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92-508: The district operates Freshwater Elementary School, a K-6 public school, and Freshwater Charter Middle School for seventh and eighth graders, both of which are on the same site. The original school was a one-room schoolhouse dating from the late 19th-century. In the 1920s, a two-room all wood construction school was built. A new, modern, ten room school was built in 1952 and has been renovated and expanded several times since. The school board consists of five members: The superintendent/principal

184-460: A charter school for seventh and eighth graders on the same site as the Elementary school. Four staff in the district are solely responsible for educating students in this setting, which prepares students to advance to high school. One-room schoolhouse One-room schools , or schoolhouses , were commonplace throughout rural portions of various countries, including Prussia , Norway , Sweden,

276-542: A drinking session where the person drank six or more standard units (which equates to three or more pints of beer). This meets the Health Service Executive 's definition of binge drinking. Sport on the island of Ireland is popular and widespread. A wide variety of sports are played throughout the island, with the most popular being Gaelic football , hurling , soccer , rugby union , and golf . Four sports account for over 80% of event attendance: Gaelic football

368-706: A large stake in the cable company Chorus , and indirectly controlling The Sunday Tribune . The Independent titles are perceived by many Irish republicans as having a pro-British stance. In parallel to this, the Independent titles are perceived by many opposition supporters as being pro Fianna Fáil . The Irish magazine market is one of the world's most competitive, with hundreds of international magazines available in Ireland, ranging from Time and The Economist to Hello! and Reader's Digest . This means that domestic titles find it very hard to retain readership. Among

460-657: A little ground, with a little equipment, where a little teacher at a little salary, for a little while, teaches little children little things." A less romantic view by sociologist Newell Sims reported on the majority of rural schools of all sizes in the 1930s: The utter inadequacy of the majority is the striking feature of rural school buildings. They are poorly situated, often without any grounds, or, with grounds that are grassless, treeless and beautyless. As structures they are poorly planned, poorly lighted, poorly heated, poorly seated, poorly equipped or virtually unequipped either for comfort or education, and poorly kept. Drinking water

552-597: A living museum, and fourth-graders within the Nebraska panhandle spend a day at Flowerfield going through an average school day in 1888. The students have the opportunity to experience both log and sod versions of the house, writing with quill pens, and a trip to the nearby museum, where they learn about other aspects of life in 1888. In Vandalia, Indiana , the Vandalia District No. 2 one-room schoolhouse served Owen County's Lafayette Township students in grades 1 – 8 from

644-454: A new agro-alimentary system of intensive grain-based agriculture and led to large areas of land being turned over to grain production. The potato was introduced into Ireland in the second half of the 16th century, as a result of the Columbian exchange , initially as a garden crop; it eventually came to serve as the main food field crop of the tenant and labouring classes, which formed a majority of

736-454: A new mother hen would care for her newly hatched chicks; always looking out for their health and welfare. A typical school day was 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., with morning and afternoon recesses of 15 minutes each and an hour period for lunch. "The older students were given the responsibility of bringing in water, carrying in coal or wood for the stove. The younger students would be given responsibilities according to their size and gender such as cleaning

828-560: A number survive in open-air museums, not a single one is listed on the Norwegian equivalent to the NRHP . Prussia was among the first countries in the world to introduce a tax-funded and generally compulsory primary education for either boys and girls. In comparison, compulsory schooling in France or Great Britain was not successfully enacted until the 1880s. The state-sponsored system was introduced in

920-405: A popular phenomenon amongst young people in Ireland during the celtic tiger years. Clubs usually vary in terms of the type of music played, and the target audience. Belfast has a unique underground club scene taking place in settings such as churches, zoos, and crematoriums. The underground scene is mainly orchestrated by DJ Christopher McCafferty . A significant recent change to pub culture in

1012-562: A reconstructed version is celebrated by some across the globe. Ireland is a place where religion and religious practice have long been held in high esteem. The majority of people on the island are Roman Catholics ; however, there are significant Protestant and Orthodox minorities. Protestants are mostly concentrated in Northern Ireland , where they long made up a plurality of the population. The three main Protestant denominations on

