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152-525: The garden was founded in 1620 by the University of Freiburg . A building on the same property was rebuilt as a hospital for members of the university, which also served for anatomy training. It was one of the first botanical gardens in Germany. The garden was originally part of the University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine . The first director of the garden was Jacobus Walter (born 1655), a professor of medicine who

304-678: A naturalized citizen of the United States on December 10, 1951. Arendt had begun corresponding with the American author Mary McCarthy , six years her junior, in 1950 and they soon became lifelong friends. She had started seeing Martin Heidegger again, and had what the American writer Adam Kirsch called a "quasi-romance", lasting for two years, with the man who had previously been her mentor, teacher, and lover. During this time, Arendt defended him against critics who noted his enthusiastic membership in

456-547: A "conscious pariah". This was a personal trait that Arendt had recognized in herself, although she did not embrace the term until later. Back in Berlin, Arendt found herself becoming more involved in politics and started studying political theory, and reading Marx and Trotsky , while developing contacts at the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik . Despite the political leanings of her mother and husband she never saw herself as

608-408: A "description of herself" addressed to Heidegger. In this essay, full of anguish and Heideggerian language , she reveals her insecurities relating to her femininity and Jewishness, writing abstractly in the third person. She describes a state of " Fremdheit " (alienation), on the one hand an abrupt loss of youth and innocence, on the other an " Absonderlichkeit " (strangeness), the finding of

760-408: A 3D printing group, an arts collective, and a Model United Nations team. They represented by an elected board of twelve student office holders. Alumni are a part of a subgroup within the greater University of Freiburg alumni association. The University of Freiburg has a variety of graduate education and research opportunities. In an evaluation of European graduate programs, Freiburg was ranked among

912-578: A Jew one must defend oneself as a Jew. Not as a German, not as a world citizen, not as an upholder of the Rights of Man." This was Arendt's introduction of the concept of Jew as Pariah that would occupy her for the rest of her life in her Jewish writings. She took a public position by publishing part of her largely completed biography of Rahel Varnhagen as " Originale Assimilation: Ein Nachwort zu Rahel Varnhagen 100 Todestag " ("Original Assimilation: An Epilogue to

1064-528: A child, writing poetry in her teenage years, and starting both a Graecae (reading group for studying classical literature) and philosophy club at her school. She was fiercely independent in her schooling and a voracious reader, absorbing French and German literature and poetry (committing large amounts to memory) and philosophy. By the age of 14, she had read Kierkegaard , Jaspers ' Psychologie der Weltanschauungen and Kant 's Kritik der reinen Vernunft ( Critique of Pure Reason ). Kant, whose hometown

1216-495: A copy of Varnhagen's correspondence and excitedly introduced her to Arendt, donating her collection to her. A little later, Arendt's work on Romanticism led her to a study of Jewish salons and eventually to those of Varnhagen. In Rahel, she found qualities she felt reflected her own, particularly those of sensibility and vulnerability. Rahel, like Hannah, found her destiny in her Jewishness. Hannah Arendt would come to call Rahel Varnhagen's discovery of living with her destiny as being

1368-468: A deteriorating political situation, Arendt was deeply troubled by reports that Heidegger was speaking at National Socialist meetings. She wrote, asking him to deny that he was attracted to National Socialism. Heidegger replied that he did not seek to deny the rumors (which were true), and merely assured her that his feelings for her were unchanged. As a Jew in Nazi Germany, Arendt was prevented from making

1520-501: A dramatic departure from the past. He was handsome, a genius, romantic, and taught that thinking and "aliveness" were but one. The 18-year-old Arendt then began a long romantic relationship with the 35-year-old Heidegger, who was married with two young sons. Arendt later faced criticism for this because of Heidegger's support for the Nazi Party after his election as rector at Freiburg University in 1933. Nevertheless, he remained one of

1672-624: A framework and didactic guidance for interdisciplinary higher education, the University of Freiburg has established two chairs at UCF: Epistemology and Theory of Science (Prof. Dr. Frieder Vogelmann, who is also the Dean of Studies) and Science and Technology Studies (Prof. Dr. Veronika Lipphardt). The College and the program are directed by Managing Director Paul Sterzel and the Academic Coordinator Thorsten Leiendecker. UCF

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1824-575: A gothic throne holding the gospel in his right hand with the temple curtain in the background. Christ offers the teachings of the gospel to the Jewish scholars who are crouched at his feet. To the left and right of Christ are structures resembling towers, most likely symbolic of the Temple of Jerusalem . Located to the right of Christ is the coat of arms of the Austrian duchies, a banner with five eagles. The shield on

1976-493: A grant to support her Habilitation , which was supported by Heidegger and Jaspers among others, and in the meantime, with Günther's help was working on revisions to get her dissertation published. After Arendt and Stern were married, they began two years of what Christian Dries refers to as the Wanderjahre (years of wandering) with the ultimately fruitless aim of having Stern accepted for an academic appointment. They lived for

2128-605: A group of three young philosophers: Karl Frankenstein , Erich Neumann and Erwin Loewenson . Other friends and students of Jaspers were the linguists Benno von Wiese and Hugo Friedrich (seen with Hannah, below), with whom she attended lectures by Friedrich Gundolf at Jaspers' suggestion and who kindled in her an interest in German Romanticism . She also became reacquainted, at a lecture, with Kurt Blumenfeld , who introduced her to Jewish politics. At Heidelberg, she lived in

2280-478: A living and discriminated against and confided to Anne Mendelssohn that emigration was probably inevitable. Jaspers had tried to persuade her to consider herself as a German first, a position she distanced herself from, pointing out that she was a Jew and that " Für mich ist Deutschland die Muttersprache, die Philosophie und die Dichtung " (For me, Germany is the mother tongue, philosophy and poetry), rather than her identity. This position puzzled Jaspers, replying "It

2432-744: A long tradition of teaching the humanities, social sciences and natural sciences and technology and enjoys a high academic reputation both nationally and internationally. The university is made up of 11 faculties and attracts students from across Germany as well as from over 120 other countries. Foreign students constitute about 18.2% of total student numbers. The University of Freiburg has been associated with figures such as Hannah Arendt , Rudolf Carnap , David Daube , Johann Eck , Hans-Georg Gadamer , Friedrich Hayek , Martin Heidegger , Edmund Husserl , Herbert Marcuse , Friedrich Meinecke , Edith Stein , Paul Uhlenhuth , Max Weber and Ernst Zermelo . As of October 2020, 22 Nobel laureates are affiliated with

2584-475: A memorial dedicated to the victims of National Socialism among the students, staff, and faculty in 2003. In 2006, the University of Freiburg joined the League of European Research Universities (LERU) . One year later, the university was chosen as one of nine German Universities of Excellence. However, it did not receive the third line of funding in 2012. The seal of the University of Freiburg depicts Christ seated on

2736-509: A new cluster called BrainLinks-Brain Tools, an interdisciplinary neurotechnology project. Citing insufficient evidence of integration of the FRIAS concept into the university's framework, the committee did not extend funding for the FRIAS and the institutional strategy line of funding, despite acknowledging the impressive research and advances achieved at FRIAS in the past years. The University of Freiburg

