106-648: Frankfurt on the Hudson: The German-Jewish Community of Washington Heights, 1933-1983, Its structure and Culture is a scholarly book by Steven M. Lowenstein, Ph.D., about Jewish immigrants from Germany who settled in Washington Heights , a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan . Dr. Lowenstein grew up in Washington Heights and returned to research the book, which
212-414: A CAT -equipped ambulance (see below NYP-EMS) allows stroke care to take place outside the hospital, and a remote second opinion program uses Grand Rounds technology. During the initial phase COVID-19 pandemic , the hospital was at the center of the country's response to the virus in the spring of 2020. The hospital was able to triple its ICU bed capacity and ventilator support. During the crisis, teams at
318-557: A "transnational community", continually defined by its connection to the Dominican Republic . The majority of Dominican immigrants viewed their stay in the United States as purely economically motivated while they remained culturally attached to the D.R.; many also sent remittances home, imagining an eventual retirement to the island. During the 1970s, Washington Heights' School District 6 (including Inwood and Hamilton Heights)
424-495: A 20-acre (81,000 m ) campus in the Washington Heights community of Manhattan and accounting for roughly half of Columbia University's nearly $ 3 billion annual budget, it provides leadership in scientific research, medical education, and more. New York Presbyterian Hospital and Columbia University Irving Medical Center are well known for their strong affiliation with the Neurological Institute of New York , which houses
530-400: A New York philanthropist and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , also founded by Samuel Bard in 1767. In 1910, Columbia University and Presbyterian Hospital reached an agreement to affiliate, forming the world's first academic health center through the merger of existing institutions. During the 1920s, Edward S. Harkness and Anna Harkness purchased land and funded
636-407: A Teenage Drug Ring , many dealers from the pre- freebasing period put greater emphasis on knowing their customers and hid their operations more carefully from police, as opposed to dealers of the crack days who would deal openly and fight violently in the competition for the drug's high profits. NewYork%E2%80%93Presbyterian Hospital The NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital (abbreviated as NYP )
742-571: A climax in 1957, with the assault of two teenagers of European ancestry, Michael Farmer and Roger McShane, members of the majority-Irish "Jesters" gang. The incident took place in the Highbridge Pool , a Works Progress Administration -funded pool built in 1936 which had no racial restrictions but was nonetheless an environment of racial hostility in the changing landscape of the neighborhood. The assault, which ended in Michael Farmer's death,
848-482: A decrease in overall population but an increasing presence in the neighborhood's northwestern corner. By the 1970s, evidence of the exodus of the broader Jewish community was present in the changing landscape of the neighborhood, where kosher stores and Jewish bakeries were gradually replaced by new small businesses with signs in Spanish. While some Dominican immigrants had been arriving in Washington Heights throughout
954-430: A diverse group of people of European descent. In 1920, nearly half were Protestant , most of whom had parents born in the United States; the remainder was split between Jews and Catholics , typically immigrants or born to immigrant parents. The next wave of urbanization for Washington Heights came in the 1920s, coinciding with the construction boom occurring across the city. The population increased significantly in
1060-423: A drastic decrease in crime that continued through the 21st century. From 1990 to 2023, reported motor vehicle thefts, murders, and burglaries have each fallen by over 85%, felony assaults, rapes, and robberies by over 65%, and grand larcenies by around 45%. The 30th and 32nd precincts to the south of Washington Heights, which cover most of Harlem north of 133rd Street, experienced just as drastic crime drops during
1166-473: A few modern castles. The first of these was Libbey Castle, built by Augustus Richards after he purchased the land from Lucius Chittenden in 1855. Located near Margaret Corbin Circle, this estate was once owned by William "Boss" Tweed but got its current name from William Libbey, who purchased it in 1880. Even more extravagant, Paterno Castle was situated on the estate of real estate developer Charles Paterno by
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#17330855336851272-667: A fortification constructed at the highest natural point on Manhattan by Continental Army troops to defend the area from the British forces during the American Revolutionary War . Washington Heights is bordered by Inwood to the north along Dyckman Street , by Harlem to the south along 155th Street , by the Harlem River and Coogan's Bluff to the east, and by the Hudson River to the west. Washington Heights, which before
1378-529: A neighborhood of European Americans, the 1960s and 1970s featured full force demographic shifts. Washington Heights' upwardly mobile White residents began to leave in great numbers, and lower-income Latino population saw great increases. Apart from the allure of suburban homes and their economic capacity to buy them, White residents were spurred to leave by the demographic changes themselves, increasing negligence of residential buildings, and rising crime (having more than doubled between 1969 and 1982). Compared to
1484-482: A network of independent, cooperating, acute-care and community hospitals, continuum-of-care facilities, home-health agencies, ambulatory sites, and specialty institutes in the New York metropolitan area. The two medical schools remain essentially autonomous, though there is increasing cooperation and coordination of clinical, research, and residency training programs. The hospitals merged administrations. Herb Pardes , MD led
