264-669: The pupils of the eyes), dizziness and severe shortness of breath. It took them three weeks to recover fully. In 1935 the Nazi government had passed a decree that required all inventions of possible military significance to be reported to the Ministry of War , so in May 1937 Schrader sent a sample of Tabun to the chemical warfare (CW) section of the Army Weapons Office in Berlin-Spandau . Schrader

3332-418: The reaction mechanism (e.g., stereochemical inversion) at atomic resolution and provide a key tool for antidote development. Standard treatment for nerve agent poisoning is a combination of an anticholinergic to manage the symptoms, and an oxime as an antidote. Anticholinergics treat the symptoms by reducing the effects of acetylcholine, while oximes displaces phosphate molecules from the active site of

3400-525: The rest of the statistics either being deliberate or unexpected. A large portion of these accidental incidents occurred due to mistakenly taking the incorrect medicine, or doubling one's dose by mistake. Nerve gases are synthetic substances used in industry or warfare that are specifically engineered to bring harm to living organisms. They may paralyze a person in a matter of seconds or cease organ function, quickly resulting in death .They're considered to be biologically derived neurotoxins , which are

3468-407: The substance. None are gases in normal environments. The popular term "nerve gas" is inaccurate. Agents Sarin and VX are odorless; Tabun has a slightly fruity odor and Soman has a slight camphor odor. Nerve agents attack the nervous system . All such agents function the same way resulting in cholinergic crisis : they inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase , which is responsible for

SECTION 50

#1732881085481

3536-502: The symptoms of Gulf War syndrome . Butyrylcholinesterase is under development by the U.S. Department of Defense as a prophylactic countermeasure against organophosphate nerve agents. It binds nerve agent in the bloodstream before the poison can exert effects in the nervous system. Both purified acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase have demonstrated success in animal studies as "biological scavengers" (and universal targets) to provide stoichiometric protection against

3604-566: The technical journals as far back as 1902 and I.G. had patented both products in 1937 and 1938. Ambros then warned Hitler that if Germany used Tabun, it must face the possibility that the Allies could produce this gas in much larger quantities. Upon receiving this discouraging report, Hitler abruptly left the meeting. The nerve gases would not be used, for the time being at least, although they would continue to be produced and tested. Since World War II, Iraq's use of mustard gas against Iranian troops and Kurds ( Iran–Iraq War of 1980–1988) has been

3672-667: The toxicity of the agent by orders of magnitude. The Novichok (Russian: Новичо́к , "newcomer") agents, a series of organophosphate compounds, were developed in the Soviet Union and in Russia from the mid-1960s to the 1990s. The Novichok program aimed to develop and manufacture highly deadly chemical weapons that were unknown to the West. The new agents were designed to be undetectable by standard NATO chemical-detection equipment and overcome contemporary chemical-protective equipment. In addition to

3740-441: The trade name Amiton . It was subsequently withdrawn, as it was too toxic for safe use. The toxicity did not escape military notice and some of the more toxic materials had been sent to Porton Down for evaluation. After the evaluation was complete, several members of this class of compounds became a new group of nerve agents, the V agents (depending on the source, the V stands for Victory, Venomous, or Viscous). The best known of these

3808-569: The two and a half years of operation. Some incidents cited in A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret History of Chemical and Biological Warfare are as follows: The plant produced between 10 000 and 30 000 tons of Tabun before its capture by the Soviet Army and moved, probably to Dzerzhinsk , USSR . In 1940 the German Army Weapons Office ordered the mass production of Sarin for wartime use. A number of pilot plants were built and

3876-451: The type of poisoning, some first aid measures may help. Treatments include activated charcoal, induction of vomiting and dilution or neutralizing of the poison. Nerve agent Nerve agents , sometimes also called nerve gases , are a class of organic chemicals that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs. The disruption is caused by the blocking of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme that catalyzes