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1104-490: A relaxed atmosphere; similar to the café cultures of other countries. Many modern pubs, not necessarily traditional, still emulate traditional pubs, only perhaps substituting traditional music for a DJ or non-traditional live music. Many larger pubs in cities eschew such trappings entirely, opting for loud music, and focusing more on the consumption of drinks, which is not a focus of traditional Irish culture. Such venues are popular "pre-clubbing" locations. " Clubbing " has become

1196-449: A rock idiom to form a unique new sound. During the 1970s and 1980s, the distinction between traditional and rock and pop musicians became blurred, with many individuals regularly crossing over between these styles of playing as a matter of course. This trend can be seen more recently in the work of bands like U2 , Snow Patrol , The Cranberries , The Undertones and The Corrs , and individual artists such as Enya . Irish and English are

1288-400: A room in an existing building. By the 1890s there was a school in every parish . Most extant one- and two-room school buildings date from the decades after 1891 when primary education became compulsory. Most of those still in use today have been extended following merger with neighbouring schools. Since 2002, any state-funded school with at least 10 pupils is entitled to at least 2 teachers;

1380-471: A similar fashion to the Western world. In addition to Irish food, meals eaten in Ireland may include pizza, curry and Chinese food, with some west African dishes making an appearance lately. Supermarket shelves now contain ingredients for, among others, traditional, Polish, Mexican, Indian and Chinese dishes. The proliferation of fast food has led to increasing public health problems including obesity , and one of

1472-447: A single teacher in a room or prefabricated building . One-room schools were used only in rural areas. As late as 1930 half of the nation's school children lived in rural areas. About 65% of the nation's school buildings were one-room, and they were attended by 30% of the rural students. Consolidation rapidly reduced their numbers in the 1920s and 1930s. They had a place in popular folklore, with one fondly recalling a, "little house, on

1564-611: A single team representing the island of Ireland in international competitions. A few sports, such as soccer, have separate organising bodies in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland . Traditionally, those in the North who identify as Irish, predominantly Catholics and nationalists, support the Republic of Ireland team. At the Olympics, a person from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either

1656-488: A small population. In Calvert County, Maryland , Port Republic School Number 7 closed its doors in 1932 and sat unused for over 40 years. Then, in 1976 the Calvert Retired Teachers Association, looking for a Bicentennial Year project, decided to restore the one-room schoolhouse. On July 24, 1977, after months of hard work by teachers and community volunteers, the old school bell rang out once more, and

1748-474: A status for Celtic women in ancient times somewhat different from many other cultures of the period. According to the tales, the leprechaun is a mischievous fairy type creature in emerald green clothing who when not playing tricks spend all their time busily making shoes; he is said to have a pot of gold hidden at the end of the rainbow and if ever captured by a human has the magical power to grant three wishes in exchange for release. There are also tales of

1840-709: A strong sense of loyalty to their native county, a loyalty which also often has its clearest expression on the sports field. With the Tudor Elizabethan English conquest in the 16th-17th centuries, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland , and the organized plantations of English Tudor, and later Scottish, colonists, the Scottish confined to what's now mostly Northern Ireland, the patterns of land ownership in Ireland were altered greatly. The old order of transhumance and open range cattle breeding died out to be replaced by

1932-534: A structure of great landed estates, small tenant farmers with more or less precarious hold on their leases, and a mass of landless labourers. This situation continued up to the end of the 19th century, when the agitation of the Land League began to bring about land reform. In this process of reform, the former tenants and labourers became land owners, with the great estates being broken up into small- and medium-sized farms and smallholdings. The process continued well into

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2024-505: A variety of social traditions. Pubs vary widely according to the clientele they serve, and the area they are in. Best known, and loved amongst tourists is the traditional pub, with its traditional Irish music (or "trad music") often performed live, tavern-like warmness, memorabilia and traditional Irish ornamentation. Often such pubs will also serve Irish food, particularly during the day. Typically pubs are important meeting places, where people can gather and meet their neighbours and friends in

2116-403: Is Sinon Talty, with a part-time vice-principal, Suzanne Nickols. These administrators oversee both schools on the site. The primary operation and largest school operated by the district is a rural K-6 public school located 5 miles northeast of Eureka, California . The school setting is on a large parcel among redwood trees and includes expansive areas for recreation and appreciation for nature of

