56-529: Rear-Admiral Frederick William Beechey FRS (17 February 1796 – 29 November 1856) was an English naval officer , artist, explorer, hydrographer and writer. He was the son of two painters, Sir William Beechey , RA and his second wife, Anne Jessop . Born in London on 17 February 1796, his brothers included the British admiral and painter Richard Brydges Beechey , the portraitist Henry William Beechey and
112-539: A diving bell , a device in which the atmosphere was replenished by way of weighted barrels of air sent down from the surface. In a demonstration, Halley and five companions dived to 60 feet (18 m) in the River Thames , and remained there for over an hour and a half. Halley's bell was of little use for practical salvage work, as it was very heavy, but he made improvements to it over time, later extending his underwater exposure time to over 4 hours. Halley suffered one of
168-706: A Voyage to the Pacific and Bering's Strait to Co-operate with the Polar Expeditions, 1825-1828 . In 1835 and '36, Captain Beechey was employed on the coast survey of South America , and from 1837 to 1847, carried on similar work along the Irish coasts, and in the North Sea and English Channel . He carried out detailed tidal surveys during this period, which were published, with charts, in two Royal Society papers in 1848 and 1851. This
224-748: A barge from his ship reached 71°23'31" N., and 156°21'30" W. near Point Barrow , which he named, a point only 146 miles west of that reached by Franklin's expedition from the Mackenzie River . The whole voyage lasted more than three years, and in the course of it, Beechey discovered several islands in the Pacific , and an excellent harbour near Cape Prince of Wales . In 1826, he visited a Catholic mission in California. He wrote, "...with whips, canes and goads or sharp, pointed sticks to preserve silence and maintain order, and what seemed more difficult than either, to keep
280-663: A captain in the Royal Navy , recommissioned the Paramour on 24 August 1699 and sailed again in September 1699 to make extensive observations on the conditions of terrestrial magnetism . This task he accomplished in a second Atlantic voyage which lasted until 6 September 1700, and extended from 52 degrees north to 52 degrees south. The results were published in General Chart of the Variation of
336-576: A doubt of its being round; others no less knowing imagin'd all they were not acquainted with, desart and uninhabitable. But now geography and hydrography have receiv'd some perfection by the pains of so many mariners and travelers, who to evince the rotundity of the earth and water, have sail’d and travell'd round it, as has been here made appear; to show there is no part uninhabitable, unless the frozen polar regions, have visited all other countries, tho never so remote, which they have found well peopl'd, and most of them rich and delightful…. Astronomy has receiv'd
392-568: A full account of their work in 1828 under the title of Proceedings of the Expedition to Explore the Northern Coast of Africa from Tripoly [ sic ] Eastward in 1821-1822 . In 1825, Beechey was appointed to command HMS Blossom . His task was to explore the Bering Strait in concert with Franklin and Parry operating from the east. In the summer of 1826, he passed the strait and
448-443: A grand expansion of European knowledge of the world: What was cosmography before these discoveries, but an imperfect fragment of a science, scarce deserving so good a name? When all the known world was only Europe, a small part of Africk, and the lesser portion of Asia; so that of this terraqueous globe not one sixth part had ever been seen or heard of. Nay so great was the ignorance of man in this particular, that learned persons made
504-592: A later period he published a narrative. In the following year he accompanied Lieutenant W. E. Parry in HMS ; Hecla , sailing as far north as Melville Island . In 1821, as an officer on HMS Adventure , he took part in the survey of the Mediterranean coast of Africa under the direction of Captain William Henry Smyth . His brother, Henry William Beechey, and he made an overland survey of this coast and published
560-522: A letter requesting that Halley be unconditionally awarded his Master of Arts degree, which the college granted on 3 December 1678. Just a few days before, Halley had been elected as a fellow of the Royal Society , at the age of 22. In 1679, he published Catalogus Stellarum Australium ('A catalogue of the stars of the South'), which includes his map and descriptions of 341 stars. Robert Hooke presented
616-516: A series of observations of what became known as Halley's Comet ; his name became associated with it because of his work on its orbit and predicting its return in 1758 (which he did not live to see). In early 1686, Halley was elected to the Royal Society's new position of secretary, requiring him to give up his fellowship and manage correspondence and meetings, as well as edit the Philosophical Transactions . Also in 1686, Halley published
