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25-497: (Redirected from Free Thinker ) Not to be confused with Freedom of thought . [REDACTED] Look up free thought  or freethought in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Freethought is a philosophical viewpoint that holds opinions should be formed on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism. It may also refer to: Organizations [ edit ] De Vrije Gedachte ,

50-705: A quorum . Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution grants plenary power to the president of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate , appoint justices to the Supreme Court; justices have life tenure . The Supreme Court was created by Article III of the United States Constitution , which stipulates that the "judicial power of

75-594: A 1994 film by Peter Watkins . Free Thinker (book) , a 2016 poetry book by Alan Kimble (pen name of comedian Chris Strait ) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Free thought . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_thought_(disambiguation)&oldid=1216146144 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

100-629: A period of years off the Court, his 138 days as chief justice . As of November 25, 2024, the length of service for the nine incumbent justices ranges from Clarence Thomas 's 33 years, 33 days to Ketanji Brown Jackson 's 2 years, 148 days. Five individuals, who were confirmed for associate justice, were later appointed chief justice separately: John Rutledge , Edward Douglass White , Charles Evans Hughes , Harlan F. Stone and William Rehnquist . While listed twice, each of them has been assigned only one index number. The justices of

125-403: A person, new knowledge and ideas also bring a hope for the future. Freedom of thought is the precursor and progenitor of—and thus is closely linked to—other liberties, including freedom of religion , freedom of speech, and freedom of expression. Though freedom of thought is axiomatic for many other freedoms, they are in no way required for it to operate and exist. The conception of a freedom or

150-794: A right does not guarantee its inclusion, legality, or protection via a philosophical caveat. It is a very important concept in the Western world and nearly all democratic constitutions protect these freedoms. For instance, the United States Bill of Rights contains the famous guarantee in the First Amendment that laws may not be made that interfere with religion "or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". U.S. Supreme Court Justice Benjamin Cardozo reasoned in Palko v. Connecticut (1937): Freedom of thought...

175-409: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Freedom of thought Every person attempts to have a cognitive proficiency by developing knowledge, concepts, theories and assessing them in the given environment. This cognitive proficiency gives a sense of contentment and replaces the feeling of helplessness. Apart from bringing ease to the ego of

200-404: Is listed under Article 18: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. The United Nations ' Human Rights Committee states that this "distinguishes

225-581: Is the matrix, the indispensable condition, of nearly every other form of freedom. With rare aberrations a pervasive recognition of this truth can be traced in our history, political and legal. Such ideas are also a vital part of international human rights law . In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which is legally binding on member states of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), "freedom of thought"

250-654: The European Convention on Human Rights states, "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion." It is impossible to know with certainty what another person is thinking, making suppression difficult. The concept is developed throughout the Bible, most fully in the writings of Saul of Tarsus (e.g., "For why should my freedom [ eleutheria ] be judged by another's conscience [ suneideseos ]?" 1 Corinthians 10:29). Although Greek philosophers Plato and Socrates had discussed freedom of thought minimally,

275-631: The Catholic Church such as the possibility of an infinite universe. Unwilling to recant these ideas, Bruno was eventually burned as a heretic in Rome by the Italian Inquisition , in turn becoming a martyr for free thought. Oliver Cromwell is described by Ignaz von Döllinger as "the first among the mighty men of the world to set up one special religious principle, and to enforce it so far as in him lay: ... The principle of liberty of conscience and

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300-555: The Dutch freethinkers association "The Free Thought" Publications [ edit ] The Free Thought — a Ukrainian-language newspaper published in Australia The Freethinker (journal) , British journal, oldest surviving secularist publication in the world, first published in 1881 The Freethinker (newspaper) , a Whig newspaper founded in 1718 by Ambrose Philips and Hugh Boulter The Freethinker (film) ,

325-417: The Supreme Court are: This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the U.S. Supreme Court. Information regarding each justice's predecessors, successors, and fellow justices, as well as their tenure on the court, can be gleaned (and comparisons between justices drawn) from it. There are no formal names or numbers for the individual seats of the associate justices, which are listed in

350-446: The Supreme Court, historically in response to the country's own expansion in size. An 1801 act would have decreased the Court's size to five members upon its next vacancy. However, an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred, maintaining the Court's size at six members. Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807 , to nine in 1837 , and to ten in 1863 . An 1866 act

375-465: The United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court," and was organized by the 1st United States Congress . Through the Judiciary Act of 1789 , Congress specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction , created thirteen judicial districts, and fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). Since 1789, Congress has occasionally altered the size of

400-467: The average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years. However, since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years. Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 116 people have served on the Court. The length of service on the Court for the 107 non-incumbent justices ranges from William O. Douglas 's 36 years, 209 days to John Rutledge 's 1 year, 18 days as associate justice and, separated by

425-590: The claim that an effort to limit the use of words of language is actually a form of restricting freedom of thought. This was explored in George Orwell 's novel 1984 , with the idea of Newspeak , a stripped-down form of the English language alleged to lack the capacity for metaphor and limiting expression of original ideas. More recently, neuroimaging technology has raised concerns about entities possibly reading and subsequently suppressing thought. These concerns form

450-491: The early 20th century, many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether. A retired justice, according to the United States Code , is no longer a member of the Supreme Court, but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court, and many retired justices have served in these capacities. Historically,

475-460: The edicts of King Ashoka (3rd century BC) have been called the first decree respecting freedom of conscience. In European tradition, aside from the decree of religious toleration by Constantine I at Milan in 313, the philosophers Themistius , Michel de Montaigne , Baruch Spinoza , John Locke , Voltaire , Alexandre Vinet , and John Stuart Mill and the theologians Roger Williams and Samuel Rutherford have been considered major proponents of

500-461: The emerging fields of neuroethics and neuroprivacy . Supreme Court Justice This is an accepted version of this page The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest-ranking judicial body in the United States . Its membership, as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , consists of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices , any six of whom constitute

525-555: The freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief from the freedom to manifest religion or belief. It does not permit any limitations whatsoever on the freedom of thought and conscience or on the freedom to have or adopt a religion or belief of one's choice. These freedoms are protected unconditionally". Similarly, Article 19 of the UDHR guarantees that "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference". Article 9 of

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550-418: The idea of freedom of conscience (or "soul liberty" in the words of Williams). Queen Elizabeth I revoked a thought censorship law in the late sixteenth century, because, according to Sir Francis Bacon , she did "not [like] to make windows into men's souls and secret thoughts". During her reign, however, a number of books published by theorist Giordano Bruno spurred controversy, mentioning topics banned by

575-756: The radical anti-intellectualism enforced in Cambodia under Pol Pot and in Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler , the strict limits on freedom of expression imposed by the Communist governments of the People's Republic of China and Cuba or by Capitalist dictatorships such as those of Augusto Pinochet in Chile and Francisco Franco in Spain. The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis , which states that thought can be embedded in language , would support

600-452: The repudiation of religious coercion". However, freedom of expression can be limited through censorship , arrests, book burning , or propaganda , and this tends to discourage freedom of thought. Examples of effective campaigns against freedom of expression are the Soviet suppression of genetics research in favor of a theory known as Lysenkoism , the book-burning campaigns of Nazi Germany ,

625-412: Was to have reduced the Court's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies, and two vacancies did occur during this period. However, before a third vacancy occurred, the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened, restoring the Court's size to nine members, where it has remained ever since. While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life, many have retired or resigned. Beginning in

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