2208-740: Is a de facto official language, with Ulster English being common. In 2022, the Irish language received official language status in Northern Ireland as a result of the Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act , with Ulster Scots receiving minority language status. In addition, these languages have recognition under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, with 8.1% claiming some ability in Ulster Scots and 10.7% in Irish. In addition,

2300-465: Is also widely known, and both were redefined in the 1950s. In the middle years of the 20th century, as Irish society was attempting to modernise, traditional Irish music fell out of favour to some extent, especially in urban areas. Young people at this time tended to look to Britain and, particularly, the United States as models of progress and jazz and rock and roll became extremely popular. During

2392-444: Is not usually supplied. Sanitary arrangements and toilet facilities are as likely to be entirely lacking as to be provided in even a half-way decent manner. Teachers in one-room schools were usually daughters of nearby farmers. They were recent graduates and spent a couple of years teaching before they quit to get married. The teachers were poorly prepared and needed to coach children of all ages/grades within one room. Their main role

2484-539: Is notable for the numerous parades organised by the Orange Order which take place throughout Northern Ireland. These parades are colourful affairs with Orange Banners and sashes on display and include music in the form of traditional songs such as " The Sash " and " Derry's Walls " performed by a mixture of pipe, flute, accordion, and brass marching bands. The Twelfth remains controversial as many in Northern Ireland's large and majority- nationalist Catholic community see

2576-629: Is often blamed on the ever-increasing prices, or whether it is a "good thing" or a "bad thing". A similar ban, under the Smoking (Northern Ireland) Order 2006, came into effect in Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007. National and international organisations have labelled Ireland as having a problem with over-consumption of alcohol. In the late 1980s alcohol consumption accounted for nearly 25% of all hospital admissions. While this figure has been decreasing steadily, as of 2007, approximately 13% of overall hospital admissions were alcohol related. In 2003, Ireland had

2668-514: Is the most popular sport in Ireland in terms of match attendance and community involvement, and represents 34% of total sports attendances at events in the Republic of Ireland and abroad, followed by hurling at 23%, soccer at 16% and rugby at 8%. and the All-Ireland Football Final is the most watched event in Ireland's sporting calendar. Swimming, golf, aerobics, soccer, cycling, Gaelic football, and billiards, pool and snooker, are

2760-463: Is the most popular sport involving national teams. The success of the Ireland team at the 1990 FIFA World Cup saw 500,000 fans in Dublin to welcome the team home. The team's song " Put 'Em Under Pressure " topped the Irish charts for 13 weeks. In Ireland most sports, including rugby union, Gaelic football, hurling and handball, cycling and golf, are organised on an all-island basis, with, where relevant,

2852-655: Is the only one of the three main Northern Irish dailies that has a Sunday publication which is called the Sunday Life. Apart from this all the main UK wide Sunday papers such as The Sun on Sunday are widely available as are some Irish papers such as the Sunday world. There are quite a large number of local weekly newspapers both North and South, with most counties and large towns having two or more newspapers. Curiously Dublin remains one of

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2944-475: Is traced through Bronze Age artefacts, particularly ornamental gold objects, and the Celtic brooches and illuminated manuscripts of the "Insular" Early Medieval period. During the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, a strong indigenous tradition of painting emerged, including such figures as John Butler Yeats , William Orpen , Jack Yeats and Louis le Brocquy . The Irish tradition of folk music and dance

3036-460: Is well-described by a student from Kentucky in the 1940s: The teachers that taught in the one room, rural schools were very special people. During the winter months they would get to the school early to get a fire started in the potbelly stove , so the building would be warm for the students. On many occasions they would prepare a hot, noon meal on top of the stove, usually consisting of soup or stew of some kind. They took care of their students like

3128-615: The Irish Sun , and the Irish language Lá Nua . The best selling of these is the Irish Independent, which is published in both tabloid and broadsheet form. The Irish Times is Ireland's newspaper of record . The Sunday market is quite saturated with many British publications. The leading Sunday newspaper in terms of circulation is The Sunday Independent . Other popular papers include The Sunday Times , The Sunday Tribune , The Sunday Business Post , Ireland on Sunday and

3220-632: The Sunday World . In Northern Ireland the three main daily newspapers are The News Letter , which is Unionist in outlook, The Irish News , mainly Nationalist in outlook and the Belfast Telegraph . Also widely available are the Northern Irish versions of the main UK wide daily newspapers and some Scottish dailies such as the Daily Record . In terms of Sunday papers the Belfast Telegraph