2888-411: A plaque on the wall. Arendt had already positioned herself as a critic of the rising Nazi Party in 1932 by publishing " Adam-Müller-Renaissance? " a critique of the appropriation of the life of Adam Müller to support right wing ideology. The beginnings of anti-Jewish laws and boycott came in the spring of 1933. Confronted with systemic antisemitism, Arendt adopted the motiv "If one is attacked as

3040-542: A political leftist, justifying her activism as being through her Jewishness. Her increasing interest in Jewish politics and her examination of assimilation in her study of Varnhagen led her to publish her first article on Judaism, Aufklärung und Judenfrage ("The Enlightenment and the Jewish Question", 1932). Blumenfeld had introduced her to the " Jewish question ", which would be his lifelong concern. Meanwhile, her views on German Romanticism were evolving. She wrote

3192-592: A relationship with him. Within a month she had moved in with him in a one-room studio, shared with a dancing school in Berlin-Halensee . Then they moved to Merkurstraße 3, Nowawes, in Potsdam and were married there on 26 September. They had much in common and the marriage was welcomed by both sets of parents. In the summer, Hannah Arendt successfully applied to the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft for

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3344-586: A review of Hans Weil 's Die Entstehung des deutschen Bildungsprinzips ( The Origin of German Educational Principle , 1930), which dealt with the emergence of Bildungselite (educational elite) in the time of Rahel Varnhagen. At the same time she began to be occupied by Max Weber 's description of the status of Jewish people within a state as Pariavolk ( pariah people) in his Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (1922), while borrowing Bernard Lazare 's term paria conscient (conscious pariah) with which she identified. In both these articles she advanced

3496-520: A thinker and writer was established, and a series of works followed. These included the books The Human Condition in 1958, as well as Eichmann in Jerusalem and On Revolution in 1963. She taught at many American universities while declining tenure-track appointments. She died suddenly of a heart attack in 1975, at the age of 69, leaving her last work, The Life of the Mind , unfinished. Hannah Arendt

3648-708: A while in Drewitz, a southern neighborhood of Potsdam, before moving to Heidelberg, where they lived with the Jaspers. After Heidelberg, where Stern completed the first draft of his Habilitation thesis, the two then moved to Frankfurt where Stern hoped to finish his writing. There, Arendt participated in the university's intellectual life, attending lectures by Karl Mannheim and Paul Tillich , among others. The couple collaborated intellectually, writing an article together on Rilke 's Duino Elegies (1923) and both reviewing Mannheim's Ideologie und Utopie (1929). The latter

3800-533: Is a matter of course. This time was a particularly favorable period for the Jewish community in Königsberg, an important center of the Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment). Arendt's family was thoroughly assimilated ("Germanized") and she later remembered: "With us from Germany, the word 'assimilation' received a 'deep' philosophical meaning. You can hardly realize how serious we were about it." Despite these conditions,

3952-534: Is a member of the European Colleges of Liberal Arts and Sciences and of EPICUR, a group of eight universities in six countries that explore a modern and internationally connected university experience Students are able to participate in a double degree program with the University College Maastricht . Students at UCF organize a number of interest groups, for instance a magazine publishing group,

4104-596: Is also associated with this theory. He directed the Walter Eucken Institut , an economic think tank in Freiburg cooperating with the university. Arnold Bergstraesser, considered a founding father or German political science after World War II, was also a professor at the University of Freiburg. His research group later formed what is now the Arnold Bergstraesser Institute for sociocultural research at

4256-440: Is one of Germany's largest medical centers. It boasts 1,600 beds and handles 55,000 in-patients a year, with another 357,000 being treated as out-patients. It consists of 13 specialized clinics, five clinical institutes, and five centers (e.g. Center for Transplantation Medicine). The University Medical Center achieved many technical advances, such as the first implantation of an artificial heart Jarvik 2000 in 2002. Most recently,

4408-606: Is recognized in several university ranking systems. In the QS World University Rankings 2024, it holds the 192nd position globally and the 9th position nationally. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024 placed it 128th in the world and 11th in Germany. The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) 2023 ranks it between 101st and 150th globally, and 5th nationally. In university rankings published in 2007 and 2008 by German magazines and periodicals ( Der Spiegel , Die Zeit , Focus , etc. )

4560-558: Is strange to me that as a Jew you want to be different from the Germans". By 1933, life for the Jewish population in Germany was becoming precarious. Adolf Hitler became Reichskanzler (Chancellor) in January, and the Reichstag was burned down ( Reichstagsbrand ) the following month. This led to the suspension of civil liberties , with attacks on the left, and, in particular, members of

4712-514: Is strictly merit based, with the average score of final secondary-school examinations (German Abitur ) or A-levels playing an important role. Overall, in the fall of 2010, roughly 4,000 of around 26,000 applicants were admitted: this means that the university's acceptance rate that year was equal to 15.38%. The University of Freiburg offers a large variety of undergraduate, graduate , and postdoctoral degree programs at its 11 faculties in 150 fields of study. As common among German universities,

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4864-409: Is the university's central facility for promoting and administering international, interdisciplinary teaching activities. It was established in 2012 and is situated in the historical buildings of the old university, the historical site of the artes liberales . UCF serves as a lab for innovative teaching approaches and instructional design at the University of Freiburg and works in close co-operation with

5016-450: The Versöhnler ( Conciliator faction ). Although Arendt had rejoined Stern in 1933, their marriage existed in name only, with their having separated in Berlin. She fulfilled her social obligations and used the name Hannah Stern, but the relationship effectively ended when Stern, perhaps recognizing the danger better than she, emigrated to America with his parents in 1936. In 1937, Arendt

5168-810: The Age of Enlightenment and by the increased interest in botany during the second half of the 18th century. Again part of the Faculty of Medicine, the garden measured approximately 6.6 acres (27,000 m) in area. Despite damage from floods and the Napoleonic Wars , the garden included an impressive 3,000 plants by 1829, as well as greenhouses built in 1827 and 1828. Directors of the botanical garden from this period included Karl Julius Perleb , Fridolin Karl Leopold Spenner, Alexander Braun , Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli , Heinrich Anton de Bary and Julius von Sachs . In 1878

5320-639: The Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg (German: Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg ), is a public research university located in Freiburg im Breisgau , Baden-Württemberg , Germany . The university was founded in 1457 by the Habsburg dynasty as the second university in Austrian-Habsburg territory after the University of Vienna . Today, Freiburg is the fifth-oldest university in Germany , with

5472-687: The British Mandate of Palestine , mainly as agricultural workers. Initially she was employed as a secretary, and then office manager. To improve her skills she studied French, Hebrew and Yiddish . In this way she was able to support herself and her husband. When the organization closed in 1935, her work for Blumenfeld and the Zionists in Germany brought her into contact with the wealthy philanthropist Baroness Germaine Alice de Rothschild (born Halphen, 1884–1975), wife of Édouard Alphonse James de Rothschild , becoming her assistant. In this position she oversaw

