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57-463: The Quebec Steam Ship Company had served Bermuda since 1874. Canada Steamship Lines took over the company in 1913 and sold it in 1919 to Furness, Withy, who renamed it the Furness Bermuda Line. At first the route had only one ship, the 5,530  GRT Bermudian , which Sir James Laing & Sons had built in 1904 and which Furness, Withy renamed Fort Hamilton . In 1921 Furness, Withy bought

114-551: A "Supervisory Agreement" to be managed by lawyers and financial advisors, although he would be allowed to intervene in company decision-making should events warrant. In June 2002, Martin quit the cabinet as Minister of Finance to pursue a bid for leadership of the Liberal Party of Canada . On March 11, 2003, Martin bowed to public and media pressure on his interest in CSL Group Inc. and announced that he would sell his interests in

171-932: A Canadian shipping company, becoming the world's largest fleet of dry-bulk self-unloading vessels . These lake freighters are all in the 700-footer class which are between 729 and 739 feet (222 and 225 m) long: Atlantic Huron , Baie Comeau , Baie St. Paul , CSL Assiniboine , CSL Laurentien , CSL Niagara , CSL Tadoussac , Frontenac , Rt. Hon. Paul J. Martin , Thunder Bay , Whitefish Bay CSL St-Laurent , CSL Welland , Spruceglen , Oakglen Alice Oldendorff , Ambassador , Bahama Spirit , Balder , Ballangen , Barkald , Bauta , Bernhard Oldendorff , CSL Acadian , CSL Atlas , CSL Argosy , CSL Cabo , CSL Metis , CSL Spirit , CSL Trailblazer , Eastern Power , Harmen Oldendorff , Honourable Henry Jackman , Johanna Oldendorff , Nelvana , Pioneer , Sheila Ann , Sophie Oldendorff , Yeoman Brook , Weser Stahl * In

228-435: A Power Corporation subsidiary. At this time, CSL was given elevated status, where in the words of Power Corporation "...in order to increase its [Power Corporation's] own cash flow and take advantage of new federal tax regulations benefitting operating companies over holding companies, CSL took over most of Power's investment portfolio at book value." CSL suffered losses in 1972 when forced to cover unexpected cost overruns in

285-552: A bus service ( Voyageur , previously known as Provincial Transport ). The following month, in August 1981, Paul Martin and his friend Lawrence Pathy with the help of Gordon Black, secured financing and announced their intention to purchase CSL Group Incorporated for the price advertised by Power Corporation. On August 9, 1983, citing federal government interference in the shipping industry, Martin stated: "then... they are going to come in with some grand and glorious package that will give

342-596: A century and a half. CSL had humble beginnings in Canada East in 1845, operating river boats on the Saint Lawrence River in general commerce. The Richelieu Navigation Company was established by Jacques-Félix Sincennes and other Montreal businessmen. The company was amalgamated with Sir Hugh Allan 's Canadian Navigation Company, to form the Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Company , in 1875. Subsequent growth over

399-514: A dock side fire in 1945 at Point Edward and was later scrapped. Huronic had already been converted to carry only freight by 1944, was retired and scrapped in 1950. CSL was found responsible for the disastrous September 1949 fire and destruction of its ship the SS ; Noronic in Toronto Harbour. The fire swept through the ship killing 118 to 139 passengers (many as they slept), but no members of

456-462: A minimal number of human operators required. Following his passing in 1956, Dunn's estate would eventually sell off the CSL shares. In 1963, a non-controlling share of CSL was purchased by Montreal-headquartered Power Corporation , a Quebec industrial conglomerate with interests in electricity generation, pulp and paper, and oil and gas. CSL continued operating and expanding its Great Lakes shipping line and

513-687: A pair of ships from the Adelaide Steamship Company : the 7,785  GRT Wandilla and 7,784  GRT Willochra . They were quadruple-expansion steamships that William Beardmore and Company in Glasgow had built in 1912 and 1913. Furness, Withy had Willochra fitted out with berths for 400 first class passengers and renamed her Fort St. George . It had Wandilla modified to carry 380 first class and 50 second class passengers, replaced her cargo holds with tanks to supply Bermuda with fresh water, and renamed her RMS  Fort Victoria . At