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#1732863219380672-574: Is immediately superior to commodore and is subordinate to vice admiral . It is a two-star rank and has a NATO ranking code of OF-7. The equivalent rank in the British Army and Royal Marines is major-general ; and in the Royal Air Force it is air vice-marshal . The rank originated in the 17th century, in the days of naval sailing squadrons when each naval squadron would be assigned an admiral as its head. The admiral would command from
728-456: Is not to Halley's credit that he failed to acknowledge Gregory's priority in this matter. In 1717–18 he discovered the proper motion of the "fixed" stars (publishing this in 1718) by comparing his astrometric measurements with those given in Ptolemy's Almagest . Arcturus and Sirius were two noted to have moved significantly, the latter having progressed 30 arc minutes (about the diameter of
784-476: The Bodleian Library at Oxford. He also completed a new translation of the first four books from the original Greek that had been started by the late David Gregory . He published these along with his own reconstruction of Book VIII in the first complete Latin edition in 1710. The same year, he received an honorary degree of doctor of laws from Oxford. In 1716, Halley suggested a high-precision measurement of
840-597: The Solar System and sunspots . In March 1675, he wrote to John Flamsteed , the Astronomer Royal (England's first), telling him that the leading published tables on the positions of Jupiter and Saturn were erroneous, as were some of Tycho Brahe 's star positions. In 1676, Flamsteed helped Halley publish his first paper, titled "A Direct and Geometrical Method of Finding the Aphelia, Eccentricities, and Proportions of
896-497: The aurora borealis . He suggested, "Auroral rays are due to particles, which are affected by the magnetic field, the rays parallel to Earth's magnetic field." In 1693 Halley published an article on life annuities , which featured an analysis of age-at-death on the basis of the Breslau statistics Caspar Neumann had been able to provide. This article allowed the British government to sell life annuities at an appropriate price based on
952-701: The Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed, and the Anglican Church questioned his religious views, largely on the grounds that he had doubted the Earth's age as given in the Bible . After Flamsteed wrote to Newton to rally support against Halley, Newton wrote back in hopes of reconciliation, but was unsuccessful. Halley's candidacy was opposed by both the Archbishop of Canterbury , John Tillotson , and Bishop Stillingfleet , and
1008-516: The Astronomy of Comets ); in this, he stated his belief that the comet sightings of 1456, 1531, 1607, and 1682 were of the same comet, and that it would return in 1758. Halley did not live to witness the comet's return, but when it did, the comet became generally known as Halley's Comet. By 1706 Halley had learned Arabic and completed the translation started by Edward Bernard of Books V–VII of Apollonius 's Conics from copies found at Leiden and
1064-523: The Astronomy of Comets . It was named after him upon its predicted return in 1758, which he did not live to see. Beginning in 1698, Halley made sailing expeditions and made observations on the conditions of terrestrial magnetism . In 1718, he discovered the proper motion of the "fixed" stars . Halley was born in Haggerston in Middlesex . His father, Edmond Halley Sr., came from a Derbyshire family and
1120-741: The Compass (1701). This was the first such chart to be published and the first on which isogonic , or Halleyan, lines appeared. The use of such lines inspired later ideas such as those of isotherms by Alexander von Humboldt in his maps. In 1701, Halley made a third and final voyage on the Paramour to study the tides of the English Channel . In 1702, he was dispatched by Queen Anne on diplomatic missions to other European leaders. The preface to Awnsham and John Churchill 's collection of voyages and travels (1704), supposedly written by John Locke or by Halley, valourised expeditions such as these as part of
1176-646: The Primary Planets, Without Supposing Equality in Angular Motion", about planetary orbits , in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . Influenced by Flamsteed's project to compile a catalogue of stars of the northern celestial hemisphere , Halley proposed to do the same for the southern sky , dropping out of school to do so. He chose the south Atlantic island of Saint Helena (west of Africa), from which he would be able to observe not only
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#17328632193801232-647: The Sun. Focusing on this latter observation, Halley realised that observing the solar parallax of a planet—more ideally using the transit of Venus , which would not occur within his lifetime—could be used to trigonometrically determine the distances between Earth, Venus, and the Sun. Halley returned to England in May 1678, and used his data to produce a map of the southern stars. Oxford would not allow Halley to return because he had violated his residency requirements when he left for Saint Helena. He appealed to Charles II, who signed