5624-696: The Companhia Colonial de Navegação 's S/S Guiné II . A few months later, Fry's operations were shut down and the borders sealed. Upon arriving in New York City on 22 May 1941 with very little, Hannah's family received assistance from the Zionist Organization of America and the local German immigrant population, including Paul Tillich and neighbors from Königsberg. They rented rooms at 317 West 95th Street and Martha Arendt joined them there in June. There

5776-590: The Higgs boson in 2012. Today, about 430 professors, 3,695 academic employees, and 8,644 non-academic employees at the university are working for the Albert Ludwigs University, making it Freiburg's and the region's biggest employer. The university attracts many academics from abroad and was awarded excellent positions in the 2005 and 2009 Humboldt Ranking . The university is headed by a rector and divided into 11 faculties: University College Freiburg (UCF)

5928-588: The Institutsviertel ("institute quarter"). In the postwar years, the ideas of ordoliberalism, developed earlier by economists of the Freiburg School, such as Walter Eucken , Franz Böhm , Hans Grossmann-Doerth, and Leonhard Miksch, drove the creation of the German social market economy and its attendant Wirtschaftswunder . Nobel Prize winner and former professor at the University of Freiburg, Friedrich Hayek ,

6080-630: The Jugendstil Kollegiengebäude I , built in 1911 by Hermann Billing, and the gothic revival old university library. The current University Library is also located in the historical center; it is a monumental building erected in the 1970s, and was to be renovated and redesigned beginning in September 2008. It is one of the largest in Germany and placed fourth in an October 2007, German national ranking of university libraries. The University Church , located across from Kollegiengebäude II ,

6232-542: The Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (German Communist Party: KPD). Stern, who had communist associations, fled to Paris, but Arendt stayed on to become an activist. Knowing her time was limited, she used the apartment at Opitzstraße 6 in Berlin-Steglitz that she had occupied with Stern since 1932 as an underground railway way-station for fugitives. Her rescue operation there is now recognized with

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6384-807: The Low Countries that month, the military governor of Paris issued a proclamation ordering all "enemy aliens" between 17 and 55 who had come from Germany (predominantly Jews) to report separately for internment . The women were gathered together in the Vélodrome d'Hiver on 15 May, so Hannah Arendt's mother, being over 55, was allowed to stay in Paris. Arendt described the process of making refugees as "the new type of human being created by contemporary history ... put into concentration camps by their foes and into internment camps by their friends". The men, including Blücher, were sent to Camp Vernet in southern France, close to

6536-629: The Nature Publishing Index – 2012 Global Top 100 , the University of Freiburg was the highest-ranked German university and ranked 66th worldwide and 18th in Europe. A recent study, "Benchmarking China and Germany: An Analysis of Patent Portfolios of Universities and Research Organizations", was published in May 2013 and sought to evaluate leading universities and research institutions in Germany and China in regards to their patent applications. The study placed

6688-591: The Prussian State Library for her work on Varnhagen. Blumenfeld's Zionistische Vereinigung für Deutschland ( Zionist Federation of Germany ) persuaded her to use this access to obtain evidence of the extent of antisemitism, for a planned speech to the Zionist Congress in Prague. This research was illegal at the time. Her actions led to her being denounced by a librarian for anti-state propaganda, resulting in

6840-632: The Stifterverband der deutschen Wissenschaft . The University of Freiburg, with its plans for future innovative teaching concepts, was selected as one of 10 winners from a field of over 100 higher education institutions. In 2012, in the third round of the Excellence Initiative, the university was able to successfully extend funding for the Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, as well as bioss , while also gaining funding for

6992-589: The Studentenwerk . Additionally, further dormitories in Freiburg are operated by other institutions, such as the Catholic Archdiocese . Due to the affordable rent and limited spots, rooms in the various dormitories are very popular. Many students find private living arrangements, such as Wohngemeinschaften (shared apartments). However, the popularity of Freiburg for prospective students can make finding an apartment or room quite time-consuming, especially before

7144-762: The University of Berlin (1922–1923), including classics and Christian theology under Romano Guardini . She successfully sat for the entrance examination ( Abitur ) for the University of Marburg , where Ernst Grumach had studied with Martin Heidegger (appointed as a professor in 1923). Her mother had engaged a private tutor, and her aunt Frieda Arendt, a teacher, also helped, while Frieda's husband Ernst Aron provided financial tuition assistance. In Berlin, Guardini had introduced her to Kierkegaard, and she resolved to make theology her major field. At Marburg (1924–1926) she studied classical languages, German literature, Protestant theology with Rudolf Bultmann and philosophy with Nicolai Hartmann and Heidegger. She arrived in

7296-455: The University of Marburg under Martin Heidegger , with whom she engaged in a romantic affair that began while she was his student. She obtained her doctorate in philosophy at the University of Heidelberg in 1929. Her dissertation was titled Love and Saint Augustine , and her supervisor was the existentialist philosopher Karl Jaspers . Hannah Arendt married Günther Stern in 1929 but soon began to encounter increasing antisemitism in

7448-448: The rabbi , Hermann Vogelstein, who would come to her school for that purpose. Her family moved in circles that included many intellectuals and professionals. It was a social circle of high standards and ideals. As she recalled it: My early intellectual formation occurred in an atmosphere where nobody paid much attention to moral questions; we were brought up under the assumption: Das Moralische versteht sich von selbst , moral conduct

7600-560: The "county university" (German Landesuniversität ) for his territory until it was handed over to the Austrian House of Habsburg in 1490. The university soon attracted many students, such as the humanists Geiler von Kaysersberg , Johann Reuchlin , and Jakob Wimpfeling . When Ulrich Zasius was teaching law (until 1536), Freiburg became a centre of humanist jurisprudence. From 1529 to 1535, Erasmus of Rotterdam after having left Basel, lived and taught in Freiburg , however, never at

7752-481: The "uniONLINE" team which is responsible for the magazine. Because of the nearby French and Swiss borders and the adjacent Black Forest , where the university owns a retreat on Schauinsland Mountain, fine opportunities exist for leisure and outdoor activities. Students come from Central and Eastern Europe for language studies, the majority demographic category is females in age range 18–25 (58%). The university provides student housing in its various dormitories, run by

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7904-664: The 1930s Nazi Germany . In 1933, the year Adolf Hitler came to power, Arendt was arrested and briefly imprisoned by the Gestapo for performing illegal research into antisemitism. On release, she fled Germany, living in Czechoslovakia and Switzerland before settling in Paris. There she worked for Youth Aliyah , assisting young Jews to emigrate to the British Mandate of Palestine . She was stripped of her German citizenship in 1937. Divorcing Stern that year, she then married Heinrich Blücher in 1940. When Germany invaded France that year she

8056-421: The 20th century. Her works cover a broad range of topics, but she is best known for those dealing with the nature of wealth , power and evil , as well as politics, direct democracy , authority , tradition and totalitarianism . She is also remembered for the controversy surrounding the trial of Adolf Eichmann , for her attempt to explain how ordinary people become actors in totalitarian systems, which

8208-402: The American vice-consul there. Fry and Bingham secured exit papers and American visas for thousands, and with help from Günther Stern, Arendt, her husband, and her mother managed to secure the requisite permits to travel by train in January 1941 through Spain to Lisbon, Portugal, where they rented a flat at Rua da Sociedade Farmacêutica, 6b. They eventually secured passage to New York in May on

