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24-676: Initially, Unger studied law at the University of Graz . In 1820 he moved to Vienna to study medicine, in 1822 he enrolled at the Charles University in Prague . In 1823 Unger returned to Vienna and completed his medical studies in 1827. From 1827 Unger practiced as a doctor in Stockerau near Vienna, then from 1830 as a court physician in Kitzbühel , Tyrol . In 1836 he was named professor of botany at

48-449: A lyceum , where civil servants and medical personnel were trained. In 1827 it was re-instituted as a university by Emperor Francis I , thus gaining the name Karl-Franzens-Universität , meaning Charles Francis University . About 30,000 students are currently enrolled at the university. The university is divided into six faculties, the two largest are the Faculty of Arts and Humanities and

72-440: A plant cell determine plant heredity and greatly influenced the experiments of his student Gregor Johann Mendel . Unger was a pioneer in documenting the relationships between soil and plants (1836). Unger is notable for proposing a theory of evolution before Charles Darwin . Unger accepted the transmutation of species . During his time his ideas were widely criticized by those who held religious views. In his book Attempt of

96-617: A History of the Plant World (1852) he devoted a chapter to the evolution of plants. University of Graz The University of Graz ( German : Universität Graz; old: Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz) is a public research university located in Graz , Austria . It is the largest and oldest university in Styria , as well as the second-largest and second-oldest university in Austria. The university

120-680: A combined degree at the end of their studies. Along with the NAWI collaboration, the university is cooperating with the TU Graz to combine their two physics institutes into one, the Graz Center of Physics. The project is planned to be finished in 2030 and located on the campus of the University of Graz instead of the former Vorklinik. Since Graz was the capital of the then multiethnic Duchy of Styria , Slovenes from Lower Styria came there to study. It has served as

144-504: A gateway to South-East Europe for Austrian scholars, scientists and businesses. The establishment of the Department for Slovene Language and Literature at the University of Graz, for example, laid the foundation for scholarly studies of Slovenian culture, literature, and language bundled in the so-called Slovene studies . The university has 6 faculties. Each of the 6 faculties is in turn divided into institutes and centers: In addition to

168-653: A naturalized United States citizen in 1944. His wife died of cancer in 1955. The same year he married Elizabeth M. Hoenke, the woman who nursed Berta at the end of her life. He was a practicing Roman Catholic , and in 1946, he wrote on the topic of the relationship between science and religion in his article "My Faith", in which he explained why he believed in God. He retired from Fordham University in 1958 and he died on 17 December 1964, in Mount Vernon, New York from Parkinson's disease . Between 1911 and 1913, Hess undertook

192-496: A part of the university ever since it was established, however, its importance in terms of number of students and its influence on the university board have been diminishing. Evidently, relations between the Catholic Church, especially the local bishop, and the university's Faculty of Theology remain strong, yet general policy is not influenced by these connections. To demonstrate the university's independence and its shift of focus,

216-407: A wide range of undergraduate (BA, BSc), graduate (MA, MSc), and doctoral degree (PhD) programmes, as well as special teaching degrees in their specific areas of expertise. Since its re-installation, the university has been home to many internationally renowned scientists and thinkers. Ludwig Boltzmann was professor at the university twice, first from 1869 to 1873 and then from 1876 to 1890, while he

240-453: Is associated with numerous Nobel prize laureates and is highly regarded. The university was founded in 1585 by Archduke Charles II of Austria . The bull of 1 January 1586, published on 15 April 1586, was approved by Pope Sixtus V . For most of its existence it was controlled by the Catholic Church, and was closed in 1782 by Emperor Joseph II in an attempt to gain state control over educational institutions. Joseph II transformed it into

264-581: Is focused on engineering and technology, offers inter-university undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in cooperation with the university's Faculty of Natural Sciences under the name "NAWI Graz". The main intention behind the cooperation was to avoid duplication of efforts and infrastructure, especially in cost-intensive subjects such as chemistry, industrial chemistry, physics, and geosciences, as both universities are located in close proximity to each other. Students enrolled in one of these programmes attend lectures and seminars at both universities and are awarded

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288-623: The Christogram IHS on the very top of the university's seal has been replaced with the sun, symbolising the Enlightenment and von Humboldt's ideas. Victor Franz Hess Victor Franz Hess ( German: [ˈvɪktoːɐ̯ fʁants ˈhɛs] ; 24 June 1883 – 17 December 1964) was an Austrian-American physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936 for the discovery cosmic rays . He