1288-450: The addition of many constellations never seen before. Natural and moral history is embelish'd with the most beneficial increase of so many thousands of plants it had never before receiv'd, so many drugs and spices, such variety of beasts, birds and fishes, such rarities in minerals, mountains and waters, such unaccountable diversity of climates and men, and in them of complexions, tempers, habits, manners, politicks, and religions…. To conclude,
1344-415: The age of the purchaser. Halley's work strongly influenced the development of actuarial science . The construction of the life-table for Breslau, which followed more primitive work by John Graunt , is now seen as a major event in the history of demography . The Royal Society censured Halley for suggesting in 1694 that the story of Noah's flood might be an account of a cometary impact. A similar theory
1400-656: The behest of King William III , Halley was given command of the Paramour , a 52 feet (16 m) pink , so that he could carry out investigations in the South Atlantic into the laws governing the variation of the compass , as well as to refine the coordinates of the English colonies in the Americas . On 19 August 1698, he took command of the ship and, in November 1698, sailed on what was
1456-599: The catalogue to the Royal Society. In mid-1679, Halley went to Danzig ( Gdańsk ) on behalf of the Society to help resolve a dispute: because astronomer Johannes Hevelius ' observing instruments were not equipped with telescopic sights , Flamsteed and Hooke had questioned the accuracy of his observations; Halley stayed with Hevelius and checked his observations, finding that they were quite precise. By 1681, Giovanni Domenico Cassini had told Halley of his theory that comets were objects in orbit. In September 1682, Halley carried out
1512-412: The centre vessel and direct the activities of the squadron. The admiral would in turn be assisted by a vice admiral, who commanded the lead ships which would bear the brunt of a naval battle. In the rear of the naval squadron, a third admiral would command the remaining ships and, as this section of the squadron was considered to be in the least danger, the admiral in command of the rear would typically be
1568-561: The congregation in their kneeling posture. The goads would reach a long way and inflict a sharp puncture without making any noise. The end of the church was occupied by a guard of soldiers under arms with fixed bayonets." In July 1826, he named the three islands in the Bering Strait. Two were the Diomede Islands that Vitus Bering had named in 1728: "Ratmanoff Island" (Big Diomede) and "Krusenstern Island" (Little Diomede). Beechey called
1624-665: The distance between the Earth and the Sun by timing the transit of Venus . In doing so, he was following the method described by James Gregory in Optica Promota (in which the design of the Gregorian telescope is also described). It is reasonable to assume Halley possessed and had read this book given that the Gregorian design was the principal telescope design used in astronomy in Halley's day. It
1680-443: The earliest being the one accepted. These dates were wrong by thousands of years, but the idea that scientific methods could be used to date ancient monuments was revolutionary in its day. Halley succeeded John Flamsteed in 1720 as Astronomer Royal, a position Halley held until his death in 1742 at the age of 85. He was buried in the graveyard of the old church of St Margaret's, Lee (since rebuilt), at Lee Terrace, Blackheath . He
1736-411: The earliest recorded cases of middle ear barotrauma . That same year, at a meeting of the Royal Society, Halley introduced a rudimentary working model of a magnetic compass using a liquid-filled housing to damp the swing and wobble of the magnetised needle. In 1691, Halley sought the post of Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford. While a candidate for the position, Halley faced the animosity of
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1792-419: The emerging field of information visualisation . Halley spent most of his time on lunar observations, but was also interested in the problems of gravity . One problem that attracted his attention was the proof of Kepler's laws of planetary motion . In August 1684, he went to Cambridge to discuss this with Isaac Newton , much as John Flamsteed had done four years earlier, only to find that Newton had solved
1848-437: The empire of Europe is now extended to the utmost bounds of the earth, where several of its nations have conquests and colonies. These and many more are the advantages drawn from the labours of those, who expose themselves to the dangers of the vast ocean, and of unknown nations; which those who sit still at home abundantly reap in every kind: and the relation of one traveler is an incentive to stir up another to imitate him, whilst
1904-465: The first purely scientific voyage by an English naval vessel. Unfortunately problems of insubordination arose over questions of Halley's competence to command a vessel. Halley returned the ship to England to proceed against officers in July 1699. The result was a mild rebuke for his men, and dissatisfaction for Halley, who felt the court had been too lenient. Halley thereafter received a temporary commission as