8360-558: The Arendts traveled to Paris in the autumn, where she was reunited with Stern, joining a stream of refugees. While Arendt had left Germany without papers, her mother had travel documents and returned to Königsberg and her husband. In Paris, she befriended Stern's cousin, the Marxist literary critic and philosopher Walter Benjamin and also the Jewish French philosopher Raymond Aron . Arendt

8512-501: The Church's protests. The Church finally lost its predominant influence on the university when the Jesuits were suppressed following a decree signed by Pope Clement XIV in 1773. Consequently, Johann Georg Jacobi (brother of the more famous philosopher Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi ) in 1784 was the first Protestant professor teaching at the university in Freiburg. When Freiburg became a part of

8664-557: The Commission in August 1949. In her capacity as executive secretary, she traveled to Europe, where she worked in Germany, Britain and France (December 1949 to March 1950) to negotiate the return of archival material from German institutions, an experience she found frustrating, but provided regular field reports. In January 1952, she became secretary to the Board, although the work of the organization

8816-446: The EU or non-EU citizenship of students. Additionally, since autumn 2017, non-EU students are charged 1500 EUR tuition fee per semester. Numerous student clubs and organizations are active, among them a campus news station, uniCROSS which is a cross-media platform run by students. It consists of the "uniFM" team, which brings the news as a radio format, the "uniTV" team, producing videos and

8968-637: The Faculty of Engineering regularly competes with distinction in international tournaments. The University of Freiburg team has also repeatedly scored highly at the International Genetically Engineered Machine undergraduate synthetic biology competition held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . The team was supported by numerous university institutions, among them the recently established bioss cluster of excellence. The University of Freiburg also participates in

9120-589: The German-speaking world in the late Middle Ages , like the University of Tübingen and the University of Basel ( Switzerland ). Established by papal privilege ( papal bull ), the university in Freiburg actually was – like all or most universities in the Middle Ages – a corporation of the church body and therefore belonged to the Roman Catholic Church and its hierarchy. The bishop of Basel consequently

9272-485: The Jesuit church (nowadays the "University Church" or Universitätskirche ). In 1679, Freiburg temporarily became French territory, along with the southern parts of the upper Rhine . French King Louis XIV disliked the Austrian system and gave the Jesuits a free hand to operate the university. On 6 November 1684, a bilingual educational program was initiated. From 1686 to 1698, the faculty fled to Konstanz . After Freiburg

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9424-497: The Jewish population lacked full citizenship rights, and although antisemitism was not overt, it was not absent. Arendt came to define her Jewish identity negatively after encountering overt antisemitism as an adult. She came to greatly identify with Rahel Varnhagen , the Prussian socialite who desperately wanted to assimilate into German culture, only to be rejected because she was born Jewish. Arendt later said of Varnhagen that she

9576-591: The Königsberg Jewish community, a member of the Central Organization for German Citizens of Jewish Faith ( Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens ). Like other members of the Centralverein he primarily saw himself as German, disapproving of Zionist activities including Kurt Blumenfeld , a frequent visitor and later one of Hannah's mentors. Her lifelong best-friend, Anne Mendehlsohn,

9728-468: The National Model United Nations held annually in New York City. The genetically engineered golden rice was developed by the University of Freiburg ( Peter Beyer ) and the ETH Zurich ( Ingo Potrykus ) from 1992 to 2000. It was considered a breakthrough in biotechnology at the time of publication and now can help to provide vitamin A to people lacking access to it in their diets. When previous rector Jäger retired in 2008, law professor Andreas Voßkuhle

9880-453: The Nazi annexation of Austria and invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1938, Paris was flooded with refugees, and she became the special agent for the rescue of the children from those countries. In 1938, Arendt completed her biography of Rahel Varnhagen, although this was not published until 1957. In April 1939, following the devastating Kristallnacht pogrom of November 1938, Martha Beerwald realized her daughter would not return and made

10032-405: The Nazi Party. She portrayed Heidegger as a naïve man swept up by forces beyond his control, and pointed out that Heidegger's philosophy had nothing to do with National Socialism. She suspected that loyal followers of Horkheimer and Adorno in Frankfurt were plotting against Heidegger. For Adorno she had a real aversion: "Half a Jew and one of the most repugnant men I know". According to Arendt,

10184-426: The New York German-language Jewish newspaper Aufbau and from 1941 to 1945, she wrote a political column for it, covering antisemitism, refugees and the need for a Jewish army. She also contributed to the Menorah Journal , a Jewish-American magazine, and other German émigré publications. Arendt's first full-time salaried job came in 1944, when she became the director of research and executive director for

10336-508: The One Hundredth Anniversary of Rahel Varnhagen's Death") in the Kölnische Zeitung on 7 March 1933 and a little later also in Jüdische Rundschau . In the article she argues that the age of assimilation that began with Varnhagen's generation had come to an end with an official state policy of antisemitism. She opened with the declaration: Today in Germany it seems Jewish assimilation must declare its bankruptcy. The general social antisemitism and its official legitimation affects in

10488-428: The Professional Civil Service . He also informed the Gestapo of the pacifist leanings of a distinguished Faculty member, Hermann Staudinger . The Nazi geneticist Eugen Fischer promoted racist views while a member of the university, ideas which were used to support the notorious Nuremberg laws passed by the Nazis. After World War II , the university was reopened. New buildings for natural sciences were erected in

10640-455: The Spanish border. Arendt and the other women were sent to Camp Gurs , to the west of Gurs , a week later. The camp had earlier been set up to accommodate refugees from Spain . On 22 June, France capitulated and signed the Compiègne armistice , dividing the country. Gurs was in the southern Vichy controlled section. Arendt describes how, "in the resulting chaos we succeeded in getting hold of liberation papers with which we were able to leave

10792-411: The Sterns returned to Berlin in 1931. In Berlin, where the couple initially lived in the predominantly Jewish area of Bayerisches Viertel (Bavarian Quarter or "Jewish Switzerland") in Schöneberg, Stern obtained a position as a staff-writer for the cultural supplement of the Berliner Börsen-Courier , edited by Herbert Ihering , with the help of Bertold Brecht . There he started writing using

10944-474: The University of Freiburg as alumni, faculty or researchers, and 15 academics have been honored with the highest German research prize, the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize , while working at the university. Originally Albrechts University, the university started with four faculties (theology, philosophy, medicine, and law). Its establishment belongs to the second wave of university foundings in

11096-434: The University of Freiburg as the third-most innovative university in Germany in terms of total patent applications. Teams of the University of Freiburg frequently participate in academic competitions with considerable success. The moot court team of the Faculty of Law has been the most successful team in the history of the competition Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot . The humanoid robot team of

11248-470: The University of Freiburg has established itself as one of Germany's top universities. The faculties for law, medicine, economics, history, English studies, German studies, biology, dentistry, and pharmacology achieve especially high scores. In regards to the natural sciences, the University of Freiburg ranked sixth in Europe and second in Germany in a ranking from 2003 of the European Commission of