3312-477: The California North Coast . There are 19 teachers and 31 staff which support the education of 271 students. The district modernized 10 classrooms in 2003 and recently finished building two new classrooms, a band room and a large community gym to augment a smaller multi-purpose building and gym that has existed since the most recent school was built on the site in 1952. The district developed and operates

3404-652: The Fianna , from the Fenian cycle , and Cuchulain from the Ulster Cycle , along with some of the High Kings. Legend has it that Fionn mac Cumhaill built the Giant's Causeway as a line of stepping-stones to Scotland, not to get his feet wet while seeking to fight an ugly Scottish giant. He also is said to have once scooped up part of Ireland to fling it at a rival, but it missed and landed in

3496-682: The Great Britain team or the Ireland team. Also as Northern Ireland is a Home Nation of the United Kingdom it also sends a Northern Ireland Team to the Commonwealth Games every four years. In the Republic of Ireland there are several daily newspapers, including the Irish Independent , The Irish Examiner , The Irish Times , The Star , The Evening Herald , Daily Ireland ,

3588-762: The Irish Sea – the clump becoming the Isle of Man , a pebble Rockall , and the void left behind filling as Lough Neagh . The Irish king Brian Boru who ended the domination of the so-called High Kingship of Ireland by the Uí Néill , is part of the historical cycle. The Irish princess Iseult is the adulterous lover of Tristan in the Arthurian romance and tragedy Tristan and Iseult . The many legends of ancient Ireland were captured by many collators, including Lady Gregory in two volumes with forewords by W. B. Yeats . These stories depict

3680-517: The Irish breakfast and potato bread , have enjoyed a resurgence. Schools like the Ballymaloe Cookery School have emerged to cater for the associated increased interest in cooking with traditional ingredients. Pub culture term refers to the habit amongst Irish people of frequenting public houses (pubs). It extends beyond mere alcohol consumption (upon which it is not dependent), encompassing

3772-614: The Nobel Prize for Literature ; William Butler Yeats , George Bernard Shaw , Samuel Beckett and Seamus Heaney . Three of the four Nobel prize winners were born in Dublin (Heaney being the exception, having lived in Dublin but being born in County Londonderry ), making it the birthplace of more Nobel literary laureates than any other city in the world. The Irish language has the third oldest literature in Europe (after Greek and Latin ),

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3864-741: The Roman Catholic Church , and religion plays a significant role in the lives of many Irish people. Today, there are often notable cultural differences between those of Catholic , Protestant and Orthodox background. References to God can be found in spoken Irish, notably exemplified by the Irish equivalent of “Hello” — “Dia dhuit” ( literally : "God be with you"). Irish culture has Celtic , Danish , Norwegian , Swedish , French and Spanish influences. It also has British influences, primarily due to over eight centuries of British rule in Ireland , which suppressed numerous aspects of Irish culture. The Vikings first invaded Ireland in

3956-407: The dialect and accent of the people of Northern Ireland is noticeably different from that of the majority in the Republic of Ireland, being influenced by Ulster Scots and Northern Ireland's proximity to Scotland. Several other languages are spoken on the island, including Shelta , a mixture of Irish, Romani and English, spoken widely by Travellers . Two sign languages have also been developed on

4048-542: The otherworld became thin, and the dead would revisit the mortal world. In Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include; Guising – children disguised in costume going from door to door requesting food or coins – which became practice by the late 19th century, turnips hollowed-out and carved with faces to make lanterns, holding parties where games such as apple bobbing are played. Other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires , and having firework displays. Mass transatlantic Irish and Scottish immigration in

4140-471: The pooka and banshees , among others. Halloween is a traditional and much celebrated holiday in Ireland on the night of 31 October. Supposedly the first evidence of the word halloween is found in a 16th-century Scottish document as a shortening for All-Hallows-Eve , and according to some historians it has its roots in the gaelic festival Samhain , where the Gaels believed the border between this world and

4232-453: The 1920s made longer distances possible, and one-room schools were soon consolidated in most portions of the United States into multiple classroom schools where classes could be held separately for various grade levels. Gradually, one-room school houses were replaced. Most one-room schools had been replaced by larger schools by World War II except in the most rural areas. However, they are still found in remote parts of Alaska where villages have

