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62-619: In 1910, the Poetry Society of America held its first official meeting in the National Arts Club in Manhattan , which is still home to the organization today. Jessie Belle Rittenhouse , a founding member and Secretary of the PSA, documented the founding of the Poetry Society of America in her autobiography My House of Life writing "It was not, however, to be an organization in the formal sense of

124-588: A Pulitzer Prize in Poetry. In 1915 the Society began conferring awards honoring innovation and mastery of the form by emerging and established American poets. Beginning in 2003, the Society began sponsoring an annual chapbook contest, awarding four fellowships to poets who have not yet published a full-length poetry collection. These fellowships include: In addition to the Frost Medal, Shelley Award, and Four Quartets Prize,

186-620: A U.S. National Historic Landmark ), and upon his death donated his extensive collection of old master paintings and fine furniture to create the celebrated Frick Collection and art museum. However, as a founding member of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club , he was also in large part responsible for the alterations to the South Fork Dam that caused its failure, leading to the catastrophic Johnstown Flood . His vehement opposition to unions also caused violent conflict, most notably in

248-404: A broader understanding of the arts, in categories like Architecture, Archeology, Painting, Writing, Performance Arts and more. The club hosts a rotating series of public art exhibitions in its galleries. Works by Pablo Picasso , Joan Míro , Ilya and Emilia Kabakov , Lissa Rivera, Andy Warhol , Keith Haring , and many other renowned artists have been featured in the space. In December 2020,

310-482: A center of work and creativity. Significantly, the club would offer full membership for women at the onset, reflecting their accomplishment in the arts. While the group was working out an organizational plan, Charles DeKay , the literary and art critic of the New York Times for 18 years, returned from a diplomatic post abroad. An inspired organizer and entrepreneur, he sent letters to men and women of importance in

372-450: A charter member, J. Pierpont Morgan joined the Club early in its development and later was made an Honorary Vice President. Among the artists of the period, earlier charter members, or those joined in the early days of the club were Frederic Remington , William Merritt Chase , Robert Henri , and George Bellows . The club's first home was a brownstone on West 34th Street. Commerce, meanwhile,

434-445: A few controversies arising from some of its shows. In 1905, the club displayed a sculpture of Aphrodite that purported to be from ancient Rome. Critics were quick to deride the statue as a fake, placing it as a work that came from a much later era. In 1922, "Nude Girl with a Shawl" (now known as "Nude with White Shawl"), a painting by George Bellows , offended the audience of the time, who considered it immoral. The early 21st century

496-428: A friend in a small partnership, using a beehive oven to turn coal into coke for use in steel manufacturing, and vowed to be a millionaire by the age of thirty. The company was called Frick Coke Company. Thanks to loans from the family of lifelong friend Andrew Mellon , by 1880, Frick bought out the partnership. The company was renamed H. C. Frick & Company, employed 1,000 workers and controlled 80 percent of

558-532: A hundred members of the gentler sex." The club now has about 2,000 members who come from both the art world or are supporters of the arts. Members work in committees to organize events and exhibits that are available for free to the general public. One of the unusual benefits of membership it that the club allows members access to a Gramercy Park key . The National Arts Club has reciprocities with clubs in other cities such as Lisbon, London and Spain, where members can go stay when they are traveling abroad. Here's

620-489: A landmarked Victorian Gothic Revival brownstone at 15 Gramercy Park, next door to The Players , a club with similar interests. The Tilden House was designated a New York City landmark in 1966, and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976. It is located in the Gramercy Park Historic District . The new clubhouse, which opened its doors in 1906, was initially designed with a billiard room and

682-536: A large collection. By 1905, Frick's business, social and artistic interests had shifted from Pittsburgh to New York . He took his art collection with him to New York, rented the William H. Vanderbilt House , and served on many corporate boards. For example, as a board member of the Equitable Life Insurance Company, Frick attempted the removal of James Hazen Hyde (the founder's only son and heir) from

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744-632: A parlor on the ground floor, and reading rooms and smoking rooms on the 1st floor. The 2nd floor was purely focused on team rooms for female members. During the 2006 restoration of the Tilden mansion's stoop, the Brazilian New York City artist Sergio Rossetti Morosini has now sculpted a bust of Michelangelo above the front door on the building's façade. As of 2019, the club holds a permanent collection of 660 works of art including paintings, sculptures, and other works on paper. Artists represented in

