Frederick Burdette Spencer (born December 20, 1961), sometimes known by the nickname Fast Freddie , is an American former world champion motorcycle racer . Spencer is regarded as one of the greatest motorcycle racers of the early 1980s.
108-625: Spencer was born in Shreveport, Louisiana . He was a racing prodigy who began racing at the age of four, competing in dirt track events near his hometown of Shreveport. After winning the 1978 250cc U.S. National Novice Class Road Racing Championship for first year professionals, Spencer was contracted to ride for the American Honda racing team in the AMA Superbike Championship . He gave Honda their first-ever super bike victory when he won
216-632: A Ducati 999 . Though 999 production ended in 2006 and the bike was replaced by the Ducati 1098 , Ducati produced 150 limited-edition 999s at an elevated race specification to satisfy homologation requirements. Bayliss' main rivals in his title defense included former MotoGP rider Max Biaggi riding a Suzuki, 2004 champion James Toseland riding a Honda and Noriyuki Haga riding a Yamaha. The combination of some uneventful races in MotoGP and some exciting races in SBK saw
324-854: A General Motors plant that permanently closed in August 2012. The plant produced the Chevrolet Colorado , GMC Canyon , Hummer H3 series, and the Isuzu i-Series . In January 2013, the plant was leased from Caddo Parish by Elio Motors . However, Elio Motors never went into production at the Shreveport plant. In addition to GM, other notable large companies that have had or still have Shreveport manufacturing/assembly or production facilities or operations include: General Electric (electric transformer production), Western Electric (payphone manufacturing, approximately 7,500 employees at its peak, changed ownership through
432-671: A Kawasaki , but he is most closely associated with Honda and his partnership with Grand Prix tuner, Erv Kanemoto . He won all three of his world titles on Hondas with Kanemoto as head mechanic. Spencer had a short stint with the Agostini Yamaha team and ended his career on a Ducati in the US National Championship. For many years, Spencer operated a motorcycle riding school, Freddie Spencer's High Performance Riding School, until October 2008. Primarily based in Las Vegas, Nevada ,
540-404: A yellow fever epidemic, with over 400 additional victims eventually succumbing. The total death toll from August through November was approximately 1,200. Five Roman Catholic priests in the city and two religious sisters died while caring for yellow fever victims in the city. Greenwood Cemetery was established in 1893. A number of local African American musicians became nationally famous. By
648-519: A 21 percent increase in forcible rapes and more than 130 percent increases in both business armed robberies and business burglaries. In 2018 the local government and police authorities reported a crime drop in most categories; it was part of an overall reduction in crime since the late 20th century. As Shreveport continued its economic resurgence, the Adrian Perkins administration saw the coming of Advanced Aero Services, Tomakk Glass Partners, and
756-571: A bombing range. The efforts to procure the government's commitment to build the facility in the Greater Shreveport metropolitan area were spearheaded by a committee co-chaired by local civic leaders Andrew Querbes and John D. Ewing , beginning in 1927. It took a great deal of correspondence between the interested parties and the original proposal was rejected. However, in February 1928, a young crop duster, an Air Corps captain named Harold Ross Harris,
864-537: A false tank above the engine. Teething problems and injuries from crashes hindered Spencer's defense of his crown and he was relegated to fourth place in the championship. In spite of this, he still managed to win three times with the NSR500, and twice more on the NS500 three cylinder machine. 1985 proved to be a historic year for Spencer. He began the season by winning the prestigious season opening Daytona 200 . Spencer also won
972-498: A large manufacturing employer in Shreveport. By 2017, manufacturing and other goods-producing (e.g. petrochemical refining) jobs accounted for just 5% of Shreveport occupations, compared to 8% for the nationwide percentage of the workforce involved in manufacturing. Shreveport has since largely transitioned to a service economy. In particular, there has been rapid growth in the gaming industry. The city hosts various riverboat gambling casinos , and, before Hurricane Katrina in 2005,
1080-600: A loss that later made it difficult for many to gain Confederate pensions from state governments. The Red River, opened by Shreve in the 1830s, remained navigable throughout the Civil War. But seasonal water levels got so low at one point that Union Admiral David Dixon Porter was trapped with his gunboats north of Alexandria . His engineers quickly constructed a temporary dam to raise the water level and free his fleet. In 1873, Shreveport lost 759 citizens in an 80-day period to
1188-529: A low elevation overlooking the Red River. Western and northern portions of Shreveport have an elevation over 253 feet (77 m) above sea level. Pine forests, cotton fields , wetlands , and waterways mark the outskirts of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 123.396 square miles (319.59 km ), of which, 107.798 square miles (279.20 km )
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#17328801426031296-418: A mean income of $ 82,854; married-couple families $ 84,282 with a mean of $ 112,363; and non-family households $ 26,628 with a mean of $ 41,090. According to census estimates, 25% of its population earned from $ 50,000 to $ 100,000 annually; 13% $ 100,000 to $ 200,000; and 5% over $ 200,000. Approximately 24.9% of Shreveport lived at or below the poverty line, down from 2014 to 2018's census estimates of 25.4%. In 2019,
1404-464: A merger. In the 1980s, the oil and gas industry suffered a large economic downturn. This severely affected the regional economy, and many companies cut back jobs or went out of business, including a large retail shopping mall (South Park Mall) which closed in the late 1990s. Shreveport's economy entered a major economic recession, and many residents left the area. At one time, Shreveport was home to numerous manufacturers, including Shreveport Operations ,