1590-633: A number of notable Black residents, such as Paul Robeson , Kenneth Clark , and Count Basie . The presence of middle-class Black people in 555 Edgecombe and other higher-class buildings in southeast Washington Heights led many to associate it with Sugar Hill , the Harlem sub-neighborhood spanning between Edgecombe Avenue and Amsterdam Avenue to its south. In addition to segregation, racism also manifested itself in gang culture, where youth often defined themselves by race or ethnicity and violently defended their respective territories. These tensions were brought to
1696-432: A situation of extreme chaos. Located in a grand building with a Works Progress Administration mural by Lucienne Bloch , the school was relatively prestigious in the decades after its 1925 founding, graduating people such as Alan Greenspan , Henry Kissinger , and Murray Jarvik . Although George Washington remained racially mixed through the early 1970s, the school had a tracking system that saw White students leave
1802-456: A smaller group, Cuban immigrants in the Heights had an outsized role in business, according to a 1976 estimate owning the majority of Latino-owned stores. The neighborhood's Black population also increased, by 1980 numbering over 25,000 and residing in all areas of the neighborhood while remaining a plurality in the southeastern section. While the overall trend was of exodus among White residents,
1908-409: A strategic location. Washington Heights also had a high level of unemployment and poverty in the 1980s and 1990s, providing ample economic motivation for young people to enter the drug trade. The effects of the crack trade extended beyond physical danger to a breakdown in trust and widespread fear provoked by violence in public places as well as murders of people uninvolved in the drug business. It
2014-484: A team of 31 nurses and staff from the hospital traveled to offer support to Utah. On October 13, 2020, with a gift from Ray Dalio , NYP launched the Dalio Center for Health Justice, a research and advocacy organization, which will focus on reducing differences in access to quality health care that overwhelmingly affect communities of color. New York-Presbyterian Hospital is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit system that includes
2120-404: A variety of outlying hospitals that had been affiliates of the legacy Hospitals, NewYork, or Presbyterian. The hospitals stretch throughout the five boroughs of New York City , Long Island , Westchester County , and New Jersey . Along with Weill Cornell Medicine and Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons , the hospital manages NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System ,
2226-455: A violent riot, causing multiple fires, fifteen injuries, and one death. Then-mayor David Dinkins , who had met with the Garcia family following the killing, pleaded for an end to the rioting: "There is much anger in the community about the death of José Garcia and other incidents, [but] you do not build a better city by destroying it." During the mid to late 1990s, Washington Heights experienced
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#17330855336852332-534: Is a hospital-based ambulance service that has operated since 1981. NYP-EMS also operates critical care transport ambulances throughout the New York City Metropolitan Area. The service is licensed to operate in the 5 boroughs of New York City, Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess counties in New York, and in the state of New Jersey for Basic Life Support and Specialty Care Transport. NYP-EMS provides emergency and non-emergency ambulance services, through
2438-523: Is a nonprofit academic medical center in New York City . It is the primary teaching hospital for Weill Cornell Medicine and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . The hospital includes seven campuses located throughout the New York metropolitan area . The hospital's two flagship medical centers, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Weill Cornell Medical Center , are located on opposite sides of Upper Manhattan . As of 2022 ,
2544-411: Is a teaching hospital affiliated with Weill Cornell Medical College that serves Queens and metro New York residents. The 535-bed tertiary care facility provides services in 14 clinical departments and numerous subspecialties, including 15,000 surgeries and 4,000 infant deliveries each year. With its network of affiliated primary and multispecialty care physician practices and community-based health centers,
2650-406: Is affiliated with Weill Cornell Medical School. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to pediatric patients aged 0–20 throughout New York City . Komansky Children's Hospital features a Level II Trauma Center and houses the only pediatric burn unit in the region. The hospital was named for trustee David Komansky On July 1, 2013, NYP announced its merger with
2756-450: Is home to the region's only state-of-the-art, 24-hour "no wait" emergency department, which sees more than 39,000 visits per year. In 2011, the Cheryl R. Lindenbaum Cancer Center opened, offering the first comprehensive cancer center in the area, combining infusion, radiation therapy and support services all under one roof. Ronald O. Perelman Heart Institute is a medical town square dedicated to
2862-673: Is served by the 33rd and 34th Precincts of the New York City Police Department and Engine Companies 67, 84, and 93 of the New York City Fire Department . Politically, it is part of the New York City Council 's 7th and 10th districts. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the area was traversed by American Indians from the Early Woodland Period , who left remains of shellfish and pottery at
2968-456: The 1964 school boycott and the 1968 teachers' strike – perceived this as an attempt to subvert teachers' authority, leading them to start a local strike after the administration reached a compromise with parents over the table. By the end of 1970, the high school had seen the resignation of three principals and multiple incidents of violence against students, teachers, and security guards; while many safety improvements were made throughout
3074-538: The British evacuation of New York in 1783, George Washington and his staff stood in front of the tavern as they watched the American troops march southward to retake the city. After changing ownership several times, the tavern moved to a new building in 1885, following the original structure's destruction for the widening of Broadway. In 1915, the tavern was demolished again to build the 3,500-seat Coliseum Theatre , which