570-475: A resurgence in passenger traffic on the Great Lakes in recent years, CSL has no known plans for a cruise ship service on or off of the Great Lakes. In 1951, Sir James Dunn , the owner of Algoma Steel , gained effective control over the company. CSL saw operations increase exponentially in the late 1950s with the opening of the expanded Saint Lawrence Seaway and the timely discovery and exploitation of some of

627-653: A second large ship in order to offer two sailings each week: one on Saturday and the other midweek. However, before the new ship could be completed, Furness, Withy suffered two setbacks. In December 1929 Fort Victoria was sunk when the 5,946  GRT Algonquin collided with her in fog in Ambrose Channel off New York. Then in June 1931, Bermuda ' s passenger accommodation was gutted by fire in Hamilton Harbour . Bermuda ' s hull and main engines survived, so she

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684-527: A special meeting of shareholders held on June 26, it was decided to increase the stock from $ 5,000,0000 to $ 10,000,000, with the distribution of new shares to be issued by the directors. The majority of the shares of the Northern Navigation Co. Ltd. and of the Inland Lines Ltd. were purchased and paid for with fully paid up stock of the R. And O Navigation Co. Five additional directors were added to

741-447: Is called turboelectric propulsion. As gas and steam turbines are most efficient at thousands of revolutions per minute, when lower turbine speeds are needed in purely mechanical systems this necessitates extensive, and often heavy, reduction gearing. This is especially important on warship as they often require high electrical power independent of travel speed as well as the ability to perform efficient low speed cruise whilst maintaining

798-790: The Monarch of Bermuda and Queen of Bermuda . In the Second World War Monarch of Bermuda was converted into a troop ship and the Admiralty requisitioned Queen of Bermuda as an armed merchant cruiser . Queen of Bermuda was released from the Royal Navy in 1943 and spent the next few years as a troop ship. Both ships survived the war, but for a while afterwards the Ministry of Transport continued to use both ships as military and government transports. Furness, Withy made do with two small ships on

855-529: The "Millionaires' Ships". The pair competed with each other on speed. Eventually Queen of Bermuda took the record with a passage from New York to Hamilton in 32 hours, 48 minutes, which meant that her speed averaged 20.33 knots (37.65 km/h). In 1935 Furness, Withy sold Fort St. George to Lloyd Triestino , who renamed her Cesarea . In 1938, to meet the high demand of the Bermuda service, Furness charted White Star Line's Georgic to operate in tandem with

912-400: The 1930s and 1940s used gas turbines as prime movers . These turbines were based on stationary practice, with single large reverse-flow combustors , heat exchangers and using low-cost heavy oil bunker fuel . In the 1960s the idea re-emerged, using developments in light weight engines developed for helicopters and using lighter kerosene fuels. As these turbines were compact and lightweight,

969-517: The 1990s, CSL Group Inc. oversaw the reflagging of several former Canadian-registered vessels which were placed under the shipping registries of nations commonly referred to as flags of convenience , where safety and labour laws were relaxed to be more business-friendly. Canadian crews were replaced with cheaper Ukrainian ones. CSL Group Incorporated operates Canadian (Canada Steamship Lines) and international (CSL International) subsidiaries. In 2001, they overtook Asia Pacific Marine Container Lines, also

1026-664: The 20,021  GRT Duchess of York for several trips in 1931 and 1932 and the 20,123  GRT Duchess of Bedford in the early months of 1933. The latter maintained the service alongside Monarch of Bermuda until Queen of Bermuda was completed. Vickers-Armstrongs built the 22,575  GRT Queen of Bermuda at its Barrow-in-Furness shipyard, launching her in September 1932 and completing her in February 1933. Queen of Bermuda looked like Monarch of Bermuda but had slightly larger cabins and only 731 berths. They were nicknamed