1512-573: A permit for a march to the Little Union Baptist Church in Shreveport, where mourners gathered to honor and commemorate four black girls killed in the 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing on September 15 in Birmingham, Alabama . D'Artois and other officers entered the church on horseback and took out the pastor, Dr. Harry Blake, beating him severely. Also in 1963, headlines across the country reported that African American musician Sam Cooke
1620-612: A point. Marco Melandri won more races than both Biaggi and Sykes this season but failing to score points in 5 of the last 6 races cost him the title. The season saw the number of riders per row on the starting grid reduced from four to three; the knockout system in use for Superpole was revised as the number of riders admitted to the first and to the third session changed from sixteen to fifteen and from eight to nine respectively. In addition, pit stops with tyre changes were introduced in order to avoid races to be interrupted due to variable weather conditions. Kawasaki rider Tom Sykes
1728-644: A population of 393,406. Shreveport was founded in 1836 by the Shreve Town Company, a corporation established to develop a town at the juncture of the newly navigable Red River and the Texas Trail , an overland route into the newly independent Republic of Texas . It grew throughout the 20th century and, after the discovery of oil in Louisiana, became a national center for the oil industry. Standard Oil of Louisiana and United Gas Corporation were headquartered in
1836-658: A pre‑K through 12th grade private school. The church has produced a biblical musical, Songs of the Season , during the Christmas holidays for over 20 years. The Eastern Orthodox Church has maintained a presence in Shreveport since the early 1900s. The oldest Orthodox church in the city is St. George Greek Orthodox Church of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America , followed by St. Nicholas Orthodox Church ( Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America ), and
1944-441: A record 11 poles in the 14 round series and 14 wins (17 podiums) in 28 races; his main rival Haga was more consistent, finishing on the podium 19 times but winning only 8 races. 2009 also saw the debut of BMW and the return of Aprilia . Aprilia took a fourth final place in the championship with Max Biaggi , while BMW finished thirteenth with Troy Corser . 2009 Champion Ben Spies moved to MotoGP . James Toseland returned to
2052-423: A road-going 1,000 cc V-twin superbike and that the level of tuning now needed to make their 999 competitive on the race track was too expensive. Ducati said they would quit if the rules were not changed, while Alstare Suzuki team boss Francis Batta also said that his team would quit if the new rules gave Ducati an unfair advantage. The FIM eventually included the 1,200 cc displacement limit for twins in
2160-513: A series of rounds held on permanent racing facilities. Each round has two full length races and, from 2019, an additional ten-lap sprint race known as the Superpole race. The results of all three races are combined to determine three annual World Championships, one for riders , one for manufacturers and, as of 2024, a Teams World Championship. The motorcycles that race in the championship are tuned versions of motorcycles available for sale to
2268-413: A year under Dodd. Other historic large Baptist churches include Antioch Baptist , Galilee Missionary Baptist, Calvary Baptist, Broadmoor Baptist, Summer Grove Baptist, and Mount Canaan Missionary Baptist Church. Summer Grove Baptist Church was previously pastored by Wayne L. DuBose, a Baptist denominational officer. Mount Canaan was previously pastored by civil rights era icon Dr. Harry Blake, and Galilee
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#17328801426032376-490: Is St. Mark's Cathedral , an Episcopal Church congregation dating its establishment to the first religious service held in Shreveport in 1839. It became the see of the Episcopal Diocese of Western Louisiana in 1990. In Shreveport's interdenominational and Pentecostal population, Shreveport Community Church (an evangelical church affiliated with Assemblies of God USA ) owns and operates Evangel Christian Academy ,
2484-594: Is a city in the U.S. state of Louisiana . It is the third-most populous city in Louisiana after New Orleans and Baton Rouge . The bulk of Shreveport is in Caddo Parish , of which it is the parish seat. It extends along the west bank of the Red River into neighboring Bossier Parish . The 2020 census tabulation for the city's population was 201,573, while the Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area had
2592-532: Is also part of the I-20 Cyber Corridor linking the tech-centered Dallas–Fort Worth , Shreveport–Bossier , Greater Monroe , and Greater Atlanta metropolitan areas together. The city of Shreveport is 188 miles (303 km) from Dallas , 98 miles (158 km) from Tyler , and 41 miles (66 km) from Marshall , Texas; 215 miles (346 km) from Little Rock and 73 miles (117 km) from Texarkana , Arkansas; and 250 miles (400 km) from
2700-470: Is home to a branch of the National Weather Service which provides forecasts and warnings for the greater Ark-La-Tex region. Shreveport's population was initially 1,728 at the 1850 U.S. census , and has experienced growth to a historic high of 206,989 at the 1980 census . According to the 2020 United States census , there were 187,593 people, 73,114 households, and 42,775 families residing in
2808-449: Is land and 15.548 square miles (40.27 km ) is water. Shreveport—since the mid-1990s—has been a major gambling center with a modest downtown skyline. The "Streetscape" project, inspired by the coming of riverboat gaming, gave Shreveport's downtown traditional brick sidewalks, statues, sculptures, and mosaics. The O.K. Allen Bridge (Texas Street bridge) was lit with neon lights. Since then, Downtown Shreveport has seen minor changes until
2916-611: Is named for J. S. Noel Jr. The church was begun as a mission in 1906. In 2023, First United Methodist voted to leave the United Methodist Church. The large Holy Trinity Catholic Church , located downtown, was founded in 1858; it served Irish and German immigrants as well as native-born residents. Five priests died of yellow fever in the 1873 epidemic. The current sanctuary in Romanesque revival style architecture dates to 1896. Particularly striking in size and architecture