806-422: A revolver and a sharpened steel file, entered Frick's office in downtown Pittsburgh . Frick, realizing what was happening, attempted to rise from his chair while Berkman pulled a revolver and fired at nearly point-blank range . The bullet hit Frick in the left earlobe, penetrated his neck near the base of the skull, and lodged in his back. The impact knocked Frick down, and Berkman fired again, striking Frick for

868-447: A second time in the neck and causing him to bleed extensively. Carnegie Steel vice president (later, president) John George Alexander Leishman , who was with Frick, was then able to grab Berkman's arm and prevented a third shot, possibly saving Frick's life. Frick was seriously wounded but rose and (with the assistance of Leishman) tackled his assailant. All three men crashed to the floor, where Berkman managed to stab Frick four times in

930-677: A target of even more union organizers. Because of this strike, people like Alan Petrucelli had thought that he is depicted as the "rich man" in Maxo Vanka 's murals in St. Nicholas Croatian Church , but the Society to Preserve the Millvale Murals of Maxo Vanka (which works to preserve the artwork) says it depicts Andrew Mellon . In 1892, during the Homestead strike, anarchist Alexander Berkman attempted to assassinate Frick. On July 23, Berkman, armed with

992-488: A variety of public programs in all artistic areas including theater, literature and music. Although the club is private, many of its events are free and open to the public. A group of friends, all of them involved in architecture, art, or civic affairs, discussed the possibility of a new kind of club that would embrace all the arts. The establishment of the Club came at a time when American artists were increasingly turning to their own nation rather than exclusively to Europe as

1054-508: Is proud of its early recognition of new media art forms, like photography, film and digital media, and counts Alfred Stieglitz as one of its early members. Musicians Victor Herbert and Walter Damrosch were members, as were architects Stanford White , George B. Post , and Downing Vaux . George B. Post served as the first President of the National Arts Club. The membership of the National Arts Club has included three Presidents of

1116-745: The Homestead Strike . Frick was born in West Overton , Westmoreland County , Pennsylvania , in the United States, a grandson of Abraham Overholt (Oberholzer), the owner of the prosperous Overholt Whiskey distillery (see Old Overholt ). His father was of Swiss ancestry; his mother was of German ancestry. Frick's father, John W. Frick, was unsuccessful in business pursuits. Henry Clay Frick attended Otterbein College for one year, but did not graduate. In 1871, at 21 years old, Frick joined two cousins and

1178-1002: The New York Philharmonic , Frederica von Stade , Benny Goodman , Isaac Stern , James Levine , Plácido Domingo , Itzhak Perlman , Paddy Moloney , Byron Janis , Ilse Bing , Manuel Alvarez Bravo , John Szarkowski , Inge Morath , George Kalinsky , R. Buckminster Fuller , I.M. Pei , Daniel Libeskind , Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill , Robert A. Stern , Eleanor Roosevelt , Salvador Dalí , Chen Chi , Louise Nevelson , Stewart Klonis and The Art Students League , Louise Bourgeois , Robert Rauschenberg , Will Barnet , Christo , Roy Lichtenstein , Dale Chihuly , Chuck Close , James Turrell , James Moody , Ed Ruscha , Spike Lee , Whoopi Goldberg , Richard Dreyfuss , John Turturro , Lynn Redgrave , Olympia Dukakis , Ang Lee , Lin-Manuel Miranda , Claire Bloom , Ellen Burstyn , Patricia Field , Jack O'Brien , Paul Auster , William Ivey Long , Dr. Neil DeGrasse Tyson , and Anna Sui . Over

1240-569: The South Fork Dam breach immediately after the flood. However, the report was delayed, subverted, and whitewashed, before being released two years after the disaster. A detailed discussion of what happened during the ASCE investigation, its participating engineers, and the science behind the 1889 flood was published in 2018. In 1881, Frick, already wealthy, took control of his grandfather's whiskey company, Old Overholt . Frick split ownership with Andrew Mellon and Charles W. Mauck; each owned one-third of