1083-491: The Collingwood and Lauzon shipyards through the 1960s, and witnessed several labour disputes. In 1969, Power Corporation took a controlling-share in CSL. On December 2, 1970, Paul Martin , the 32-year-old executive assistant to Power Corporation Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Maurice Strong , was appointed to the CSL board of directors. In 1971 CSL minority shareholders sold outstanding shares to Power Corporation, making CSL

1140-462: The Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River: "The Great Lakes are essentially a Canadian pond... Canadians have captured 95 percent of the business. Now we want our chance to try our wings on the oceans." One month later, in July 1981, Power Corporation announced it was selling its subsidiary CSL Group for CA$ 195 million. CSL Group at this time included the shipping company, shipyards, engineering firms, and

1197-496: The ability to perform less efficient sprints. For that reason warships often use combined power systems where an efficient prime mover, such as a diesel engine or a small gas turbine, is used for cruising while large gas turbines can be activated for high speed. When such a system uses gearboxes and clutches to accomplish a mechanical combination of power they are referred to as CODOG ( combined diesel or gas ) or COGAG ( combined gas and gas ) respectively. This further increases

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1254-830: The banner of the Niagara-Toronto Division and the Hamilton Division including the Hamilton Steamboat Company's steamships Macassa and Modjeska were also acquired along with the Turbinia, formerly owned by the Turbine Steamship Co. Both companies had been absorbed into the Niagara Navigation Company. From that time, on, the new company advertised their services via the tag line "Niagara To The Sea" in brochures, indicating their coverage of

1311-549: The company owned hotels) and up the Saguenay to Bagotville (La Baie). Richelieu was able to go on to Chicoutimi because of her shallower draft. Quebec burned at Tadoussac in 1950 with the loss of seven lives, and the other three ships continued on the route until 1965. After the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway, Tadoussac ' s bow was modified to make her able to make a few trips into Lake Ontario, and even made occasional trips through

1368-626: The company to his three sons, saying that his ownership would "provide an unnecessary distraction during the leadership race." On December 12, 2003, Martin became the 21st Prime Minister of Canada . On January 28, 2004, the federal government, in response to opposition party and media enquiries, revealed that CSL Group Inc. had received CA$ 162 million in federal government contracts, grants and loans since Paul Martin became Minister of Finance in 1993. Earlier figures released in 2003 had suggested CSL Group Inc. had only earned CA$ 137,000 in federal government contracts during this time period. Throughout

1425-601: The company's assets to a new company formed for that purpose. The new company was to be called Canada Transportation Lines Limited and would include acquisition of: Richelieu And Ontario Navigation Company Ltd.; Inland Lines Ltd.; Northern Navigation Co. Ltd,; St. Lawrence River Steamboat Co. Ltd.; Richelieu And Ontario Navigation Co. of the United States.; Quebec Steamship Co. Ltd.; Canada Interlake Line, Ltd.; Ontario and Quebec Navigation Co., Ltd.; Merchants' Montreal Line; SS Haddington and Thousand Island Steamboat Co., Ltd. In

1482-457: The complexity and size of the mechanical power transmission systems. Integrated electric propulsion systems offer the ability to simplify such systems by combining power electrically instead of mechanically. By discarding mechanical power transmission these systems can improve efficiency by allowing each system to operate at its most efficient speed, improve reliability by cutting down on the number of components, and simplify ship layout as without

1539-598: The construction of three 80,000-ton ocean-going tankers at Davie Shipbuilding . On November 22, 1973 Paul Martin was appointed President and CEO of the CSL Group. In 1974, CSL earnings were further hurt by an eight-week strike on the Great Lakes. In 1976, Power Corporation reversed itself and took over the investment portfolio which had been sold to CSL five years earlier. CSL reverted to an operating division of Power Corporation at this time. On June 7, 1981, CSL President and CEO Paul Martin announced plans to expand outside of