3024-519: Is today a traditional Jewish synagogue. Shreveport, historically, has had a large and civic-minded Jewish community and has elected three Jewish mayors. The Islamic community in Shreveport-Bossier constituted approximately 14% of Louisiana's total Muslim population in 2018. The majority of Shreveporter Muslims are Sunni , followed by the Nation of Islam and non-denominational Islam . Shreveport
3132-475: The 2008 superbike rules. According to the new rules, twin-cylinder motorcycles would be 6 kg heavier than four-cylinder machines (168 kg to 162 kg) and would also have a 50 mm air restrictor fitted. The weight limit and the intake-restrictor size of twin machines would be updated, if needed, during the Championship, by a system analysing the race points obtained. The new rules also changed
3240-623: The AMA Superbike series, and the European Grand Prix circuit, helping Honda develop the exotic, oval-cylindered NR500 four-stroke Grand Prix bike. By 1982 , he had been promoted full-time to Honda's Grand Prix team, who by then had given up on the NR500 and developed the NS500 three cylinder, two-stroke . In 1983 , Spencer won his first 500cc World Championship at the age of 21, becoming
3348-543: The Heliopolis , to remove the log jam. The company and the village of Shreve Town were named in Shreve's honor. Shreve Town was originally contained within the boundaries of a piece of land sold to the company in 1835 by the indigenous Caddo Indians . In 1838 Caddo Parish was created from the large Natchitoches Parish , and Shreve Town became its parish seat. On March 20, 1839, the town was incorporated as Shreveport. Originally,
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3456-477: The I-20 Cyber Corridor linking Shreveport to Dallas and Atlanta . Companies with significant operations or headquarters in Shreveport are Amazon , Regions Financial Corporation , JPMorgan Chase , Sam's Town Hotel and Gambling Hall , AT&T Mobility , United Parcel Service , Walmart , SWEPCO , General Electric , UOP LLC , Calumet Specialty Products Partners , and APS Payroll . Shreveport
3564-817: The Louisiana Maneuvers . The field exercise's mission was accomplished largely due to General George S. Patton , who commanded the mock "Blue" army's 2nd Armored Division. Shreveport was home to the Louisiana Hayride radio program, broadcast weekly from the Shreveport Municipal Memorial Auditorium . During its heyday from 1948 to 1960, this program stimulated the careers of some of the greatest figures in American music. The Hayride featured musicians including Hank Williams and Elvis Presley , who made his broadcasting debut at this venue. In
3672-460: The Magny-Cours Race 1. His victory gave him an unassailable lead with five races remaining. The season was marred by the death of Honda rider and former MotoGP World Champion Nicky Hayden , who succumbed to injuries sustained in a pedal-cycling accident near Rimini , Italy, on 22 May. Jonathan Rea won his fourth Superbike world title for Kawasaki. 2018 was the final season run with
3780-549: The Road America round of the 1980 AMA Superbike Championship. Spencer gained international prominence at the 1980 U.S. versus Britain Transatlantic Trophy match races when he won two legs at Brands Hatch , defeating World Champions Kenny Roberts and Barry Sheene in the process. Spencer went on to finish third in the 1980 Superbike championships and second to Eddie Lawson in 1981. In 1981 , he split his time between
3888-617: The Southern Baptist Convention , National Baptist Convention (USA) , National Baptist Convention of America , and Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship are the largest Baptist denominations in the city. The Progressive National Baptist Convention is the largest Progressive Baptist group in the area. Methodists are mainly affiliates of the African Methodist Episcopal Church or Christian Methodist Episcopal Church , though some also claimed affiliation to
3996-562: The Texas Street bridge , was lit with neon lights . Residents predictably had a variety of reactions to these changes. Shreveport was named an All-American City in 1953, 1979, and 1999. In the 1990s, Shreveport became known for its rap music scene, and acquired its famous aka name, Ratchet City . The term was first used by the group Lava House in its 1999 single "Ratchet". During the September 11, 2001 attacks , President George W. Bush
4104-539: The United States Army Corps of Engineers restored navigability by completion of a series of federally funded lock-and-dam structures and a navigation channel. As early as 1924, the citizens of Shreveport became interested in hosting a military flying field. In 1926, Shreveport citizens learned that the 3rd Attack Wing stationed at Fort Crockett , Texas, would be enlarged by 500 percent and would require at least 20,000 acres (81 km ) to support aerial gunnery and
4212-471: The civil rights movement to correct injustices under Jim Crow and disenfranchisement of blacks. While activism gradually increased, 1963 was a particularly violent year in Shreveport because of white resistance. The Shreveport home of Dr. C. O. Simpkins was bombed in retaliation for his work with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. In September 1963 George W. D'Artois , Public Service Commissioner, refused
4320-448: The penultimate round in Sweden when the two riders collided on the last lap. Roberts ran off the track leaving Spencer to sprint to the finish line and victory. Roberts won the last race but Spencer finished second, securing his first world title by two points. In 1984 , Honda developed a radically new V4 NSR500 that featured the fuel tank under the engine and the expansion chambers under
4428-508: The 1910s, Huddie William Ledbetter —also known as "Lead Belly", a blues singer and guitarist—was performing for Shreveport audiences in St. Paul's Bottoms, the notable red-light district of Shreveport that operated legally from 1903 to 1917. Ledbetter began to develop his own style of music after exposure to a variety of musical influences on Fannin Street, a row of saloons, brothels , and dance halls in
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4536-492: The 1990s, winning three races. He was eighth in 1991, riding a Honda for Two Brothers Racing, and went one better in 1992. In 1995 he raced a Fast By Ferracci Ducati to ninth, and at the end of the year took over the works Ducati from Mauro Lucchiari in Superbike World Championship . Spencer raced under several different marques during his racing career, winning his first Superbike National Championship race aboard