4324-622: The 1960s, and inspired by the American folk music movement, there was a revival of interest in the Irish tradition. This revival was inspired by groups like The Dubliners , the Clancy Brothers and Sweeney's Men and individuals like Seán Ó Riada . The annual Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann is the largest festival of Irish music in Ireland. Groups and musicians like Horslips , Van Morrison and even Thin Lizzy incorporated elements of traditional music into

4416-573: The 19th century popularised Halloween in North America. For a comparatively small place, the island of Ireland has made a disproportionately large contribution to world literature in all its branches, in both the Irish and English languages. The island's most widely known literary works are undoubtedly in English. Particularly famous examples of such works are those of James Joyce , Bram Stoker , Jonathan Swift , Oscar Wilde and Ireland's four winners of

4508-488: The 20th century with the work of the Irish Land Commission . This contrasted with Britain, where many of the big estates were left intact. One consequence of this is the widely recognised cultural phenomenon of "land hunger" amongst the new class of Irish farmer. In general, this means that farming families will do almost anything to retain land ownership within the family unit, with the greatest ambition possible being

4600-611: The 21 schools which fell below this threshold are located on offshore islands . In recent decades, an increasing number of schools have been founded for parents not content with the National School system. These include Gaelscoileanna (which teach through Irish rather than English) and multi-denominational schools (most Irish schools are controlled by one or other of the main Christian churches ). Although such schools eventually become eligible for state funding, they usually begin with

4692-505: The 8th century, from Denmark , Norway and Sweden in modern-day Scandinavia . They had a significant influence on Ireland’s material culture at the time. The Normans invaded Ireland in the 12th century, bringing British and French influences. Additionally, Irish Travellers have had some influence on the broader cultural tapestry of Ireland, introducing nomadic traditions and other cultural practices. In recent decades, Ireland has also to some degree been influenced by migration from

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4784-550: The Christian denominations there are centres for Buddhists , Hindus , Baháʼís , Pagans and for people of the Islamic and Jewish faiths. In the 2021 Census, of those in the Republic of Ireland that stated their religious identity, 81.6% identified as Christian ; 68.8% as Roman Catholic, 4.2% as Protestant, 2.1% as Orthodox, 0.7% as other Christians, while 1.6% identified as Muslim , 0.7% as Hindu , 14.8% as having no religion and 7.1% not stating their religious identity. Amongst

4876-482: The Irish crop which consisted largely of a single variety, the Lumper . During the famine, approximately one million people died and a million more emigrated elsewhere. In the 21st century, the modern selection of foods common to Western cultures has also to some extent been adopted in Ireland. Both US fast food culture and continental European dishes have influenced the country, along with other world dishes introduced in

4968-474: The Republic of Ireland has been the introduction of a smoking ban , in all workplaces, which includes pubs and restaurants. Ireland was the first country in the world to implement such a ban which was introduced on 29 March 2004. A majority of the population support the ban, including a significant percentage of smokers. Nevertheless, the atmosphere in pubs has changed greatly as a result, and debate continues on whether it has boosted or lowered sales, although this

5060-436: The Republic's Roman Catholics, weekly church attendance has declined sharply over the past few decades, from 87% in 1981, to 60% in 1998, to 30% in 2021. Still, this remains one of the higher attendance rates in Europe. The decline is said to be linked to reports of Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in Ireland . Highly respected in Ireland historically were the stories of heroes such as Fionn mac Cumhaill and his followers,

5152-456: The United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain. In most rural and small town schools, all of the students met in a single room. There, a single teacher taught academic basics to several grade levels of elementary-age children. While in many areas one-room schools are no longer used, some remain in developing nations and rural or remote areas where scarce students or teachers complicate organizing

5244-417: The United States. The teacher's residence, or teacherage , was often attached to the school, or very close by, so that a male teacher's wife and family were an integral part of the management and support system for the school. Single, female teachers were more often billeted or boarded with a local family to provide for social norms requiring social supervision of single females. Motorized school buses in