1596-699: The country. Replacement management in April 1992 formed a new CSL Group Inc. subsidiary headquartered in Massachusetts to be called CSL International Inc. Canada Steamship Lines Inc. would remain as the Canadian operation under CSL Group Inc., and the conglomerate would remain headquartered in Montreal. In November 1993, the newly re-elected Paul Martin was appointed to the cabinet and named Minister of Finance. On February 1, 1994, Martin placed his shares in CSL Group Inc. under

1653-401: The crew. Inadequate alarm, passenger evacuation plans, and neglected extinguishing systems are found at fault. The captain was suspended one year for abandoning the ship before ensuring crew and passengers were safe. She was demolished in 1950. No new passenger ships were built by this line or most other shipping lines due to the declining passenger ferry trade. To date, and despite something of

1710-486: The early 2010s, CSL introduced two new classes of vessels, both named the Trillium class . Baie St. Paul , commissioned in 2012, was the first lake freighter Trillium-class ship. The other ships in this fleet, Whitefish Bay , Thunder Bay and Baie Comeau entered service in 2013. Rt. Hon. Paul E. Martin , entered service in 2012, was the first panamax Trillium-class ship. CSL Tecumseh , commissioned in 2013,

1767-502: The early part of December it was announced that Canada Transportation Lines would be renamed Canada Steamship Lines Limited. CSL's growth through the industrial booms of both world wars was largely tied to the increasing importance of the steel industry in Ontario , where mills were built, or soon to be built, in Sault Ste. Marie , Hamilton , and Nanticoke . CSL also tapped into the last of

Furness Bermuda Line - Misplaced Pages Continue

1824-461: The former Narraganset (1913) of Long Island Sound, which was purchased by CSL about the same time the other three were built by Davie. The three ships were all 350 feet in length, had a breadth of 70 feet, and were 8,000 tones GRT; Richelieu was slightly smaller. They sailed on the St Lawrence and Saguenay Rivers, departing from Montreal and stopping at Quebec City, Murray Bay and Tadoussac (where

1881-403: The government control of the industry because they don't understand private enterprise." By the mid-1980s, CSL's only remaining shipyard ( Collingwood Shipbuilding ) was undergoing financial difficulties and was closed on September 12, 1986, with the loss of 800 jobs. At the same time, CSL Group Inc.'s expansion outside of Canada was well underway. In November 1988, President and CEO Paul Martin

1938-425: The need for direct mechanical linkages to the propellers engines can be placed optimally. And while turboelectric systems are often heavy compared to simple mechanical systems, they are similar in weight to the complex mechanical systems use to link different engines whilst generating electrical power. An extension of the standard turboelectric propulsion scheme is COGES , or combined gas–electric and steam. In COGES

1995-502: The old St. Lawrence were eventually scrapped after serving as accommodation ships in the early 1970s, while Passenger No. 3 was sold to Danish interests and was renamed St. Lawrence 2 and served as an accommodation ship for Eastern Bloc refugees before being sold to Arab interests in 1975 as workers' barracks in Sharjah , UAE , where she became half-buried in sand by 1981, and scrapped down by 1990. The earlier Hamonic had burned due to

2052-540: The old Niagara Navigation Company 1902–1912 lineage (roughly 6,000 GRT and 350 foot a piece). Their last passenger ships, however, came out in 1928. They were the cruise ships St. Lawrence , Quebec and Tadoussac ; all built at the Davie Shipbuilding and Repair Co. in Lauzon , P.Q. "St. Lawrence" was built in 1927, and Quebec and Tadoussac were identical sister ships of 1928. They ran together with Richelieu ,

2109-614: The passenger trades from the Niagara to the St. Lawrence regions. The launching of the Northern Navigation Noronic was set for June 2, 1913. A large number of Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Co.'s directors and guests went from Sarnia, Ontario on the Hamonic to witness the event. Shortly after the Hamonic entered Lake Superior, the managing director James Playfair was notified of the passing of his father John S. Playfair and he