4644-507: The 2010s; the whole of Shreveport has been improving roads since the mid-2010s, with continued road projects in 2018. In 2018, buildings in Shreveport's downtown and nearby districts were revitalized due to re-investment in the area. In 2020, plans were unveiled for the I-49 Connector and further redevelopment of the city. Shreveport encompasses many areas, neighborhoods, and districts. The busiest thoroughfares and areas of Shreveport are
4752-472: The Bottoms. Bluesmen Jesse Thomas , Dave Alexander , and Kenny Wayne Shepherd , and the early jazz and ragtime composers Bill Wray and Willian Christopher O'Hare were all from Shreveport. Lead Belly achieved international fame. By 1914, neglect and lack of use, due to diversion of freight traffic to railroad lines, resulted in the Red River becoming unnavigable. In projects accomplished over decades, in 1994,
4860-460: The Formula 1 and 250cc classes, making him the only rider to win all three divisions in a single year. Spencer also competed in both the 250cc and 500cc Grand Prix World Championships, winning both titles in the same year. That made him the fifth (and last) rider ever to win in the 500cc and the next class down and, due to class changes, the only rider to win in both 500cc and 250cc in one year. His career
4968-670: The Holy Nativity of the Lord Church of the Orthodox Church in America . The Jewish community of Shreveport dates to the organization of Congregation Har El in 1859, made up primarily of German Jewish immigrants in its early years. It developed as B'nai Zion Temple , today the city's Reform congregation, which built the city's largest synagogue. Agudath Achim, founded in 1905 as an Orthodox congregation of immigrants from Eastern Europe,
5076-539: The Japanese manufacturers focused their resources there, leaving the Superbike World Championship with limited factory involvement (only Ducati and Suzuki). 2003 also saw the entry of Carl Fogarty ’s Foggy Petronas FP1. The bike was developed under the previous regulations and was powered by a three cylinder 900 cc engine. With most of the field running Ducati motorcycles, the championship received
5184-507: The Superbike World Championship after three years in MotoGP . The combination of Bayliss and Ducati proved unstoppable and they dominated the season, winning 12 races. Honda-mounted James Toseland and Yamaha's Noriyuki Haga battled for second with the British rider coming out on top. Defending champion Troy Corser on a Suzuki was fourth. 2006 gave the feeling that the Superbike World Championship
5292-574: The Superpole Race were determined by a single 25-minute Superpole Qualifying session. The grid for Race 2 featured the top nine riders in the Superpole Race in the order in which they finished followed by the remaining riders sorted by their Superpole Qualifying times. Jonathan Rea won his fifth Superbike world title for Kawasaki. In a season shortened by the Covid pandemic, Jonathan Rea won his sixth Superbike world title for Kawasaki. The championship
5400-574: The Trans-Mississippi was the last Confederate command to surrender, on May 26, 1865. "The period May 13–21, 1865, was filled with great uncertainly after soldiers learned of the surrenders of Lee and Johnston, the Good Friday assassination of President Abraham Lincoln and the rapid departure of their own generals." In the confusion there was a breakdown of military discipline and rioting by soldiers. They destroyed buildings containing service records,
5508-901: The Youree Drive area (named for Peter Youree ), the Shreveport Downtown Riverfront, and Highland neighborhood. All of the busiest areas are located in Eastern Shreveport, nearby or along the Red River. Below is a list of areas in the Shreveport area of Caddo Parish: Shreveport has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ). Rainfall is abundant, with the normal annual precipitation averaging over 51 inches (1,300 mm), with monthly averages ranging from less than 3 inches (76 mm) in August to more than 5 inches (130 mm) in June. Severe thunderstorms with heavy rain, hail , damaging winds and tornadoes occur in
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#17328801426035616-567: The advantages of the proposed site to the War Department . Following the return of this delegation, a special army board visited Shreveport and reported the location met all requirements of the Air Corps. The site was selected December 5, 1928, as the location of the airfield. The land in Bossier Parish on which the airfield was built was unincorporated land near Bossier City that was annexed by
5724-554: The area during the spring and summer months. The winter months are normally mild, with an average of 35 days of freezing or below-freezing temperatures per year, with ice and sleet storms possible. Summer months are hot and humid, with maximum temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on an average of 91 days per year, with high to very high relative average humidity. The extreme temperatures range from −5 °F (−21 °C) on February 12, 1899 , to 110 °F (43 °C) on August 18, 1909, and August 25 and 26, 2023. Shreveport
5832-494: The championship after 2 seasons in MotoGP and took Spies place at the Sterilgarda Yamaha World Superbike team, partnered by fellow Brit Cal Crutchlow . The factory Ducati team retained their two riders. The 2010 season started on February 28 at Phillip Island and ended on October 3 at Magny-Cours . The knockout system introduced for Superpole in 2009 was revised as the number of riders admitted to
5940-449: The championship in the bike's first year of competition. Ducati regained the title in 2001 with Troy Bayliss . Colin Edwards again reclaimed the title in 2002 on the same VTR1000 SPW bike. Colin Edwards won his second championship in what was arguably the most impressive comeback in the history of motorcycle racing. The season started with Troy Bayliss winning the first 6 races and by
6048-526: The championship's popularity increase even more. The championship was won by James Toseland in the season's last race. His 415 points put him two points ahead of Noriyuki Haga, with former MotoGP winner Max Biaggi following with 397 points on a Suzuki. After introducing the Ducati 1098 in 2007 powered by a 1,099 cc v-twin engine Ducati requested that Superbike rules be changed to allow v-twins of up to 1,200 cc compete against 1,000 cc four-cylinder bikes. Ducati argued that they no longer produced