312-795: The University of Vienna . He worked as Assistant under Stefan Meyer at the Institute for Radium Research , Austrian Academy of Sciences, from 1910 to 1920. In 1920, he married Marie Bertha Warner Breisky. Hess took a leave of absence in 1921 and traveled to the United States, working at the United States Radium Corporation , in New Jersey , and as consulting physicist for the US Bureau of Mines , in Washington, D.C. In 1923, he returned to

336-481: The Faculty of Natural Sciences . The other faculties are the Faculty of Law; the Faculty of Business, Economic and Social sciences ; the Faculty of Environmental, Regional and Educational Sciences; and the Faculty of Catholic Theology. The Faculty of Medicine was separated from the university by state legislation in 2004 and became an independent university – the Medical University of Graz . The faculties offer

360-779: The University of Graz and also taught at the Joanneum (which became the Universalmuseum Joanneum and the Graz University of Technology ); in 1850 professor of plant physiology in Vienna. In 1852 he travelled to Northern Europe and to the Orient . Unger retired in 1866 and lived on his farm near Graz. Unger was one of the major contributors to the field of paleontology , later turning to plant physiology and phytotomy . He hypothesized that (then unknown) combinations of simple elements inside

384-557: The University of Graz was controlled by the Catholic Church . Even after its re-installation in 1827, it took until 1848 for the university's basic principles to be readjusted in accordance with the ideals of Wilhelm von Humboldt and the Enlightenment , meaning that the university became autonomous from the state as well as from the church and their influence as far as possible. The Faculty of Catholic Theology has been retained as

408-458: The University of Graz, and was appointed the ordinary professor of experimental physics in 1925. The University of Innsbruck appointed him professor, and director of the Institute of Radiology, in 1931. Hess relocated to the United States with his Jewish wife in 1938, in order to escape Nazi persecution. The same year Fordham University appointed him professor of physics, and he later became

432-409: The atmosphere the level of radiation might actually be higher than that on the ground. Hess approached this mystery first by greatly increasing the precision of the measuring equipment, and then by personally taking the equipment aloft in a balloon. He systematically measured the radiation at altitudes up to 5.3 kilometres (3.3 mi) during 1911–1912. The daring flights were made both by day and during

456-473: The institutes and centers of the 6 faculties, there are other university and cross-faculty service areas: The university ranks highest in Arts and Humanities, coming 287th in the 2018 QS World University Rankings , whereas all other subject areas lag behind, with the Faculty of Social Sciences ranking at 451–500 and the Faculty of Natural Sciences ranking at 401–450. Historically speaking, for most of its existence

480-524: The night, at significant risk to himself. The result of Hess's meticulous work was published in the Proceedings of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and showed the level of radiation decreased up to an altitude of about 1 kilometre (0.6 mi), but above that the level increased considerably, with the radiation detected at 5 kilometres (3.1 mi), being about twice that at sea level. His conclusion

504-496: The work that won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936. For many years, scientists had been puzzled by the levels of ionizing radiation measured in the atmosphere. The assumption at the time was that the radiation would decrease as the distance from the earth, the then assumed source of the radiation, increased. The electroscopes previously used gave an approximate measurement of the radiation but indicated that at greater altitude in

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528-533: Was born to Vinzenz Hess and Serafine Edle von Grossbauer-Waldstätt, in Waldstein Castle , near Peggau in Styria , Austria , on 24 June 1883. His father was a royal forester in Prince Louis of Oettingen-Wallerstein 's service. He attended secondary school at Graz Gymnasium from 1893 to 1901. From 1901 to 1905, Hess was an undergraduate student at the University of Graz . In 1910, Hess received his PhD from

552-546: Was developing his statistical theory of heat. Nobel laureate Otto Loewi taught at the university from 1909 until 1938 and Victor Franz Hess (Nobel prize 1936) graduated in Graz and taught there from 1920 to 1931 and from 1937 to 1938. The physicist Erwin Schrödinger briefly was chancellor of the university in 1936. The University of Graz does not have a distinct faculty of engineering, however, Graz University of Technology , which

576-425: Was that there was radiation penetrating the atmosphere from outer space, and his discovery was confirmed by Robert Andrews Millikan in 1925, who gave the radiation the name " cosmic rays ". Hess's discovery opened the door to many new discoveries in particle and nuclear physics . In particular, both the positron and the muon were first discovered in cosmic rays by Carl David Anderson . Hess and Anderson shared

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