1302-617: The Westmoreland , a private railroad car , from the Pullman Company in 1910. The car cost nearly $ 40,000, and featured a kitchen, pantry, dining room, servant's quarters, two staterooms, and a lavatory. Frick frequently used the car for travel between his residences in New York City , Pittsburgh , and Prides Crossing, Massachusetts , as well for trips to places such as Palm Beach, Florida , and Aiken, South Carolina . The car remained in

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1364-525: The Club presented Voices of the Soho Renaissance, the first exhibition of artwork born out of the calls for social justice which transformed New York City's Soho neighborhood, following the murders of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor. The show was followed by What Happened This Summer: ART2HEART , a second exhibition exploring the topic. Since its inception, the club has offered a number of art classes, some open specifically to members and others open to

1426-629: The Frick family until it was scrapped by Helen Clay Frick in 1965. Photographs of family and friends travelling on the Westmoreland form part of the Frick archive, as do the original construction plans and upholstery fabric samples. Frick and his wife Adelaide had booked tickets to travel back to New York on the inaugural trip of the RMS Titanic in 1912, along with J.P. Morgan . The couple canceled their trip after Adelaide sprained her ankle in Italy and missed

1488-554: The National Arts Club: From its very early days, the club differed from other social clubs. At its founding, the New York Times remarked: "This club differs from the others in several ways, especially in the fact that it has a very serious purpose, namely to encourage the arts side of American manufactures. On its social side, it presents an innovation in club life. It offers equal privileges to women, and has already over

1550-571: The New York Municipal Society's Certificate of Merit, and in 2000 a proclamation from the Council of the City of New York that honored the program for its "invaluable contribution to the people of New York City." The Poetry Society was instrumental in the establishment of a Pulitzer Prize for Poetry . In 1917, after the first Pulitzer prizes were awarded, Society member Edward J. Wheeler petitioned

1612-513: The New York area as well as in metropolitan areas across the country. The response was so enthusiastic that the club was able to apply to Albany for its charter in 1898. With the application went a list of the officers, Board of Trustees, and members totaling more than 1200. The list included such collectors as Henry Frick , William T. Evans , Benjamin Altman, Jules Bache and Henry Walters . Though not

1674-515: The Poetry Society confers other awards: National Arts Club The National Arts Club is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit and members club on Gramercy Park , Manhattan, New York City. It was founded in 1898 by Charles DeKay , an art and literary critic of the New York Times , to "stimulate, foster, and promote public interest in the arts and to educate the American people in the fine arts". The National Arts Club has several art galleries, and hosts

1736-579: The Poetry Society launched Poetry in Motion along with the New York City MTA in the New York City subway system, a program which has since placed poetry in the transit systems of over 20 cities throughout the country such as: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Portland, and Salt Lake City. The program has been honored with numerous awards including a Design for Transportation Merit Award,

1798-547: The President of Columbia University to include poetry as an award category. After receiving a reply from the President that there had been no funds allocated to award a prize in poetry, Wheeler secured $ 500 on behalf of the Society from a New York City art patron in order to establish the prize. The Poetry Society continued to provide this support until 1922 when Columbia University as well as the Pulitzer Board, voted to regularize

1860-786: The United States : Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson and Dwight Eisenhower along with Senator William A. Clark . Since the early 1900s, the club has awarded its prestigious Medal of Honor to exemplary leaders in their artistic fields. Recipients of the award include WH Auden , Anthony Burgess , Eudora Welty , Tennessee Williams , Norman Mailer , Saul Bellow , Allen Ginsberg , John Updike , Marguerite Yourcenar , Iris Murdoch , Philip Roth , Salman Rushdie , Arthur Miller , Margaret Atwood , Toni Morrison , Nadine Gordimer , Tom Wolfe , Chinua Achebe , Don DeLillo , Joyce Carol Oates , Martin Amis , Salman Rushdie , John Ashbery , Leonard Bernstein , Alice Tully , Avery Fisher , Amyas Ames and

1922-539: The United States to France by seeking an appointment for him to become United States Ambassador to France . Frick had engaged a similar stratagem when orchestrating the ouster of the man who had saved his life, John George Alexander Leishman , from the presidency of Carnegie Steel a decade beforehand. In that instance, Leishman had chosen to accept the post as ambassador to Switzerland. Hyde, however, rebuffed Frick's plan. He did, however, move to France, where he served as an ambulance driver during World War I and lived until