11400-467: The University of Freiburg purchased a large historic villa in the district of Herdern, which will house part of the literature and linguistics, as well as history departments of the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies . In 2015, the University of Freiburg opened its new library , housed in a modern building with a large glass and chrome facade. The library features a section for quiet work and

11552-495: The academic year consists of summer and winter terms (semesters). The winter term runs from 1 October to 31 March, while the summer term runs from 1 April to 30 September. However, lectures and classes usually do not run for the full duration of these periods and allow for breaks in spring and fall. As a German university, tuition is mostly free. The University of Freiburg currently has a semester fee of 180 EUR for all undergraduate and most graduate and doctoral programs, regardless of

11704-471: The angelic orders?) Arendt and Stern begin by stating: The paradoxical, ambiguous, and desperate situation from which standpoint the Duino Elegies may alone be understood has two characteristics: the absence of an echo and the knowledge of futility. The conscious renunciation of the demand to be heard, the despair at not being able to be heard, and finally the need to speak even without an answer–these are

11856-590: The arrest of both Arendt and her mother by the Gestapo . They served eight days in prison but her notebooks were in code and could not be deciphered, and she was released by a young, sympathetic arresting officer to await trial. This incident is the subject of the play Mrs. Stern Wanders the Prussian State Library , by Jenny Lyn Bader, which premiered in 2019 in West Orange, New Jersey. On release, realizing

12008-913: The baroness' contributions to Jewish charities through the Paris Consistoire , although she had little time for the family as a whole. Later in 1935, Arendt joined Youth Aliyah (Youth immigration), an organization similar to Agriculture et Artisanat that was founded in Berlin on the day Hitler seized power. It was affiliated with Hadassah , which later saved many from the Holocaust , and there Arendt eventually became Secretary-General (1935–1939). Her work with Youth Aliyah also involved finding food, clothing, social workers and lawyers, but above all, fund raising. She made her first visit to British Mandate of Palestine in 1935, accompanying one of these groups and meeting with her cousin Ernst Fürst there. With

12160-420: The beginning of the 20th century, several new university buildings were built in the centre of Freiburg, such as the new main building in 1911. The university counted 3,000 students just before World War I . After World War I, the philosophers Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger (since 1928) taught at Albert Ludwigs University, as well as Edith Stein . In the field of social sciences, Walter Eucken developed

12312-410: The camp", which she did with about 200 of the 7,000 women held there, about four weeks later. There was no Résistance then, but she managed to walk and hitchhike north to Montauban , near Toulouse where she knew she would find help. Montauban had become an unofficial capital for former detainees, and Arendt's friend Lotta Sempell Klembort was staying there. Blücher's camp had been evacuated in

12464-558: The campaign of Judah Magnes for a solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict . She famously opposed the establishment of a Jewish nation-state in Palestine and initially also opposed the establishment of a binational Arab-Jewish state. Instead, she advocated for the inclusion of Palestine into a multi-ethnic federation. Only in 1948 in an effort to forestall partition did she support a binational one-state solution . She returned to

12616-616: The country is political freedom coupled with social slavery). On returning to New York, Arendt was anxious to resume writing and became active in the German-Jewish community, publishing her first article, "From the Dreyfus Affair to France Today" (in translation from her German) in July 1941. While she was working on this article, she was looking for employment and in November 1941 was hired by

12768-503: The danger she was now in, Arendt and her mother fled Germany following the established escape route over the Ore Mountains by night into Czechoslovakia and on to Prague and then by train to Geneva . In Geneva, she made a conscious decision to commit herself to "the Jewish cause". She obtained work with a friend of her mother's at the League of Nations ' Jewish Agency for Palestine , distributing visas and writing speeches. From Geneva

12920-573: The decision to leave her husband and join Arendt in Paris. One stepdaughter had died and the other had moved to England, Martin Beerwald would not leave and she no longer had any close ties to Königsberg. In 1936, Arendt met the self-educated Berlin poet and Marxist philosopher Heinrich Blücher in Paris. Blücher had been a Spartacist and then a founding member of the KPD, but had been expelled due to his work in

13072-420: The essential mentor of Bildung (education), the conscious formation of mind, body and spirit. The key elements were considered to be self-discipline, constructive channeling of passion, renunciation and responsibility for others. Hannah's developmental progress ( Entwicklung ) was carefully documented by her mother in a book, she called Unser Kind (Our Child), measuring her against the benchmark of what

13224-556: The face of the advancing Russian army. There they stayed with her mother's younger sister, Margarethe Fürst, and her three children, while Hannah attended a girl's Lyzeum school in Berlin-Charlottenburg . After ten weeks, when Königsberg appeared to be no longer threatened, the Arendts were able to return, where they spent the remaining war years at her grandfather's house. Arendt's precocity continued, learning ancient Greek as

13376-607: The faculties and the Rectorate's departments for Instructional Development and International Relations. It is accredited by the University of Freiburg, which draws its authority from the Central Evaluation and Accreditation Agency. The four-year, English-taught Bachelor program in Liberal Arts and Sciences (LAS) is UCF's major offering, the first of its kind in Germany. It emphasizes a broad interdisciplinary education, while at

13528-448: The fall in the middle of an intellectual revolution led by the young Heidegger, of whom she was in awe, describing him as "the hidden king [who] reigned in the realm of thinking". Heidegger had broken away from the intellectual movement started by Edmund Husserl , whose assistant he had been at University of Freiburg before coming to Marburg. This was a period when Heidegger was preparing his lectures on Kant, which he would develop in

13680-468: The first instance assimilated Jews, who can no longer protect themselves through baptism or by emphasizing their differences from Eastern Judaism. As a Jew, Arendt was anxious to inform the world of what was happening to her people in 1930–1933. She surrounded herself with Zionist activists, including Kurt Blumenfeld, Martin Buber and Salman Schocken , and started to research antisemitism. Arendt had access to

13832-569: The garden at the Dreisam had to be abandoned, and the garden relocated to what is now the Institutsviertel (institutes quarter) and remained at this location until the First World War . In 1912 the garden moved to its current location in Herdern district of Freiburg, when a new institute for botany was built there. The garden sustained damage during World War II in the 1944 air raid on Freiburg. Today

13984-690: The garden contains some 8,000 species , with research centered upon Black Forest fossil flora of the Carboniferous period, and the functional morphology and biomechanics of living and fossil plants. Its collections include plants from alpine regions, dunes, heaths, marshes, and bogs, with four exhibition greenhouses (900 m) containing tropical plants, ferns , and cacti and succulents . 48°00′35″N 7°51′30″E  /  48.00972°N 7.85833°E  / 48.00972; 7.85833 University of Freiburg The University of Freiburg (colloquially German: Uni Freiburg ), officially

14136-479: The golden years ( Goldene Zwanziger ) of the Weimar Republic , which was to become increasingly unstable over its remaining four years. Arendt, as a Jew, had little if any chance of obtaining an academic appointment in Germany. Nevertheless, she completed most of the work before she was forced to leave Germany. In 1929, Arendt met Günther Stern again, this time in Berlin at a New Year's masked ball, and began