1960-512: The mint was profiting from it. In 1698, the Czar of Russia (later known as Peter the Great ) was on a visit to England, and hoped Newton would be available to entertain him. Newton sent Halley in his place. He and the Czar bonded over science and brandy. According to one disputed account, when both of them were drunk one night, Halley jovially pushed the Czar around Deptford in a wheelbarrow. In 1698, at
2016-437: The moon) southwards in 1800 years. In 1720, together with his friend the antiquarian William Stukeley , Halley participated in the first attempt to scientifically date Stonehenge . Assuming that the monument had been laid out using a magnetic compass, Stukeley and Halley attempted to calculate the perceived deviation introducing corrections from existing magnetic records, and suggested three dates (460 BC, AD 220 and AD 920),
2072-475: The most junior of the squadron admirals. This has survived into the modern age, with the rank of rear admiral the most junior of the admiralty ranks of many navies. Prior to 1864 the Royal Navy was divided into coloured squadrons which determined career path . The command flags flown by a rear-admiral changed a number of times during this period. The Royal Navy rank of rear admiral should be distinguished from
2128-513: The name should be pronounced in the context of the astronomer or the comet. The alternative / ˈ h eɪ l i / is much more common in the latter context than it is when used as a modern surname. Colin Ronan , one of Halley's biographers, preferred / ˈ h ɔː l i / . Contemporary accounts spell his name Hailey, Hayley, Haley, Haly, Halley, Hawley and Hawly , and presumably pronunciations varied similarly. As for his given name, although
2184-474: The office of Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom , which is an Admiralty position usually held by a senior (and possibly retired) "full" admiral. Edmond Halley Edmond (or Edmund ) Halley FRS ( / ˈ h æ l i / ; 8 November [ O.S. 29 October] 1656 – 25 January 1742 [ O.S. 14 January 1741]) was an English astronomer , mathematician and physicist . He
2240-471: The orbit of comet Kirch, based on Flamsteed's observations in 1680–1681. Although he was to accurately calculate the orbit of the comet of 1682, he was inaccurate in his calculations of the orbit of comet Kirch. They indicated a periodicity of 575 years, thus appearing in the years 531 and 1106, and presumably heralding the death of Julius Caesar in a like fashion in 45 BC. It is now known to have an orbital period of circa 10,000 years. In 1691, Halley built
2296-659: The painter George Duncan Beechey . Frederick entered the Royal Navy at the age of 10 under the command of John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent . He was promoted to midshipman on February 8 1807 and saw active service during the War of 1812 . He served in the Battle of New Orleans . Because of this, he was promoted to 2nd lieutenant on March 10 1815 In early 1818, and now a lieutenant, Beechey sailed on HMS Trent under Lieutenant John Franklin in David Buchan 's Arctic expedition, of which at
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2352-491: The persistent misconception that Halley received a knighthood , it is not the case. The idea can be tracked back to American astronomical texts such as William Augustus Norton 's 1839 An Elementary Treatise on Astronomy , possibly due to Halley's royal occupations and connections to Sir Isaac Newton . Halley married Mary Tooke in 1682 and settled in Islington . The couple had three children. There are three pronunciations of
2408-599: The post went instead to David Gregory , who had Newton's support. In 1692, Halley put forth the idea of a hollow Earth consisting of a shell about 500 miles (800 km) thick, two inner concentric shells and an innermost core. He suggested that atmospheres separated these shells, and that each shell had its own magnetic poles , with each sphere rotating at a different speed. Halley proposed this scheme to explain anomalous compass readings. He envisaged each inner region as having an atmosphere and being luminous (and possibly inhabited), and speculated that escaping gas caused
2464-650: The problem, at the instigation of Flamsteed with regard to the orbit of comet Kirch , without publishing the solution. Halley asked to see the calculations and was told by Newton that he could not find them, but promised to redo them and send them on later, which he eventually did, in a short treatise titled On the motion of bodies in an orbit . Halley recognised the importance of the work and returned to Cambridge to arrange its publication with Newton, who instead went on to expand it into his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica published at Halley's expense in 1687. Halley's first calculations with comets were thereby for