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1984-651: The club frequently loans works from the collection to scholarly exhibitions presented by institutions and galleries such as the Florence Griswold Museum ; the Thomas Walsh Gallery, Fairfield University ; the Trout Gallery, Dickinson College ; the Society of Illustrators , New York; and Berry-Hill Galleries, New York. The club produces over 150 free public events per year, allowing the general public to get

2046-481: The club or the flood. This strategy was a success, and Knox and Reed were able to fend off all lawsuits that would have placed blame upon the club's members. With a volumetric flow rate that temporarily equalled that of the Mississippi River, the flood killed 2,208 people and caused US$ 17 million of damage (about $ 450 million in 2015 dollars). The American Society of Civil Engineers launched an investigation of

2108-485: The club's treasurer, was asked to find the club a new home. He found that 14 and 15 Gramercy Park South, the former home of Samuel Tilden , was on the market. Legend has it that he was so afraid that some other buyer would also find it that he put down some money of his own to bind the bargain. In 1906, the club acquired the Samuel J. Tilden House . Throughout the 20th century, the club was primarily noted for its exhibits, with

2170-779: The coal output in Pennsylvania, operating coal mines in Westmoreland and Fayette counties, where he also operated banks of beehive coke ovens. Some of the brick and stone structures are still visible in both Fayette and Westmoreland Counties. Shortly after marrying Adelaide Howard Childs, in 1881, Frick met Andrew Carnegie in New York City while the Fricks were on their honeymoon. This introduction would lead to an eventual partnership between H. C. Frick & Company and Carnegie Steel Company and, eventually, to United States Steel . This partnership ensured that Carnegie's steel mills had adequate supplies of coke . Frick became chairman of

2232-543: The collapse of the strike. Frick married Adelaide Howard Childs of Pittsburgh on December 15, 1881. They had four children: Childs Frick (born March 12, 1883), Martha Howard Frick (born August 9, 1885), Helen Clay Frick (born September 3, 1888) and Henry Clay Frick, Jr. (born July 8, 1892). In 1882, after the formation of the partnership with Andrew Carnegie, Frick and his wife bought a home they eventually called Clayton , an estate in Pittsburgh's East End. They moved into

2294-687: The collection include Daniel Putnam Brinley , Charles Courtney Curran , Daniel Garber , Philip Leslie Hale , Gari Melchers , William McGregor Paxton , Robert Spencer , Harry Willson Watrous , Robert Vonnoh , Everett Longley Warner , Robert Henri , Homer Boss, F. Luis Mora , Eugene Speicher , Jerry Farnsworth , Lamarr Dodd , Birge Harrison , Paul Cornoyer , Malvina Hoffman , Anna Hyatt Huntington , Lee Lawrie , Paul Manship , Victor Brenner , Will Barnet , Chen Chi , Peter Cox, Gary Erbe, Diana Kan, Everett Raymond Kinstler , Greg Wyatt , Carlos Quintana, Kendall Shaw , and Lois Dodd . In keeping with its goal of supporting research in American art,

2356-431: The company. The family's whiskey company was a sentimental side business for Frick, and was headquartered in Pittsburgh's Frick Building . In 1907, as prohibition became more popular across the country, Frick and Mellon removed their names from the distilling license, although they retained ownership in the company. Upon Frick's death in 1919, he left his share of the company to Mellon. Frick and Carnegie's partnership

2418-465: The company. Carnegie made multiple attempts to force Frick out of the company they had created by making it appear that the company had nowhere left to go and that it was time for Frick to retire. Despite the contributions Frick had made towards Andrew Carnegie's fortune, Carnegie disregarded him in many executive decisions including finances. At the suggestion of his friend Benjamin Ruff, Frick helped to found

2480-524: The construction of a solid board fence topped with barbed wire around mill property. The workers dubbed the newly fortified mill "Fort Frick." With the mill ringed by striking workers, Pinkerton agents planned to access the plant grounds from the river. Three hundred Pinkerton detectives assembled on the Davis Island Dam on the Ohio River about five miles (8 km) below Pittsburgh at 10:30 p.m. on