14288-572: The idea of Denken ("thinking") as activity, which she qualified as "passionate thinking". Arendt was restless, finding her studies neither emotionally nor intellectually satisfying. She was ready for passion, finishing her poem Trost (Consolation, 1923) with the lines: Die Stunden verrinnen, Die Tage vergehen, Es bleibt ein Gewinnen Das bloße Bestehen. (The hours run down. The days pass on. One achievement remains: merely being alive.) Her encounter with Heidegger represented

14440-556: The idea of ordoliberalism , which subsequently is known as the " Freiburg School ". During the time of the Nazi dictatorship , the university went through the process of "political alignment" ( Gleichschaltung ) like the rest of the German universities. Under the rector Martin Heidegger , all Jewish faculty members were forced to leave the university in accordance with the Law for the Restoration of

14592-477: The largest business in the city. The Arendts reached Germany from Russia a century earlier. Hannah's extended family contained many more women, who shared the loss of husbands and children. Hannah's parents were more educated and politically more to the left than her grandparents. The young couple were Social Democrats , rather than the German Democrats that most of their contemporaries supported. Paul Arendt

14744-412: The leading universities in several subject fields examined. Hannah Arendt Hannah Arendt ( / ˈ ɛər ə n t , ˈ ɑːr -/ , US also / ə ˈ r ɛ n t / ; German: [ˌhana ˈaːʁənt] ; born Johanna Arendt ; 14 October 1906 – 4 December 1975) was a German-American historian and philosopher. She was one of the most influential political theorists of

14896-411: The limitations of transcendent love in explaining the historical events that pushed her into political action. Another theme from Rilke that she would develop was the despair of not being heard. Reflecting on Rilke's opening lines, which she placed as an epigram at the beginning of their essay Wer, wenn ich schriee, hörte mich denn aus der Engel Ordnungen? (Who, if I cried out, would hear me among

15048-444: The most profound influences on her thinking, and he would later relate that she had been the inspiration for his work on passionate thinking in those days. They agreed to keep the details of the relationship a secret while preserving their letters. The relationship was unknown until Elisabeth Young-Bruehl 's biography of Arendt appeared in 1982. At the time of publishing, Arendt and Heidegger were deceased but Heidegger's wife, Elfride,

15200-458: The newly emerging Commission on European Jewish Cultural Reconstruction , a project of the Conference on Jewish Relations. She was recruited "because of her great interest in the Commission's activities, her previous experience as an administrator, and her connections with Germany". There she compiled lists of Jewish cultural assets in Germany and Nazi occupied Europe, to aid in their recovery after

15352-504: The newly established Grand Duchy of Baden (in German " Großherzogtum Baden ") in 1805 (after Napoleon occupied the area of the formerly Further Austria ), a crisis began for the university in Freiburg. Indeed, there were considerations by Karl Friedrich, Grand Duke of Baden and Karl, Grand Duke of Baden to close down the university in Freiburg while both of them thought that the Grand Duchy could not afford to run two universities at

15504-634: The northwest of the city center, close to the University Medical Center. The campus is home to the Institut für Mikrosystemtechnik ( Department of Microsystems Engineering) and the Department of Computer Science. With the addition of the Faculty of Engineering, the University of Freiburg became the first classical university to combine traditional disciplines with microsystems technologies. The University Medical Center ( Universitätsklinikum Freiburg )

15656-458: The old town ( Altstadt ) near the castle , at Schlossberg 16. The house was demolished in the 1960s, but the one remaining wall bears a plaque commemorating her time there. On completing her dissertation, Arendt turned to her Habilitationsschrift , initially on German Romanticism, and thereafter an academic teaching career. However 1929 was also the year of the Depression and the end of

15808-456: The opposite side symbolizes the coat of arms used by the Habsburgs in conjunction with their territories. The coat of arms of the city of Freiburg is located at the bottom of the seal, displaying St George's Cross . The Latin inscription on the seal reads Sigillum universitatis studii friburgensis brisgaudie . The seal was slightly modified in 1913, but has otherwise been in continuous use since it

15960-418: The pen name Günther Anders, i.e. "Günther Other". Arendt assisted Günther with his work, but the shadow of Heidegger hung over their relationship. While Günther was working on his Habilitationsschrift , Arendt had abandoned the original subject of German Romanticism for her thesis in 1930, and turned instead to Rahel Varnhagen and the question of assimilation . Anne Mendelssohn had accidentally acquired

16112-418: The permanent collection as well as space for group work, where collaboration is encouraged. The building also includes a student cafe and an outdoor plaza with modern sculpture. The university has a combined undergraduate and graduate student population of around 21,600. About 16% of these students are foreigners, from about 120 countries. Admission largely depends on the faculty and program applied for and

16264-513: The position of rector with the start of the winter term 2008/2009. The University of Freiburg offers educational audio and video contents on the iTunes U software platform since January 2008. The University of Freiburg Institute of Physics is actively involved with research at the Large Hadron Collider and has contributed significantly to the ATLAS experiment , resulting in the discovery of

16416-547: The real reasons for the darkness, asperity, and tension of the style in which poetry indicates its own possibilities and its will to form Arendt also published an article on Augustine (354–430) in the Frankfurter Zeitung to mark the 1500th anniversary of his death. She saw this article as forming a bridge between her treatment of Augustine in her dissertation and her subsequent work on Romanticism. When it became evident Stern would not succeed in obtaining an appointment,

16568-520: The reconstruction of the institutes began. Today, the quarter houses the physics buildings, the tall main chemistry building, visible from afar, the famous Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry at the Hermann-Staudinger-Haus, various other science buildings, and the renowned preclinical institutes of the Faculty of Medicine . The engineering campus is located next to the small Freiburg airfield to

16720-469: The remarkable in the banal. In her detailing of the pain of her childhood and longing for protection she shows her vulnerabilities and how her love for Heidegger had released her and once again filled her world with color and mystery. She refers to her relationship with Heidegger as " Eine starre Hingegebenheit an ein Einziges " ("an unbending devotion to a unique man"). This period of intense introspection

16872-522: The same time (the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg had existed since 1386). The university had enough endowments and earnings to survive until the beginning of the regency of Ludwig I, Grand Duke of Baden in 1818. Finally in 1820, he saved the university with an annual contribution. Since then, the university has been named Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg ( Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg ) as an acknowledgement of gratitude by

17024-447: The same time providing for individualized academic concentrations on a high academic level. Students have to complete 240 ECTS credits and are able to major in life sciences , environmental and sustainability sciences , culture and history and governance . Electives can be taken at UCF, in the greater University of Freiburg, during studies abroad or in the form of internships and self-directed practical projects. In order to provide

17176-461: The second part of his Sein und Zeit (Being and Time) in 1927 and Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik (1929). In his classes, he and his students struggled with the meaning of " Being " as they studied Aristotle 's and Plato 's Sophist concept of truth , to which Heidegger opposed the pre-Socratic term ἀλήθεια . Many years later Arendt would describe these classes, how people came to Marburg to hear him, and how, above all he imparted

17328-529: The start of the academic terms. The university has its own career center , singled out as one of the best in Germany by the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft . The university scored well with its submissions to the German Universities Excellence Initiative . The university received funding in all three categories. In the first category, funding for a new graduate school, the Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine,