6156-400: The city of Shreveport once the site had been selected among 80 candidates. The real estate was purchased from over 800 property owners via a $ 1,500,000 municipal bond issue approved by Shreveport voters in 1929 in fulfillment of the pledge that the citizens of Shreveport made to the U.S. government. The last of these bonds matured on December 31, 1959. After acquisition, Shreveport then donated
6264-426: The city until the 1960s and 1980s, respectively. After the loss of jobs in the oil industry, the closure of General Motors ' Shreveport Operations , and other economic problems, it struggled with a declining population, poverty, drugs, and violent crime. However, the city continues in its efforts to revitalize its infrastructure, revive the economy through diversification, and lower crime. Despite these efforts,
6372-545: The city witnessed the largest number of homicides in its recorded history in 2021, eclipsing the previous record set in 1993. Shreveport is the educational, commercial and cultural center of the Ark-La-Tex region, where Arkansas , Louisiana, and Texas meet. It is the location of Centenary College of Louisiana , Louisiana State University Shreveport , Louisiana Tech University Shreveport , Southern University at Shreveport , and Louisiana Baptist University . It forms part of
6480-440: The city, there were 89,523 housing units, with a 85% occupancy rate; among them, 54% were owner-occupied. Among its units, 73% were single-unit detached homes and 31% of its population moved into those homes from 2015 to 2016. The median value of its owner-occupied housing units were $ 151,700, and 30% of its units were estimated to be under $ 100,000; 38% of its units were estimated to cost from $ 100,000 to $ 200,000. From 2014 to 2018,
6588-413: The city; the 2020 American Community Survey determined an estimated 189,890 people resided in the city, purporting a slight population rebound. The 2020 census estimates showed Shreveport had 75,680 households with an average of 2.4 people per household. Of the households, 39% were married-couple households, though 44% of its male population and 40% of its female population have never married. Throughout
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#17328801426036696-426: The coming of riverboat gambling to Shreveport attracted numerous new patrons to the downtown and spurred a revitalization of the adjacent riverfront areas. Many downtown streets were given a facelift through the "Streetscape" project. Traditional brick sidewalks and crosswalks were built, and statues, sculptures, and mosaics were added to create a better pedestrian environment. The O.K. Allen Bridge, commonly known as
6804-454: The derogatory title "the Ducati Cup". The factory Ducati Team entered the only two Ducati 999s in the field, taking 20 wins from 24 races in a season where all races were won by Ducati. Neil Hodgson won the title on a factory Ducati. In an effort to create a more competitive field in 2004 organizers announced a series of changes to the championship. The most significant was that from 2004
6912-441: The end of race 1 at WeatherTech Raceway Laguna Seca he had 14 wins and was leading the championship by 58 points. Race 2 at WeatherTech Raceway Laguna Seca was the start of Colin Edwards ' comeback, he went on to win all 9 remaining races and (aided by a race 2 crash for Bayliss at Assen ) Edwards won the championship at the final race of the season at Imola . The final race of the season saw both riders fighting wheel to wheel for
7020-484: The entire race. The race is known by fans as the "Showdown at Imola". The manufacturer's championship was won by Ducati . During these years the Superbike World Championship reached the zenith of its popularity, with global fan and full factory support. In 2003 the FIM changed the rules to allow 1,000 cc machines (twins, triples or four-cylinder) to race. Rule changes in MotoGP to allow four-stroke engines meant that
7128-406: The first race of the last round at Losail , while Kawasaki had secured the manufacturers' title at the previous event at Jerez . Chaz Davies won the most races this season with Davies winning 11 races to Rea's 9. After changes in the standard weekend timetable, the first race, which was previously run on Sunday along with the second one, was scheduled to be held on Saturday. The season saw
7236-422: The first two sessions was reduced from twenty to sixteen and from sixteen to twelve respectively. Ducati no longer competed with a factory team in 2011, after 23 seasons which had brought the marque a total of 29 riders' and manufacturers' championship titles, instead limiting its participation to privateer teams running their works bikes. Aprilia 's gear-driven camshafts on its RSV4 motorcycle – which won
7344-477: The land to the federal government per their agreement, while the federal government assumed all the costs of building construction and equipment installation. Shreveport had originally proposed a site adjacent to Cross Lake , but the United States Department of War deemed this location inappropriate due to the lack of suitable terrain for the facility's future expansion. Subsequent to the establishment of
7452-533: The mainline United Methodist Church . The Roman Catholic community is primarily served by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shreveport . Of note among its predominantly Baptist population, the First Baptist Church of Shreveport was once pastored by Monroe E. Dodd, founder of the former Dodd College for Girls . Former Governor Jimmie Davis , also a Shreveport city commissioner, taught history for
7560-490: The median value of an owner-occupied housing unit was $ 144,800. The median monthly cost with a mortgage was $ 1,178 and the median monthly cost without a mortgage was $ 364; the city of Shreveport had a median gross rent of $ 810. The median income from 2014 to 2018 was $ 36,338, and the mean income was $ 55,582. The per capita income was $ 25,022. By the 2020 American Community Survey, its median household income increased to $ 40,809. The median income for families grew to $ 54,023 with
7668-539: The mid-1950s, KWKH was the first major radio station to feature the music of Presley on its long-running Louisiana Hayride program at the Shreveport Municipal Auditorium. Horace Logan, long-term KWKH program manager and originator of the Hayride , and Frank Page introduced Presley on the Hayride . African American veterans of World War II were among activists in Shreveport through the 1960s who worked in