2542-464: The dam sat the city of Johnstown. Cambria Iron Company operated a large iron and steel work in Johnstown and its owner, Daniel J. Morrell , was concerned about the safety of the dam and the thoroughness of repairs made to it. The Club fatally lowered the dam by between 0.6 and 0.9 metres (2.0 and 3.0 ft). Poor repairs and maintenance, unusually high snow melt and heavy spring rains combined to cause

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2604-556: The dam to give way on May 31, 1889, resulting in the Johnstown Flood . A screen placed across the spillway by the club to prevent fish from escaping also partly blocked the main spillway. When word of the dam's failure was telegraphed to Pittsburgh , Frick and other members of the club gathered to form the Pittsburgh Relief Committee for assistance to the flood victims, as well as determining never to speak publicly about

2666-425: The disastrous voyage. Frick died of a heart attack on December 2, 1919, at age 69. He was buried in Pittsburgh's Homewood Cemetery . Frick left a will in which he bequeathed 150 acres (0.61 km ) of undeveloped land to the City of Pittsburgh for use as a public park, together with a $ 2 million trust fund to assist with the maintenance of the park. Frick Park opened in 1927. Between 1919 and 1942, money from

2728-552: The documents regarding the business and financial dealings from 1849 to 1919. These original documents record the evolution of the period of American steel and coal industrial growth. Documentation includes first business activities, first coal firm, H.C. Frick & Company , to the formation of United States Steel Corporation on March 2, 1901. Correspondence sent and received from prominent businessmen such as Andrew Carnegie , Charles Schwab , Andrew Mellon , Henry Oliver , H. H. Rogers , Henry Phipps , and J. P. Morgan are part of

2790-503: The exclusive South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club high above Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The charter members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club were Benjamin Ruff; T. H. Sweat, Charles J. Clarke, Thomas Clark, Walter F. Fundenberg, Howard Hartley, Henry C. Yeager, J. B. White, Henry Clay Frick, E. A. Meyers, C. C. Hussey, D. R. Ewer, C. A. Carpenter, W. L. Dunn, W. L. McClintock, and A. V. Holmes. The sixty-odd club members were

2852-527: The general public. Classes include drawing, pastel, cooking, and writing classes, often taught by club members who are professionals on the topic. Beginning in 1906, the National Arts Club started awarding the "NAC Medal of Honor" to recognize individuals who had made unique contribution to the arts field. The medal is awarded on a yearly basis and has recognized people in Fashion, acting, literature, music, and architecture. Several smaller groups have existed within

2914-496: The home in early 1883. The Frick children were born in Pittsburgh and were raised at Clayton. Two of them, Henry, Jr. and Martha, died in infancy or childhood. In 1904, he built Eagle Rock, a summer estate at Prides Crossing in Beverly, Massachusetts on Boston 's fashionable North Shore . The 104-room mansion designed by Little & Browne was razed in 1969. Frick was a fervent art collector whose wealth allowed him to accumulate

2976-425: The intervention of 8,000 armed state militia under the command of Major General George R. Snowden . During the confrontation Frick issued an ultimatum to Homestead workers, which restated his refusal to speak with union representatives and threatened to have striking workers evicted from their homes. Among working-class Americans, Frick's actions against the strikers were condemned as excessive, and he soon became

3038-451: The leading business tycoons of Western Pennsylvania, and included among their number Frick's best friend, Andrew Mellon , his attorneys Philander Knox and James Hay Reed , as well as Frick's occasional business partner Andrew Carnegie . The club members made inadequate repairs to what was at that time the world's largest earthen dam , behind which formed a private lake called Lake Conemaugh . Less than 20 miles (32 km) downstream from

3100-436: The leg with the pointed steel file before finally being subdued by other employees and a carpenter, who had rushed into the office. Frick was back at work within a week; Berkman was charged and found guilty of attempted murder. Berkman's actions in planning the assassination clearly indicated a premeditated intent to kill, and he was sentenced to 22 years in prison. Negative publicity from the attempted assassination resulted in

3162-784: The list of clubs they have agreements with: The National Arts Club is one of the few private clubs that has admitted women as full and equal members since its inception. Among the distinguished painters who have been members are Robert Henri , Leon Dabo , Edward Charles Volkert , Frederic Remington , William Merritt Chase , Richard C. Pionk , Chen Chi , Larry Rivers , Louise Upton Brumback , Cecilia Beaux , Will Barnet , Everett Raymond Kinstler , and Michael Cheval. Sculptors have been represented by Augustus Saint-Gaudens , Daniel Chester French , Anna Hyatt Huntington and Paul Manship . Many renowned literary figures, including Robert William Service in 1910, W. H. Auden , Mark Twain and Frank McCourt have been members. The National Arts Club