2166-452: The remaining coal traffic from Pennsylvania across the Great Lakes to railways in Canada. Following railway dieselization, subsequent coal traffic would be moved by CSL to large fossil-fuel burning electrical power plants . In addition to its cargo shipping, the company expanded its overnight passenger shipping traffic as well. Most notably the popular Hamonic , Huronic and Noronic of

2223-546: The reorganized Richelieu And Ontario Navigation Co. James Playfair became the vice president and managing director. The companies were allowed to continue operating under their respective names from that time. In 1912 the Richelieu and Ontatio Navigation Co. took over the Niagara Navigation Company , covering operation of the steamboats Cayuga , Chicora , Chippewa , Carona and Ongiara, operating under

2280-540: The route between New York and Bermuda. Eventually the UK Government released Monarch of Bermuda and Furness, Withy started having her converted back into a luxury liner to return to her former route. But in March 1947 while being refitted she was damaged by fire, so Furness, Withy sold her to the UK Government. The UK Government then released Queen of Bermuda . Her refit took 18 months, cost more than her original building and

2337-643: The route. However, in 1926 RMSP withdrew its service between the US, Bermuda and West Indies. Furness, Withy sold Fort Hamilton and ordered a 19,086  GRT passenger liner for the route. Normally it would take 27 months to build a ship of such size, but Workman, Clark and Company in Belfast completed the motor ship Bermuda in December 1927, just 16 months after laying her keel. She had berths for 691 passengers, could sail between New York and Hamilton in about 40 hours, and

Furness Bermuda Line - Misplaced Pages Continue

2394-567: The same time Furness, Withy invested in tourist development such as hotels on Bermuda. Furness, Withy had competition from the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company , which had long served Bermuda. After the First World War enough tourists from North America wanted to sail to Bermuda for RMSP to employ prestigious "A-series" liners such as the 10,537  GRT Araguaya , 11,073  GRT Avon and 12,015  GRT Arcadian on

2451-485: The ship. The bow was reshaped, and all three funnels were removed, replaced with one funnel amidships. This gave the ship the distinction of being the only ocean liner to have sailed with one, two and three funnels. The two ships continued to serve the island until late 1966, when Furness, Withy ceased its Bermuda service. The Queen of Bermuda was sold for scrap, while the Ocean Monarch was laid up until 1967, when she

2508-572: The updated Welland Canal to Buffalo and Detroit in the early 1960s. With the Yarmouth Castle fire in 1965 near the Bahamas, stricter coast guard safety regulations in the form of the new international SOLAS program put an end to the three ship's long careers. The Richelieu , St. Lawrence , and Tadoussac were all sold to Joseph de Smedt of Belgium. Tadoussac was renamed Passenger No. 2 and Richelieu , Passenger No. 3 . Passenger No. 2 and

2565-410: The vehicles were produced as railcars rather than separate locomotives. Turboelectric powertrains are a subset of what is referred to in marine nomenclature as integrated electric propulsion or IEP where generated power is converted into electricity before being used to power propellers or pump-jets . Power can be provided by diesel engines , nuclear reactors , or gas turbines in which case it

2622-710: The world's largest iron ore deposits on the Labrador Peninsula in Labrador City , Schefferville , and Mont Wright . Ore was moved to Sept-Îles and Port-Cartier by the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway and Cartier Railway respectively, where it was then loaded into bulk carriers for transfer to Canadian and U.S. steel mills on the Great Lakes. CSL exploited this traffic by continually refining its self-unloading bulk carrier designs, coupled with improvements in stevedoring at various ports to arrive at

2679-571: The years was tied to expansion of the canal system on the upper St. Lawrence River (the precursor to the Saint Lawrence Seaway ), and to a new Welland Canal connecting to the upper Great Lakes . The year of 1911 saw the merger of Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Company with James Playfair 's Northern Navigation Company. In 1911 the Richelieu And Ontario Navigation Co. were allowed to increase their capital stock. At