7776-483: The military installation, Bossier City grew and expanded southward and eastward, eventually enveloping the area surrounding the base. Technically, Barksdale AFB is neither in Bossier City nor Shreveport but, like all military bases, is an autonomous community with its own infrastructure. In September, 1941, the capture of the city of Shreveport was the objective of a U.S. Army war game, or military exercise , known as
7884-602: The minimum number of bikes required to acquire homologation . For 2008 and 2009, all manufacturers, regardless of total production numbers, had to produce a minimum of 1,000 bikes to acquire homologation. From 2010 onwards, the minimum production number was increased to 3,000 bikes. In the past, smaller manufacturers were allowed to build as few as 150 bikes to meet the homologation requirements. Manufacturers took advantage of this by producing 'homologation specials'--highly tuned versions of their road bikes with performance parts designed especially for racing. The 2008 SBK championship
7992-472: The one-make tyre rule contract. Partly as a result of the control tyres, Motorcycle Sports Manufacturer Association (Aprilia, Ducati, Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki and Yamaha) announced that no MSMA teams would participate in the Superbike World Championship, later modifying their statement allowing Ducati to participate. A few privateers chose to run Japanese bikes in 2004 . Ten Kate Honda with Chris Vermeulen as its rider, won races and actually contended for
8100-582: The population was Hispanic or Latino American of any race. Reflecting the decline in North Louisiana's population, the city of Shreveport's racial and ethnic makeup among Hispanic and Latino Americans declined from 2010 yet rebounded from 2019's census estimates. At the 2020 census, Shreveport remained a predominantly Black and African American city, with 55.77% of the population identifying as such; non-Hispanic whites slightly declined to 35.26% and multiracial or Americans of another race increased to 3.45% of
8208-684: The population. Data from the 2020 United States census reflected growing trends of Hispanic and Latino, and Asian American population growth nationwide. Christianity is the city and metropolitan area's dominant religion, being part of the Bible Belt . Its residents were predominantly Protestant through the nineteenth century, and today, Baptists form the majority of Christians in Shreveport, followed by Methodists and Roman Catholics . Many Baptist and Methodist churches are affiliated with evangelical Protestant denominations, though several are also affiliated with mainline Protestantism ; among Baptists,
8316-500: The public, by contrast with MotoGP where purpose built machines are used. MotoGP is the motorcycle world's equivalent of Formula One , whereas Superbike racing is similar to sports car racing . Europe is Superbike World Championship's traditional centre and leading market. However, rounds have been held in the United States, Malaysia , New Zealand, Canada, Japan, Argentina, Australia, Russia, Qatar , Thailand, and South Africa and
8424-457: The public. For many years, the formula allowed for machines with 1,000 cc V-twin engines (principally Ducati , but later Aprilia and Honda ) to go up against the 750 cc four-cylinder engines ( Honda , Yamaha , Kawasaki and Suzuki ). For the first few seasons Honda won with the RC30 , but gradually the twins got the upper hand. Using 1,000 cc V-twin engines benefited Ducati and it
8532-565: The racial and ethnic makeup of Shreveport was 56.9% Black and African American , 36.8% non-Hispanic white , 0.4% American Indian and Alaska Native , 1.7% Asian , 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander , 0.1% some other race, 1.5% two or more races , and 2.6% Hispanic and Latino American of any race. At the 2010 U.S. census, the racial and ethnic composition of the population was 54.70% Black or African American, 41.16% White, 1.0% Native American, 2.0% Asian, 1.2% from some other race and 1.5% from two or more races. In 2010, about 6.5% of
8640-441: The region. The bureau maintains a comprehensive database of restaurants, accommodations, attractions, and events. Superbike World Championship Superbike World Championship (also known as WorldSBK , SBK , World Superbike , WSB , or WSBK ) is a silhouette road racing series based on heavily modified production sports motorcycles . The championship was founded in 1988 . The Superbike World Championship consists of
8748-513: The revision of the starting grid format for the second race, which was previously based on qualifying results for both races: riders placed from fourth to ninth in Race 1 were promoted to the first two rows for Race 2; then the third, the second and the winner followed on the third row; the remaining riders were sorted from the tenth grid slot onwards according to Superpole results. Jonathan Rea won his third Superbike world title for Kawasaki, by winning
8856-763: The revitalization plan of the Shreveport Economic Recovery Task Force after the Cross Bayou redevelopment plan was rejected. In June 2020, rapper Hurricane Chris was arrested in Shreveport for second-degree murder . Following the George Floyd killing in Minnesota, multiple protests were held in the city. Shreveport is located in Northwest Louisiana . It is the center of the Ark-La-Tex region where Arkansas , Louisiana, and Texas meet. It
8964-5328: The school counted Nick Ienatsch and Ken Hill as chief instructor and lead instructor, respectively. After it closed, Ienatsch founded a successor-program, the Yamaha Champions Riding School . Spencer now lives in that there London and commentates on television for various racing series. For 2019 Spencer was appointed the chairman of the FIM MotoGP™ Stewards Panel. The following is a list of results achieved by Spencer. Points system from 1968 to 1987. Points system from 1988 to 1992. ( key ) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) 1949 L. Graham 1950 U. Masetti 1951 G. Duke 1952 U. Masetti 1953 G. Duke 1954 G. Duke 1955 G. Duke 1956 J. Surtees 1957 L. Liberati 1958 J. Surtees 1959 J. Surtees 1960 J. Surtees 1961 G. Hocking 1962 M. Hailwood 1963 M. Hailwood 1964 M. Hailwood 1965 M. Hailwood 1966 G. Agostini 1967 G. Agostini 1968 G. Agostini 1969 G. Agostini 1970 G. Agostini 1971 G. Agostini 1972 G. Agostini 1973 P. Read 1974 P. Read 1975 G. Agostini 1976 B. Sheene 1977 B. Sheene 1978 K. Roberts 1979 K. Roberts 1980 K. Roberts 1981 M. Lucchinelli 1982 F. Uncini 1983 F. Spencer 1984 E. Lawson 1985 F. Spencer 1986 E. Lawson 1987 W. Gardner 1988 E. Lawson 1989 E. Lawson 1990 W. Rainey 1991 W. Rainey 1992 