2520-506: The rest of mankind, in their accounts without stirring a foot, compass the earth and seas, visit all countries, and converse with all nations. In November 1703, Halley was appointed Savilian Professor of Geometry at the University of Oxford, his theological enemies, John Tillotson and Bishop Stillingfleet having died. In 1705, applying historical astronomy methods, he published the paper Astronomiae cometicae synopsis ( A Synopsis of
2576-450: The second part of the results from his Helenian expedition, being a paper and chart on trade winds and monsoons . The symbols he used to represent trailing winds still exist in most modern day weather chart representations. In this article he identified solar heating as the cause of atmospheric motions. He also established the relationship between barometric pressure and height above sea level. His charts were an important contribution to
2632-410: The southern stars, but also some of the northern stars with which to cross-reference them. King Charles II supported his endeavour. Halley sailed to the island in late 1676, then set up an observatory with a large sextant with telescopic sights. Over a year, he made observations with which he would produce the first telescopic catalogue of the southern sky, and observed a transit of Mercury across
2688-594: The surname Halley . These are / ˈ h æ l i / , / ˈ h eɪ l i / , and / ˈ h ɔː l i / . As a personal surname, the most common pronunciation in the 21st century, both in Great Britain and in the United States, is / ˈ h æ l i / (rhymes with "valley"). This is the personal pronunciation used by most Halleys living in London today. This is useful guidance but does not, of course, tell us how
2744-438: The uninhabited third islet " Fairway Rock ", which is still its contemporary name. One of his crew, Petty Officer John Bechervaise, gave a detailed account of the voyage in his Thirty-six Years of a Seafaring Life by an Old Quartermaster , published privately in 1839. (The crewmember's namesake and great-great-grandson John Béchervaise (1910–1998) was a noted explorer of Antarctica.) In 1831, there appeared Beechey's Narrative of
2800-534: Was a wealthy soap-maker in London. As a child, Halley was very interested in mathematics. He studied at St Paul's School , where he developed his initial interest in astronomy, and was elected captain of the school in 1671. The following year, Halley's mother, Anne (probably née Robinson) died. In July 1673, he began studying at The Queen's College, Oxford . Halley took a twenty-four-foot (7.3 m) long telescope with him, apparently paid for by his father. While still an undergraduate, Halley published papers on
2856-519: Was independently suggested three centuries later, but is generally rejected by geologists. In 1696, Newton was appointed as warden of the Royal Mint and nominated Halley as deputy comptroller of the Chester mint. Halley spent two years supervising coin production. While there, he caught two clerks pilfering precious metals. He and the local warden spoke out about the scheme, unaware that the local master of
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#17328632193802912-751: Was interred in the same vault as the Astronomer Royal John Pond ; the unmarked grave of the Astronomer Royal Nathaniel Bliss is nearby. His original tombstone was transferred by the Admiralty when the original Lee church was demolished and rebuilt – it can be seen today on the southern wall of the Camera Obscura at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. His marked grave can be seen at St Margaret's Church, Lee Terrace. Despite
2968-435: Was made a fellow of the Royal Society , and with the help of King Charles II , was granted a master's degree from Oxford . Halley encouraged and helped fund the publication of Isaac Newton 's influential Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687). From observations Halley made in September 1682, he used Newton's law of universal gravitation to compute the periodicity of Halley's Comet in his 1705 Synopsis of
3024-451: Was painter Frances Anne Hopkins , who lived in Canada for 12 years and painted many scenes of canoe travel. His parents and three of his brothers were painters: admiral and painter Richard Brydges Beechey , portraitist Henry William Beechey , and portraitist George Duncan Beechey . Rear admiral (Royal Navy) Rear admiral ( RAdm ) is a flag officer rank of the Royal Navy . It
3080-591: Was the first published work of its kind since Edmond Halley 's tidal chart appeared in about 1702. He was appointed in 1850 to preside over the Marine Department of the Board of Trade . In 1854, he was made rear admiral , and in the following year was elected president of the Royal Geographical Society . Beechey Island , where Sir John Franklin wintered, was named by him after his father. His daughter
3136-458: Was the second Astronomer Royal in Britain, succeeding John Flamsteed in 1720. From an observatory he constructed on Saint Helena in 1676–77, Halley catalogued the southern celestial hemisphere and recorded a transit of Mercury across the Sun. He realised that a similar transit of Venus could be used to determine the distances between Earth, Venus, and the Sun. Upon his return to England, he
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