17480-533: The time of Hannah's birth, Paul Arendt was employed by an electrical engineering firm in Linden, and they lived in a frame house on the market square ( Marktplatz ). They moved back to Königsberg in 1909 because of Paul's deteriorating health. He suffered from chronic syphilis and was institutionalized in the Königsberg psychiatric hospital in 1911. For years afterward, Hannah had to have annual WR tests for congenital syphilis. He died on 30 October 1913, when Hannah

17632-468: The universities according to their overall impact on scientific research. The Centre for Higher Education Development, a German higher education think tank , periodically publishes comprehensive rankings of European Master's and PhD programs. In 2016, Freiburg garnered five spots in the top Excellence Group among seven subject fields examined. In a recent survey by the Nature Publishing Group ,

17784-498: The university and the citizens of Freiburg. In the 1880s, the population of the student body and faculty started to grow quickly. The scientific reputation of Albert Ludwigs University attracted several researchers such as economist Adolph Wagner , historians Georg von Below and Friedrich Meinecke , and jurists Karl von Amira and Paul Lenel . In 1900, Freiburg became the first German university to accept female students. Before there had been no women at German universities . In

17936-412: The university. In the late 20th century, the university was part of a mass education campaign and expanded rapidly. The student body grew to 10,000 by the 1960s, and doubled to 20,000 students by 1980. In the 1970s, the faculty structure was changed to 14 departments, with the Faculty of Engineering becoming the 15th faculty in 1994. In 2002, the number of faculties was reduced to 11. The university opened

18088-652: The university. From around 1559 on, the university was housed at the Altes Collegium ("Old College"), today called the "new town-hall". The importance of the university decreased during the time of the Counter-Reformation . To counter reformatory tendencies, the administration of two faculties was handed over to the Roman Catholic order of the Jesuits in 1620. From 1682 on, the Jesuits built their college, as well as

18240-422: The views of Johann Herder . Another interest of hers at the time was the status of women, resulting in her 1932 review of Alice Rühle-Gerstel 's book Das Frauenproblem in der Gegenwart. Eine psychologische Bilanz (Contemporary Women's Issues: A psychological balance sheet). Although not a supporter of the women's movement, the review was sympathetic. At least in terms of the status of women at that time, she

18392-574: The wake of the German advance, and he managed to escape from a forced march, making his way to Montauban, where the two of them led a fugitive life. Soon they were joined by Anne Mendelssohn and Arendt's mother. Escape from France was extremely difficult without official papers; their friend Walter Benjamin had taken his own life after being apprehended trying to escape to Spain. One of the best-known illegal routes operated out of Marseilles , where Varian Fry , an American journalist, worked to raise funds, forge papers and bribe officials with Hiram Bingham ,

18544-400: The war. Together with her husband, she lived at 370 Riverside Drive in New York City and at Kingston, New York , where Blücher taught at nearby Bard College for many years. In July 1946, Arendt left her position at the Commission on European Jewish Cultural Reconstruction to become an editor at Schocken Books , which later published some of her works. In 1948, she became engaged with

18696-452: The world. To that end, the university founded the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS). Being selected for the third category ranks Freiburg as one of nine "excellence universities" in Germany. The university is to receive over EUR 130 million in additional funds over five years (from 2007) from this third category of funding. In 2009, the university was also successful in a nationwide competition for excellence in teaching, held by

18848-489: Was Ernst Grumach , who introduced her to his girlfriend, Anne Mendelssohn, who would become a lifelong friend. When Anne moved away, Ernst became Arendt's first romantic relationship. Arendt was expelled from the Luise-Schule in 1922, at the age of 15, for leading a boycott of a teacher who insulted her. Her mother sent her to Berlin to Social Democrat family friends. She lived in a student residence and audited courses at

19000-579: Was "my very closest woman friend, unfortunately dead a hundred years now." In the last two years of the First World War , Hannah's mother organized social democratic discussion groups and became a follower of Rosa Luxemburg as socialist uprisings broke out across Germany . Luxemburg's writings would later influence Hannah's political thinking. In 1920, Martha Cohn married Martin Beerwald, an ironmonger and widower of four years, and they moved to his home, two blocks away, at Busoldstrasse 6, providing Hannah with improved social and financial security. Hannah

19152-412: Was 14 at the time and acquired two older stepsisters, Clara and Eva. Hannah Arendt's mother, who considered herself progressive , brought her daughter up on strict Goethean lines. Among other things this involved the reading of Goethe's complete works, summed up as Was aber ist deine Pflicht? Die Forderung des Tages (And just what is your duty? The demands of the day). Goethe, was then considered

19304-524: Was Arendt's sole contribution to sociology. In both her treatment of Mannheim and Rilke, Arendt found love to be a transcendent principle "Because there is no true transcendence in this ordered world, one also cannot exceed the world, but only succeed to higher ranks". In Rilke she saw a latter day secular Augustine, describing the Elegies as the letzten literarischen Form religiösen Dokumentes (ultimate form of religious document). Later, she would discover

19456-466: Was Jonas' friend, the Jewish philosopher Günther Siegmund Stern , who would later become her first husband. Stern had completed his doctoral dissertation with Edmund Husserl at Freiburg, and was now working on his Habilitation thesis with Heidegger, but Arendt, involved with Heidegger, took little notice of him at the time. In the summer of 1925, while home at Königsberg, Arendt composed her sole autobiographical piece, Die Schatten (The Shadows),

19608-443: Was adopted in 1462. Having grown with the city since the 15th century, the university's buildings are deeply intertwined with the city. The three large campuses are the university center next to the historical city center, the institutes quarter, and the engineering campus, but other buildings can be found scattered throughout Freiburg. The university complex in the historical center of Freiburg contains such picturesque buildings as

19760-578: Was also Königsberg, was an important influence on her thinking, and it was Kant who had written about Königsberg that "such a town is the right place for gaining knowledge concerning men and the world even without travelling". Arendt attended the Königin-Luise-Schule for her secondary education, a girls' Gymnasium on Landhofmeisterstraße. Most of her friends, while at school, were gifted children of Jewish professional families, generally older than her, and went on to university education. Among them

19912-525: Was also one of the most productive of her poetic output, such as In sich versunken (Lost in Self-Contemplation). After a year at Marburg, Arendt spent a semester at Freiburg, attending the lectures of Husserl. In 1926 she moved to the University of Heidelberg , completing her dissertation in 1929 under Karl Jaspers. Jaspers, a friend of Heidegger, was the other leading figure of the then-new and revolutionary Existenzphilosophie . Her thesis

20064-504: Was also responsible for botany. During the Thirty Years' War , the garden was destroyed. The garden was rebuilt in 1766, but was forced to relocate to make room for the fortifications built by the Marquis de Vauban to protect the city after Freiburg had been annexed by France in 1677. The botanic garden was laid out near the river Dreisam . Its design was heavily influenced by the onset of

20216-469: Was an urgent need to acquire English, and it was decided that Hannah Arendt should spend two months with an American family in Winchester, Massachusetts , through Self-Help for Refugees, in July. She found the experience difficult but formulated her early appraisal of American life, Der Grundwiderspruch des Landes ist politische Freiheit bei gesellschaftlicher Knechtschaft (The fundamental contradiction of