2736-522: Was CSL's second panamax Trillium-class vessel. CSL Tacoma , also entered service in 2013, was the third ship in this group. The first of two Trillium-class bulk vessels, CSL Welland departed Yangfan Shipyard in early November 2014, and reached Montreal on January 2, 2015. The second one, CSL St-Laurent , passed through the Panama Canal in January 2015. In 2022 CSL received MV  Nukumi . The ship

2793-467: Was an immediate success. The Great Depression that began in 1929 caused a worldwide slump in shipping. Most types of cargo and passenger traffic sharply declined. Many hundreds of ships were laid up, and thousands of officers and tens of thousands of seamen were laid off. Most of Furness, Withy's cargo and passenger services were affected. But bookings from the US to Bermuda, many of them for one-week short holidays, remained buoyant. Furness, Withy ordered

2850-438: Was built for servicing Windsor Salt. Turbo-electric transmission A turbine–electric transmission system includes a turboshaft gas turbine connected to an electrical generator , creating electricity that powers electric traction motors . No clutch is required. Turbine–electric transmissions are used to drive both gas turbine locomotives (rarely) and warships . A handful of experimental locomotives from

2907-409: Was elected as a Member of Parliament and stepped aside from directing the day-to-day operations of the company. In March 1991, following changes to Canada's taxation laws regarding international earnings, CSL backed away from threats to move its headquarters outside of Canada, however in December the president who replaced Martin resigned in opposition to plans to move international operations outside

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2964-437: Was larger and more luxurious than Bermuda , with berths for 830 first class and 30 second class passengers. Vickers-Armstrongs built Monarch of Bermuda at its Walker shipyard. She was a turbine steamer , and was Furness, Withy's first ship to have turbo-electric transmission . She was swifter than Bermuda , easily exceeding 19 knots (35 km/h) on her sea trials . In November 1931 Bermuda ' s rebuild at Belfast

3021-453: Was nearly complete when she suffered a second fire that caused more serious damage than the first. Between them the two fires caused damage estimated to cost her underwriters £1.25 million. Workman, Clark bought the wreck and Furness, Withy ordered a turbo-electric sister ship for Monarch of Bermuda . In the meantime Furness, Withy temporarily achieved its aim of a two-ship service by chartering modern cabin liners from Canadian Pacific :

3078-507: Was not completed until February 1949. The Queen of Bermuda returned to the New York-Bermuda service after the war. To replace the Monarch of Bermuda , Furness, Withy ordered a smaller ship. the 13,834  GRT Ocean Monarch , completed by Vickers-Armstrongs at Walker in 1951. In October 1961 the Queen of Bermuda was sent to Harland and Wolff in Belfast for a refit, to modernize

3135-406: Was returned to Workman, Clark to be repaired. But in the shipping slump, even modern passenger liners were laid up and readily available. Furness, Withy was able to charter ships including Cunard Line 's RMS  Franconia and Holland America Line Veendam to maintain its Bermuda service. Monarch of Bermuda was launched in March 1931 and completed that November. At 22,424  GRT

3192-603: Was sold to Navigation Maritime Bulgare and renamed Varna . (originally Mid-Ocean ) Furness, Withy bought and built several hotels in Bermuda , using the tenders Bermudian and Castle Harbour to ferry passengers to hotels outside of the main harbor in Hamilton. Furness sold all its hotels in 1958. Canada Steamship Lines Canada Steamship Lines ( CSL ) is a shipping company with headquarters in Montreal , Quebec , Canada. The business has been operating for well over

3249-518: Was transferred mid-lake to an R and O freighter, about 80 miles (130 km) from Sault Ste. Marie and returned to Toronto by special train. The christening of the Noronic was performed by Mrs. E. Bristol, the wife of another director, instead of by Mrs. Playfair, as at first intended. A special meeting of the shareholders of Richelieu And Ontario Navigation Co. was held in the company's office in Montreal, on June 19, 1913, to ratify an agreement of sale of

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