W. Rainey 1993 K. Schwantz 1994 M. Doohan 1995 M. Doohan 1996 M. Doohan 1997 M. Doohan 1998 M. Doohan 1999 À. Crivillé 2000 K. Roberts Jr. 2001 V. Rossi 2002 V. Rossi 2003 V. Rossi 2004 V. Rossi 2005 V. Rossi 2006 N. Hayden 2007 C. Stoner 2008 V. Rossi 2009 V. Rossi 2010 J. Lorenzo 2011 C. Stoner 2012 J. Lorenzo 2013 M. Márquez 2014 M. Márquez 2015 J. Lorenzo 2016 M. Márquez 2017 M. Márquez 2018 M. Márquez 2019 M. Márquez 2020 J. Mir 2021 F. Quartararo 2022 F. Bagnaia 2023 F. Bagnaia 2024 J. Martín 1949 B. Ruffo 1950 D. Ambrosini 1951 B. Ruffo 1952 E. Lorenzetti 1953 W. Haas 1954 W. Haas 1955 H. Müller 1956 C. Ubbiali 1957 C. Sandford 1958 T. Provini 1959 C. Ubbiali 1960 C. Ubbiali 1961 M. Hailwood 1962 J. Redman 1963 J. Redman 1964 P. Read 1965 P. Read 1966 M. Hailwood 1967 M. Hailwood 1968 P. Read 1969 K. Carruthers 1970 R. Gould 1971 P. Read 1972 J. Saarinen 1973 D. Braun 1974 W. Villa 1975 W. Villa 1976 W. Villa 1977 M. Lega 1978 K. Ballington 1979 K. Ballington 1980 A. Mang 1981 A. Mang 1982 J. Tournadre 1983 C. Lavado 1984 C. Sarron 1985 F. Spencer 1986 C. Lavado 1987 A. Mang 1988 S. Pons 1989 S. Pons 1990 J. Kocinski 1991 L. Cadalora 1992 L. Cadalora 1993 T. Harada 1994 M. Biaggi 1995 M. Biaggi 1996 M. Biaggi 1997 M. Biaggi 1998 L. Capirossi 1999 V. Rossi 2000 O. Jacque 2001 D. Kato 2002 M. Melandri 2003 M. Poggiali 2004 D. Pedrosa 2005 D. Pedrosa 2006 J. Lorenzo 2007 J. Lorenzo 2008 M. Simoncelli 2009 H. Aoyama 2010 T. Elías 2011 S. Bradl 2012 M. Márquez 2013 P. Espargaró 2014 T. Rabat 2015 J. Zarco 2016 J. Zarco 2017 F. Morbidelli 2018 F. Bagnaia 2019 Á. Márquez 2020 E. Bastianini 2021 R. Gardner 2022 A. Fernández 2023 P. Acosta 2024 A. Ogura Freddie Spencer , Takazumi Katayama , Randy Mamola , Wayne Gardner , Mick Doohan , Daryl Beattie , Àlex Crivillé , Tadayuki Okada Valentino Rossi , Tohru Ukawa , Nicky Hayden , Dani Pedrosa , Andrea Dovizioso , Casey Stoner , Marc Márquez Shreveport, Louisiana Shreveport ( / ˈ ʃ r iː v p ɔːr t / SHREEV -port )
9072-562: The series plans on keeping extra-European circuits in rotation. An Indonesian race was also proposed for the 2008 season, but this was later cancelled by the FIM, though it was later introduced in the 2021 season . The championship is regulated by the FIM , the international governing body of motorcycle racing. As of 2024 the championship is organised by Dorna as well as Liberty Media . The Superbike World Championship began in 1988 , being open to modified versions of road bike models available to
9180-487: The state capital of Baton Rouge , 99 miles (159 km) from Monroe , 69 miles (111 km) from Ruston , and 30 miles (48 km) from Minden , Louisiana. The city's proximity to the nearby cities makes it North Louisiana and the Ark-La-Tex's transportation hub. Shreveport is the parish seat of Caddo Parish . Portions of the city extend into neighboring Bossier Parish , bordering Bossier City . Shreveport sits on
9288-476: The state. Steamboats plied the Red River, and stevedores loaded and unloaded cargo. By 1860, Shreveport had a population of 2,200 free people and 1,300 slaves within the city limits. During the American Civil War , Shreveport was the capital of Louisiana from 1863 to 1865, having succeeded Baton Rouge and Opelousas after each fell under Union control. The city was a Confederate stronghold throughout
9396-408: The teams have had to run on Pirelli control or 'spec' tyres. The decision to award the control tyre to Pirelli was controversial. The Pirelli tyres were considered to be below the standard of Dunlop and Michelin that most of the teams had been using. Dunlop looked to take legal action against the decision while Pirelli claimed that Michelin and Dunlop were also asked if they would be interested in
9504-609: The ten fastest riders of practice. Aprilia's Sylvain Guintoli became the Superbike World Champion at the last race, prevailing over Tom Sykes by six points in the standings. But both Marco Melandri and Tom Sykes won more races than Sylvain Guintoli this season. With Sykes winning 8 and Melandri 6 compared to Guintoli's 5. Jonathan Rea became 2015 World Superbike Champion riding a Kawasaki. Jonathan Rea won his second consecutive Superbike World Championship title at
9612-454: The title a record four times and finished as runner-up twice on factory Ducatis. Troy Corser also won the 1996 title and finished as runner-up in 1995, both times on a Ducati. Realizing that 1,000 cc V-twin engines suited the superbike racing formula more, Honda introduced its own V-Twin powered motorcycle the VTR1000 SPW in 2000 . The result was clear right away as Colin Edwards won
9720-496: The title in 2010 with Max Biaggi – was banned for the 2011 season. After a dominating since season opening, Carlos Checa won his first championship and Ducati's 17th manufacturer title. The season saw the number of complete motorcycles in use limited to one per rider; this meant that the rules allowing bike changes during a race ( flag-to-flag ) were cancelled. Aprilia rider Max Biaggi clinched his second SBK championship, pipping Kawasaki rider Tom Sykes by just half
9828-406: The title that eventually was won by James Toseland and Ducati. Following Ten Kate Honda's success Japanese motorcycles made a return in 2005 with major teams from all four Japanese manufacturers run through teams ran by European importers. Troy Corser won the 2005 championship, giving Suzuki its first Superbike World Championship title. 2006 saw the return of Australian Troy Bayliss to
9936-413: The town consisted of 64 city blocks, created by eight streets running west from the Red River and eight streets running south from Cross Bayou, one of its tributaries. Shreveport soon became a center of steamboat commerce, carrying mostly cotton and agricultural crops from the plantations of Caddo Parish. Shreveport also had a slave market, though slave trading was not as widespread as in other parts of
10044-461: The two-race format, as a three-race format was introduced for 2019. A new race format was introduced for the 2019 season. As in 2018 , two normal length races (Race 1 and Race 2) were held – one each on Saturday and Sunday (Friday and Saturday in Qatar). A third race, a ten lap sprint named the Superpole Race, was held on the final morning of the weekend prior to Race 2. The starting grids for Race 1 and