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3224-413: The night of July 5, 1892. They were given Winchester rifles, placed on two specially-equipped barges and towed upriver with the object of removing the workers by force. Upon their landing, a large mêlée between workers and Pinkerton detectives ensued. Ten men were killed, nine of them workers, and there were seventy injuries. The Pinkerton agents were thrown back, and the riot was ultimately quelled only by

3286-613: The outbreak of World War II. The Frick Collection is home to one of the finest collections of European paintings in the United States. It contains many works of art dating from the pre-Renaissance up to the post-Impressionist eras, displayed at the Henry Clay Frick House (built in 1913) in no logical or chronological order. It includes several very large paintings by J. M. W. Turner and John Constable . In addition to paintings, it also contains an exhibition of carpets, porcelain, sculptures, and period furniture. Frick purchased

3348-427: The risk of seeming ungrateful to our hosts—that it was much too big an idea to be narrowed down to a social function, into which it would inevitably deteriorate, and if the Society were developed at all, it ought to be along national lines, and should meet in a public rather than a private place." Within the first few years, poets such as Amy Lowell , Ezra Pound and W. B. Yeats regularly attended meetings. In 1992

3410-574: The trust fund was used to enlarge the park, increasing its size to almost 600 acres (2.4 km ). Many years after her father's death, Helen Clay Frick returned to Clayton in 1981, and lived there until her death in 1984. Frick was elected an honorary member of the Alpha chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia music fraternity at the New England Conservatory of Music on October 19, 1917. The Henry Clay Frick archive of business records consisted of

3472-418: The word, but founded upon the salon idea, a place where poets would gather to read and discuss their work and that of their contemporaries, the group to be united largely through the hospitality of our hosts at whose apartments it was proposed we should continue to meet...When, after much enthusiastic speech-making, a committee was appointed to retire and discuss the details, I had no hesitancy in saying—though at

3534-475: The years, The National Arts Club has been used for several prominent film and television productions (see partial list below). The location has also been featured in numerous prominent photo shoots, TV interviews, and fashion shows, including Steven Klein photographing Kim Kardashian for Interview Magazine . Arts shown at the National Arts Club has been the topic of many books. Henry Frick Henry Clay Frick (December 19, 1849 – December 2, 1919)

3596-633: Was an American industrialist , financier , and art patron . He founded the H. C. Frick & Company coke manufacturing company, was chairman of the Carnegie Steel Company and played a major role in the formation of the giant U.S. Steel manufacturing concern. He had extensive real estate holdings in Pittsburgh and throughout the state of Pennsylvania . He later built the Neoclassical Frick Mansion in Manhattan (now designated

3658-538: Was marked by financial crisis and a decade-long feud between the club's long-running president and its board that eventually led to the president's expulsion and settlement of state charges against him by the New York State Attorney General 's Office. In 2021, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic , the club renovated parts of its building to allow for the opening of new galleries. The initial clubhouse

3720-520: Was moving up from downtown, and the neighborhood of brownstones was changing. Because it accepted both men and women, the club was a rousing success and its tight quarters on 34th street could barely keep up with the demand for new membership. Walter Leighton Clark , patron and founder of the Grand Central Art Galleries , became a life member in 1907, and was joined by others in his artistic, business and social circles. Spencer Trask ,

3782-469: Was noted for its tea rooms and the fact that it allowed both men and women to commingle. However, with a growing membership, the club was forced to find a new home. It initially purchased a building next door to the original clubhouse but, in 1906, the club found an opportunity to move into a new space: the Samuel Tilden Mansion. Since 1906 the organization has occupied the Samuel J. Tilden House ,

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3844-708: Was strained over actions taken in response to the Homestead Steel Strike , an 1892 labor strike at the Homestead Works of the Carnegie Steel Company, called by the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers . At Homestead, striking workers, some of whom were armed, had locked the company staff out of the factory and surrounded it with pickets. Frick was known for his anti-union policy and as negotiations were still taking place, he ordered

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