5336-514: The acquisition of additional land. Another is that hillwalkers in Ireland today are more constrained than their counterparts in Britain, as it is more difficult to agree rights of way with so many small farmers involved on a given route, rather than with just one landowner. Irish Travellers ( Shelta : Mincéirí ) are known for their historically nomadic lifestyle; residing in ornamented barrel top wagons, they would traverse predominantly rural areas of

5428-409: The beginning of spring. St. Brigid’s Day is the only official public holiday named after a woman in Ireland. The Brigid's cross made from rushes represents a pre-Christian solar wheel. Other pre-Christian festivals, whose names survive as Irish month names, are Bealtaine (May), Lúnasa (August) and Samhain (November). The last is still widely observed as Halloween which is celebrated all over

5520-720: The best-selling Irish magazines are the RTÉ Guide , Ireland's Eye , Irish Tatler , VIP , Phoenix and In Dublin . The first known radio transmission in Ireland was a call to arms made from the General Post Office in O'Connell Street during the Easter Rising . The first official radio station on the island was 2BE Belfast , which began broadcasting in 1924. This was followed in 1926 by 2RN Dublin and 6CK Cork in 1927. 2BE Belfast later became BBC Radio Ulster and 2RN Dublin became RTÉ . The first commercial radio station in

5612-428: The black board (chalkboard), taking the erasers outside for dusting plus other duties that they were capable of doing." Transportation for children who lived too far to walk was often provided by horse-drawn kid hack or sulky , which could only travel a limited distance in a reasonable amount of time each morning and evening, or students might ride a horse, these being put out to pasture in an adjoining paddock during

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5704-416: The century saw the emergence of a new Irish cuisine based on traditional ingredients handled in new ways. This cuisine is based on fresh vegetables, fish, especially salmon and trout , oysters and other shellfish, traditional soda bread , the wide range of hand-made cheeses that are now being made across the country, and, of course, the potato. Traditional dishes, such as the Irish stew , Dublin coddle ,

5796-597: The concept of the Trinity by showing people the shamrock , a 3-leaved clover, using it to highlight the Christian belief of 'three divine persons in the one God'. In Northern Ireland The Twelfth of July, or Orangemen's Day, commemorates William III 's victory at the Battle of the Boyne . A public holiday , it is celebrated by Irish Protestants, in particular Ulster Protestants , the vast majority of whom live in Northern Ireland. It

5888-431: The countryside. Christmas in Ireland has several local traditions. On 26 December ( St. Stephen's Day ), there is a custom of " Wrenboys " who call door to door with an arrangement of assorted material (which changes in different localities) to represent a dead wren "caught in the furze", as their rhyme goes. The national holiday in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland is Saint Patrick's Day , that falls on

5980-401: The date 17 March and is marked by parades and festivals in cities and towns across the island of Ireland, and by the Irish diaspora around the world. The festival is in remembrance of Saint Patrick , the most significant of Ireland's three patron saints. Pious legend credits Patrick with the banishing of the snakes from the island, and the legend also credits Patrick with teaching the Irish about

6072-523: The day. In more recent times, students rode bicycles. Southern students and teachers most often walked to and from school; a three-mile journey was not uncommon. Due to the poor quality of roads, automobiles were not frequently used. The vast majority of one-room schools have been torn down; a few were converted for other purposes. However, in a handful of rural communities, such as Mennonites and Amish , one-room or two-room schools survived longer. As of 2005, almost 400 one-rooms schools still operate in

6164-548: The educational process differently. In the United States, the concept of a "little red schoolhouse" is a stirring one, and historic one-room schoolhouses have widely been preserved and are celebrated as symbols of frontier values and of local and national development. When necessary, the schools were enlarged or replaced with two-room schools . More than 200 are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . In Norway, by contrast, one-room schools were viewed more as impositions upon conservative farming areas, and, while

6256-646: The few places in Ireland without a major local paper since the Dublin Evening Mail closed down in the 1960s. In 2004 the Dublin Daily was launched, but failed to attract enough readers to make it viable. One major criticism of the Republic of Ireland newspaper market is the strong position Independent News & Media has on the market. It controls the Evening Herald , Irish Independent , Sunday Independent , Sunday World and The Star as well as holding