10152-621: The war and was the site of the headquarters of the Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate Army. Fort Albert Sidney Johnston was built on a ridge northwest of the city. Because of limited development in that area, the site is relatively undisturbed in the 21st century. Isolated from events in the east, the Civil War continued in the Trans-Mississippi theater for several weeks after Robert E. Lee 's surrender in April 1865, and
10260-435: The years but closed in 2001) Honeywell UOP , Libbey-Owens-Ford , Beaird-Poulan (the originator of and, for decades, the only manufacturer of the single-operator chainsaw in the world), Calumet Specialty Products Partners (originally United Gas Corporation 's Atlas Processing Unit and then Pennzoil ), and Frymaster, LLC (a subsidiary of The Manitowoc Company ). Today, only Calumet Packaging and Honeywell UOP survive as
10368-419: The youngest person to win the title, a distinction previously held by Mike Hailwood . His record has since been surpassed by Marc Márquez in 2013. The 1983 season would be remembered as one of the most dramatic title chases in the history of Grand Prix racing; Honda's Spencer and Yamaha's Kenny Roberts fought back and forth for the points lead with each of them earning six victories. The season culminated at
10476-590: Was 'back' following the years of decline in 2003 and 2004 . With MotoGP machines reduced in capacity from 990 cc to an 800 cc maximum displacement, 1,000 cc Superbikes, both at World Championship and top national championships ( AMA Superbike and British Superbike ) become the largest capacity bikes (but not the most powerful) being road raced in 2007 . While superbikes remained two or more seconds per lap slower than MotoGP bikes at most tracks where both raced, they had equal or more power. Troy Bayliss attempted to defend his title, riding once again
10584-597: Was able to dominate the championship for many years, but the 750 cc was second or third each year between 1994 and 1999. Held under the FIM , the Formula TT from 1977 to 1989 once constituted the official motorcycle World Cup. Having proven itself both popular and commercially viable, it was decided by the end of the 1990 season to end the Formula TT and the Superbike World Championship would succeed it. From 1993 to 1999 Carl Fogarty and Ducati dominated, Fogarty won
10692-467: Was arrested in Shreveport after his band tried to register at a "whites-only" Holiday Inn , where they planned to stay before performing in the city. Public facilities in Louisiana were still segregated. In the months following, Cooke recorded the civil rights era song, " A Change Is Gonna Come ". In 1964 Congress passed the Civil Rights Act to end segregation of public facilities. In the mid-1990s,
10800-473: Was crowned champion after obtaining the third-place finish he needed to secure the title victory at Jerez. The season saw the revision of the Superpole format: riders placed from eleventh to twentieth position in the combined classification of the first three practice sessions were admitted to Superpole 1, then the two fastest SP1 riders progressed to Superpole 2, which finally awarded the pole position , joining
10908-414: Was cut short by wrist injuries that some believe were caused by the physical strain of competing in two championships during a single season. After his historic 1985 season, Spencer never won another Grand Prix race. He retired from Grand Prix racing at the beginning of 1988 , although there were a couple of GP comeback attempts, in 1989 and 1993. He returned to race in the AMA Superbike Championship in
11016-511: Was dominated by Troy Bayliss of Australia, on his Ducati 1098, who concluded his season and his career with a double win at the brand new, 195-million-Euro Portimao circuit in Portugal, after which he retired. During the offseason, Yamaha lost Noriyuki Haga to Ducati , who signed him to replace the retired Troy Bayliss . His place was taken by 3-times AMA champion Ben Spies , who was expected to give Haga serious competition. Ben Spies took
11124-625: Was established to create a town at the meeting point of the Brown Bricks and the Texas Trail. The Red River was made navigable by Captain Henry Miller Shreve , who led the United States Army Corps of Engineers efforts to clear the Red River. A 180-mile-long (290 km) natural log jam, the Great Raft , had previously obstructed passage to shipping. Shreve used a specially modified riverboat ,
11232-485: Was formerly a major player in United States oil business, and once hosted the Standard Oil of Louisiana offices, a branch of Standard Oil . The Louisiana branch was later absorbed by Standard Oil of New Jersey . Beginning in 1930, United Gas Corporation , the nation's busiest pipeline operator and massive integrated oil company, was headquartered in Shreveport. Pennzoil performed a hostile takeover in 1968, and forced
11340-564: Was hired to fly over the local area in order to find a suitable site for the airfield. Captain Harris selected what he felt was an adequate location for a military airfield. It was a sprawling section of cotton plantation near Bossier City. The site selection committee, representing the wealthiest taxpayers in the city, unanimously agreed upon the Barksdale Field location. A delegation of citizens traveled to Washington, D.C. , to personally present
11448-456: Was likewise pastored by Dr. E. Edward Jones, another civil rights icon. Among its Methodist churches has been the large First Methodist Church , established in 1884. The current edifice dates to 1913. Among its former pastors were D. L. Dykes Jr. and John E. Fellers. During a severe thunderstorm in 2009, the fiberglass steeple of the church toppled and fell onto a passing car. It has since been replaced. A second prominent Methodist congregation
11556-428: Was second only to New Orleans in Louisiana tourism. Nearby Bossier City is home to one of the three horse racetracks in the state, Louisiana Downs . Casinos in Shreveport-Bossier include Sam's Town , Bally's , Horseshoe , Boomtown , and Margaritaville . Diamond Jacks Casino (formerly Isle of Capri) closed in 2020. The Shreveport-Bossier Convention and Tourist Bureau is the official tourism information agency for
11664-428: Was taken to the nearby Barksdale Air Force Base . He also made a visit to speak in the city on March 11, 2005. Since the downturn in the oil industry and other economic problems, the city has struggled with a declining population, unemployment, poverty, drugs and violent crime. City data from 2017 showed a dramatic increase in certain violent crimes from the previous year, including a 138 percent increase in homicides,
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