20368-579: Was born Johanna Arendt in 1906, in the Wilhelmine period . Her secular and educated Jewish family lived comfortably in Linden , Prussia (now a part of Hanover ). They were merchants of Russian extraction from Königsberg . Her grandparents were members of the Reform Jewish community. Her paternal grandfather, Max Arendt  [ de ] , was a prominent businessman, local politician, and leader of

20520-493: Was built in 1683 by the Jesuit order . The church and the Jesuit college were handed over to the university after the Jesuit order was suppressed in 1773. The church was destroyed in the 27 November 1944, bombing raid on Freiburg, and reconstructed in 1956. The "institute quarter" ( Institutsviertel ) is home to the science faculties. This campus was destroyed almost completely in the Freiburg bombing raid in 1944. After World War II,

20672-541: Was chosen as his successor. However, shortly after the start of his term, the Social Democratic Party of Germany nominated Voßkuhle as vice-president of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany . Voßkuhle accepted the nomination, was confirmed, and took his seat on the court in May 2008. In July 2008, then vice-rector Hans-Jochen Schiewer was elected as successor to Voßkuhle. Schiewer has assumed

20824-442: Was considered by some an apologia , and for the phrase " the banality of evil ." Her name appears in the names of journals, schools , scholarly prizes , humanitarian prizes , think-tanks, and streets; appears on stamps and monuments; and is attached to other cultural and institutional markers that commemorate her thought. Hannah Arendt was born to a Jewish family in Linden (now a district of Hanover , Germany) in 1906. When she

20976-583: Was detained by the French as an alien . She escaped and made her way to the United States in 1941 via Portugal. She settled in New York, which remained her principal residence for the rest of her life. She became a writer and editor and worked for the Jewish Cultural Reconstruction , becoming an American citizen in 1950. With the publication of The Origins of Totalitarianism in 1951, her reputation as

21128-498: Was educated at the Albertina ( University of Königsberg ). Though he worked as an engineer, he prided himself on his love of Classics , with a large library that Hannah immersed herself in. Martha Cohn, a musician, had studied for three years in Paris. In the first four years of their marriage, the Arendts lived in Berlin, and were supporters of the socialist journal Socialist Monthly Bulletins ( Sozialistische Monatshefte ). At

21280-458: Was granted; in the second, funding was granted for the excellence cluster Centre for Biological Signalling Studies ( bioss ); and in the third category, Institutional Strategy Line of Funding, open only to institutions with submissions qualified in the first two categories, the university is receiving funding for "Windows for Research", which aims to promote a high level of interdisciplinarity between research fields and attract scientists from all over

21432-592: Was its provost or chancellor ( Kanzler ), the bishop of Constance was its patron, and the real founder of the university was the sovereign, Archduke Albert VI of Austria , being the brother of Frederick III , Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation . At its founding, the university was named after Albert VI of Austria . He provided the university with land and endowments , as well as its own jurisdiction . Also he declared Albrechts University as

21584-527: Was likewise connected to a dynasty of philosophers and musicians. Of Max Arendt's children, Paul Arendt was an engineer and Henriette Arendt a policewoman and social worker. Hannah was the only child of Paul and Martha Arendt (née Cohn), who were married on 11 April 1902. She was named after her paternal grandmother. The Cohns had originally come to Königsberg from nearby Russian territory of Lithuania in 1852, as refugees from antisemitism, and made their living as tea importers, J. N. Cohn & Company being

21736-595: Was now an émigrée , an exile, stateless, without papers, and had turned her back on the Germany and Germans of the Nazizeit . Her legal status was precarious and she was coping with a foreign language and culture, all of which took its toll on her mentally and physically. In 1934 she started working for the Zionist -funded outreach program Agriculture et Artisanat, giving lectures and organizing clothing, documents, medications and education for Jewish youth seeking to emigrate to

21888-428: Was re-conquered and appointed as capital of Further Austria , a new time began for the university by the reforms of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria . The requirements for admission were changed for all faculties in 1767 (before that time only Roman Catholics were allowed to study) and Natural Sciences were added as well as Public Administration . Also in 1767, the university became a governmental institution despite

22040-512: Was seven, leaving her mother to raise her. They lived at Hannah's grandfather's house at Tiergartenstraße 6, a leafy residential street adjacent to the Königsberg Tiergarten , in the predominantly Jewish neighborhood of Hufen . Although Hannah's parents were non-religious, they were happy to allow Max Arendt to take Hannah to the Reform synagogue. She also received religious instruction from

22192-468: Was skeptical of the movement's ability to achieve political change. She was also critical of the movement, because it was a women's movement, rather than contributing with men to a political movement, and abstract rather than striving for concrete goals. In this manner she echoed Rosa Luxemburg . Like Luxemburg, she would later criticize Jewish movements for the same reason. Arendt consistently prioritized political over social questions. By 1932, faced with

22344-443: Was still alive. The affair was not well known until 1995, when Elzbieta Ettinger gained access to the sealed correspondence and published a controversial account that was used by Arendt's detractors to cast doubt on her integrity. That account, which caused a scandal, was subsequently refuted. At Marburg, Arendt lived at Lutherstraße 4. Among her friends was Hans Jonas , a Jewish classmate. Another fellow student of Heidegger's

22496-467: Was stripped of her German citizenship and she and Stern divorced. She had begun seeing more of Blücher, and eventually they began living together. It was Blücher's long political activism that began to move Arendt's thinking towards political action. Arendt and Blücher married on 16 January 1940, shortly after their divorces were finalized. On 5 May 1940, in anticipation of the German invasion of France and

22648-457: Was then considered normale Entwicklung ("normal development"). Arendt attended kindergarten from 1910 where her precocity impressed her teachers and enrolled in the Szittnich School, Königsberg (Hufen-Oberlyzeum), on Bahnstraße in August 1913, but her studies there were interrupted by the outbreak of World War I, forcing the family to temporarily flee to Berlin on 23 August 1914, in

22800-471: Was three, her family moved to the East Prussian capital of Königsberg for her father's health care. Paul Arendt had contracted syphilis in his youth but was thought to be in remission when Arendt was born. He died when she was seven. Arendt was raised in a politically progressive, secular family, her mother being an ardent Social Democrat . After completing secondary education in Berlin, Arendt studied at

22952-605: Was titled Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin: Versuch einer philosophischen Interpretation (On the concept of love in the thought of Saint Augustine : Attempt at a philosophical interpretation). She remained a lifelong friend of Jaspers and his wife, Gertrud Mayer, developing a deep intellectual relationship with him. At Heidelberg, her circle of friends included Hans Jonas, who had also moved from Marburg to study Augustine , working on his Augustin und das paulinische Freiheitsproblem. Ein philosophischer Beitrag zur Genesis der christlich-abendländischen Freiheitsidee (1930), and also

23104-399: Was winding down and she was simultaneously pursuing her own intellectual activities; she retained this position until her death. Arendt's work on cultural restitution provided further material for her study of totalitarianism. In the 1950s Arendt published The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) and The Human Condition (1958), followed by On Revolution (1963). Arendt became

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