3944-448: The victim continues to lose control of bodily functions, involuntary salivation , lacrimation , urination , defecation , gastrointestinal pain and vomiting will be experienced. Blisters and burning of the eyes and/or lungs may also occur. This phase is followed by initially myoclonic jerks (muscle jerks) followed by status epilepticus –type epileptic seizure. Death then comes via complete respiratory depression, most likely via

4012-409: Was allegedly used as an assassination weapon by the apartheid South African government as part of Project Coast . Organophosphate pesticide poisoning is a major cause of disability in many developing countries and is often the preferred method of suicide. Many methods exist for spreading nerve agents such as: The method chosen will depend on the physical properties of the nerve agent(s) used,

4080-598: Was being suppressed. Though Sarin, Tabun and Soman were incorporated into artillery shells, the German government ultimately decided not to use nerve agents against Allied targets. The Allies did not learn of these agents until shells filled with them were captured towards the end of the war. German forces used chemical warfare against partisans during the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula in 1942, but did not use any nerve agent. This

4148-574: Was discovered by Richard Kuhn in 1944 as he worked with the existing compounds; the name is derived from either the Greek 'to sleep' or the Latin 'to bludgeon'. It was codenamed T-300. Cyclosarin was also discovered during WWII but the details were lost and it was rediscovered in 1949. The G-series naming system was created by the United States when it uncovered the German activities, labeling Tabun as GA (German Agent A), Sarin as GB and Soman as GD. Ethyl Sarin

SECTION 60

#1732881085481

4216-432: Was doing in this area. To Hitler's disappointment Ambros replied, "I have justified reasons to assume that Tabun, too, is known abroad. I know that Tabun was publicized as early as 1902, that Sarin was patented and that these substances appeared in patents. " (...)Ambros was informing Hitler of an extraordinary fact about one of Germany's most secret weapons. The essential nature of Tabun and Sarin had already been disclosed in

4284-525: Was invented in the 1950s at Porton Down in Wiltshire , England. Ranajit Ghosh, a chemist at the Plant Protection Laboratories of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) was investigating a class of organophosphate compounds (organophosphate esters of substituted aminoethanethiols). Like Schrader, Ghosh found that they were quite effective pesticides. In 1954, ICI put one of them on the market under

4352-485: Was operated by Anorgana GmbH  [ de ] , a subsidiary of IG Farben , as were all other chemical weapon agent production plants in Germany at the time. Because of the plant's deep secrecy and the difficult nature of the production process, it took from January 1940 until June 1942 for the plant to become fully operational. Many of Tabun's chemical precursors were so corrosive that reaction chambers not lined with quartz or silver soon became useless. Tabun itself

4420-503: Was so hazardous that the final processes had to be performed while enclosed in double glass-lined chambers with a stream of pressurized air circulating between the walls. Three thousand German nationals were employed at Hochwerk, all equipped with respirators and clothing constructed of a poly-layered rubber/cloth/rubber sandwich that was destroyed after the tenth wearing. Despite all precautions, there were over 300 accidents before production even began and at least ten workers died during

4488-595: Was sold on the film's low budget as well as the presence of Edwin Neal and Marilyn Burns from the hit The Texas Chain Saw Massacre . The initial filming was done in August 1983 in various parts of Austin, Texas , while the effects shots done in February 1984 totaling about six and half weeks of shooting. The film was shot using a Panavision camera and lens on 35mm film, with an aspect ratio of 1.85:1. Critical reception for

4556-553: Was summoned to the Wehrmacht chemical lab in Berlin to give a demonstration, after which Schrader's patent application and all related research was classified as secret. Colonel Rüdiger, head of the CW section, ordered the construction of new laboratories for the further investigation of Tabun and other organophosphate compounds and Schrader soon moved to a new laboratory at Wuppertal - Elberfeld in

4624-502: Was tagged GE and CycloSarin as GF. In 1939, a pilot plant for Tabun production was set up at Munster-Lager , on Lüneburg Heath near the German Army proving grounds at Raubkammer  [ de ] . In January 1940, construction began on a secret plant, code named " Hochwerk " ( High factory ), for the production of Tabun at Dyhernfurth an der Oder (now Brzeg Dolny in Poland ), on

#480519