6348-606: The first settlers of the island of Ireland after the last Ice Age were a new wave of cavemen and the Mesolithic period . In historic times, texts such as the Táin Bó Cúailinge show a society in which cows represented a primary source of wealth and status. Little of this had changed by the time of the Norman invasion of Ireland in the 12th century. Giraldus Cambrensis portrayed a Gaelic society in which cattle farming and transhumance

6440-476: The former Eastern Bloc . Due to large-scale emigration from Ireland, Irish culture has a wide reach in the world, and festivals such as Saint Patrick's Day ( Irish : Lá Fhéile Pádraig ) and Halloween (which finds its roots in the Gaelic festival Samhain ) are celebrated across much of the globe. Irish culture has to some extent been inherited and modified by the Irish diaspora , which in turn has influenced

6532-483: The gradual extension of English feudalism over the island, the Irish county structure came into existence and was completed in 1610. These structures are still of vital importance in the daily life of Irish communities. Apart from the religious significance of the parish, most rural postal addresses consist of house and townland names. The village and parish are key focal points around which sporting rivalries and other forms of local identity are built and most people feel

6624-454: The highest rates of heart disease in the world. In Ireland, the Full Irish has been particularly cited as being a major source for a higher incidence of cardiac problems, quoted as being a "heart attack on a plate" . All the ingredients are fried , although more recently the trend is to grill as many of the ingredients as possible. In tandem with these developments, the last quarter of

6716-499: The holiday, celebrating a victory over Catholics that ensured the continued establishment of a Protestant Ascendancy , as triumphalist, supremacist, and an assertion of British and Ulster Protestant dominance. The 1st of February, known as St. Brigid's Day (after St. Brigid, one of the patron saints of Ireland) or Imbolc , also does not have its origins in Christianity, being instead another religious observance superimposed at

6808-675: The home country. Moreover, the culture of Ireland is to some degree influenced by its native folklore and legends, such as those detailed in Lebor Gabála Érenn . As archaeological evidence from sites such as the Céide Fields in County Mayo and Lough Gur in County Limerick demonstrates, the farm in Ireland is an activity that goes back to the Neolithic , about 6,000 years ago. Before this,

6900-821: The island are the Anglican Church of Ireland , the Presbyterian Church in Ireland and the Methodist Church in Ireland . These are also joined by numerous other smaller denominations including Baptists , several American gospel groups and the Salvation Army . Orthodox Christianity also has a notable presence in Ireland, where it has been the fastest growing religion since 1991, largely due to immigration from Eastern Europe. Other minority denominations of Christianity include Jehovah's Witnesses and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS) . In addition to

6992-437: The island, Northern Irish Sign Language and Irish Sign Language ; they have quite different bases. Some other languages have entered Ireland with immigrants – for example, Polish is now the second most widely spoken language in Ireland after English, Irish being the third most commonly spoken language. There are many references to food and drink in early Irish literature. Honey seems to have been widely eaten and used in

7084-512: The island. Their propensity for rural living was influenced by a variety of factors including cultural traditions, a desire for privacy and autonomy, work opportunities and their fondness of the natural world. Travellers would often find work in rural areas, predominantly in farming, horse trading and tinsmithing. While many Mincéirí in contemporary Ireland are now settled, including in urban areas, they often maintain rural traditions such as horseback riding, and attend traditional fairs and festivals in

7176-504: The language in the 2011 census. Article 8 of the Constitution of Ireland states that Irish is the national and first official language of the Republic of Ireland. English in turn is recognised as the State's second official language . Hiberno-English , the dialect of English spoken in most of the Republic of Ireland, has been greatly influenced by Irish. In Northern Ireland , English

7268-434: The late 18th century and has had a widespread influence ever since. The first Prussian schools were simple one-room schools, but by 1773 Friedrich Eberhard von Rochow had already set up a model school with primary education in two separate age-grouped classes . In Ireland, free primary education was mandated in 1831, prompting the establishment of many single-teacher National Schools across rural areas, most initially using

7360-597: The little one-room school house, filled with its memories and memorabilia, was ready for visitors. It is now one of the county's tourist attractions. A similar project was done in Queen Anne's County, Maryland , by retired Teachers and Community Volunteers. The restored schoolhouse is located in front of Queen Anne's County High School . In Iowa , over 125 small one-room school houses have been turned into local museums. The buildings in some places found new purpose as homes. In Harrisburg, Nebraska , Flowerfield School serves as

7452-454: The making of mead . The old stories also contain many references to banquets, although these may well be greatly exaggerated and provide little insight into everyday diet. There are also many references to fulacht fia , which are archaeological sites commonly believed to have once been used for cooking venison . The fulacht fia have holes or troughs in the ground which can be filled with water. Meat can then be cooked by placing hot stones in

7544-417: The most common. This popularity extended down to modern times in Ireland. Poultry and wild geese as well as fish and shellfish were also common, as were a wide range of native berries and nuts, especially hazel . The seeds of knotgrass and goosefoot were widely present and may have been used to make a porridge . The Tudor conquest of Ireland led to significant changes in the Irish diet, as it introduced

7636-414: The most significant body of written literature (both ancient and recent) of any Celtic language , as well as a strong oral tradition of legends and poetry. Poetry in Irish represents the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe, with the earliest examples dating from the 6th century. The early history of Irish visual art is generally considered to begin with early carvings found at sites such as Newgrange and

7728-406: The most widely spoken languages in Ireland. English is the most widely spoken language on the island overall, and Irish is spoken as a first language only by a small minority, primarily, though not exclusively, in the government-defined Gaeltacht regions in the Republic. A larger minority have Irish as a second language, with 40.6% of people in the Republic of Ireland claiming some ability to speak

7820-463: The population. Ireland also grew large quantities of corned beef , though the vast majority of it was exported. The over-reliance on potatoes as a staple crop in Irish cuisine meant that the people of Ireland were vulnerable to poor potato harvests. The Irish Famine of 1740 was the result of extreme cold weather, but the Great Famine of 1845–1849 was caused by potato blight which spread throughout

7912-602: The project by researchers and historians from across America. Culture of Ireland#Religion The culture of Ireland includes the art , music , dance , folklore , traditional clothing , language , literature , cuisine and sport associated with Ireland and the Irish people . For most of its recorded history, the country’s culture has been primarily Gaelic (see Gaelic Ireland ). Strong family values , wit and an appreciation for tradition are commonly associated with Irish culture. Irish culture has been greatly influenced by Christianity , most notably by

8004-472: The second-highest per capita alcohol consumption in the world, just below Luxembourg at 13.5 litres (per person 15 or more years old), according to the OECD Health Data 2009 survey. According to the latest OECD figures, alcohol consumption in Ireland has dropped from 11.5 litres per adult in 2012 to 10.6 litres per adult in 2013. However, research showed that in 2013, 75% of alcohol was consumed as part of

8096-401: The sporting activities with the highest levels of playing participation. Other sports with material playing populations, including at school level, include tennis , hockey , pitch and putt , rugby, basketball, boxing, cricket and squash . Significant numbers attend horse racing meetings, and Ireland breeds and trains many racehorses; greyhound racing also has dedicated racecourses. Soccer

8188-607: The time it was completed in 1868 until it closed in 1951. The building, restored by a group of volunteers in 1976, is presently maintained and preserved by the Vandalia Community Preservation Association. The One Room School House Project of Southwestern College in Winfield, Kansas , includes listings and information on some 880 schools throughout the state and nation. The information, pictures, and stories included in this site have been collected and sent to

8280-512: The trough until the water boils. Many fulach fia sites have been identified across the island of Ireland, and some of them appear to have been in use up to the 17th century. Excavations at the Viking settlement in the Wood Quay area of Dublin have produced a significant amount of information on the diet of the inhabitants of the town. The main animals eaten were cattle, sheep and pigs, with pigs being

8372-591: The world, including in the United States followed by All Saints' Day , another Christian holiday associated with a traditional one. Important church holidays include Easter, and various Marian observances. Christianity was brought to Ireland during or prior to the 5th century and its early history among the Irish is in particular associated with Saint Patrick , who is generally considered Ireland's leading patron saint . The Celtic festival of Samhain , not to be confused with Halloween , originated in Ireland and

8464-445: Was the norm. The Normans replaced traditional clan land management (under Brehon Law) with the manorial system of land tenure and social organisation. This led to the imposition of the village, parish and county over the native system of townlands . In general, a parish was a civil and religious unit with a manor, a village and a church at its centre. Each parish incorporated one or more existing townlands into its boundaries. With

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