3180-601: The COVID-19 pandemic . Among the pandemic's fatalities was the medical director of the emergency department, Lorna Breen . After contracting the COVID-19 coronavirus while treating patients and returning to work after recuperation, the police department in Charlottesville, Virginia , released a statement that Breen had died as a result of self-inflicted wounds shortly after they responded to an emergency call at her family home and she
3286-476: The City College of New York and his M.A. and Ph.D. at Princeton University . The neighborhood known as "Frankfurt-on-the-Hudson" became much more diverse in the 1970s and 1980s. In the 1990s it became known as Hudson Heights . Washington Heights, Manhattan Washington Heights is a neighborhood in the northern part of the borough of Manhattan in New York City . It is named for Fort Washington ,
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3392-715: The Libby Zion law ). These reforms have since been adopted nationwide. NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, chartered as The New York and Presbyterian Hospital by the State of New York in 1996, was formed in 1998 with the merger of two large, previously independent hospitals, the New York Hospital and Presbyterian Hospital. The merger had been announced on January 1, 1998. In the 2010s, the hospital began to supplement its physical presence with remote and online services. A telemedicine service allows patients to receive follow-up care remotely,
3498-691: The Lower East Side , and is the closest acute care facility to both the Financial District and to the seat of New York City's government. On July 10, 2015, NYP announced its merger with the former New York Hospital Queens, formerly known as Booth Memorial Medical Center, to form the Queens campus of the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. Located in Flushing, Queens , NewYork-Presbyterian/Queens
3604-713: The New York Campaign of the Revolutionary War , General George Washington 's Continental Army secured a small but much-needed victory over the pursuing British Army at the Battle of Harlem Heights , after a series of defeats in Manhattan. Not long after their victory, the Continental Army suffered one of its worst defeats at the Battle of Fort Washington , in which nearly 2,900 troops were captured. Fort Washington
3710-529: The White flight occurring in other neighborhoods such as the West Bronx, the process was much slower and less destructive as few buildings were outright abandoned or burned. While Puerto Ricans had been the dominant Latino group in the 1950s, by 1965 Cubans and Dominicans had overtaken them in number, and by 1970 native Spanish speakers were the majority group in central-eastern census tracts. Despite being
3816-591: The 1950s and 1960s, the pace increased drastically during the regime of Joaquín Balaguer , who took power in 1966 following the Dominican Civil War . The combination of the recent passing of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 , Balaguer's policy of freely granting passports, and the country's high unemployment rate created the conditions for growing emigration from the Dominican Republic. Some of
3922-464: The 1960s and 1970s, many White residents left the neighborhood for nearby suburbs as the Latino populations increased. Dominican Americans became the dominant group by the 1980s despite facing economic difficulties, leading the neighborhood to its status in the 21st century as the most prominent Dominican community in the United States. While crime became a serious issue during the crack cocaine crisis of
4028-451: The 1970s and 1980s. This was clear by 1990, when the proportion of Dominican New Yorkers living in households below the poverty line was 36%, more than double the citywide rate. In addition to service work, many residents found local jobs in the small-scale garment sector and factory work in New Jersey . During the late 20th century, other immigrant groups began to make their home in
4134-581: The 1970s, its academic performance continued to decline. In 1999, the school took its present form as the George Washington Educational Campus composed of four smaller schools. For the remainder of the 20th century the Dominican community of Washington Heights continued to increase considerably, most notably during the mid to late 1980s, when over 40,000 Dominicans settled in Washington Heights, Hamilton Heights , and Inwood . Around
4240-780: The 1980s and 1990s, in the 2000s Washington Heights became a much safer community and began to experience some upward mobility as well as gentrification . Washington Heights is set apart among Manhattan neighborhoods for its high residential density despite the lack of modern construction, with the majority of its few high-rise buildings belonging to the NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital / Columbia University Medical Center . Other higher education institutions include Yeshiva University and Boricua College . The neighborhood has generous access to green space in Fort Washington Park , Highbridge Park , and Fort Tryon Park , home to
4346-662: The 20th century was sparsely populated by luxurious mansions and single-family homes, rapidly developed during the early 1900s as it became connected to the rest of Manhattan via the Broadway–Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue lines of the New York City Subway . Beginning as a middle-class neighborhood with many Irish and Eastern European immigrants, the neighborhood has at various points been home to communities of German Jews , Greek Americans , Puerto Ricans , Cuban Americans , and Russian Americans . Throughout
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4452-609: The Amsterdams. After continual charges of police negligence, a committee was created to combat the violence and many members of the Irish gangs were arrested. By 1944, the local Catholic Clergy were pressured to speak out against the prejudice, and Jews, Catholics, and Protestants began working together on solutions to ease the tensions. Around this time, Washington Heights also gained its first substantial population of Black residents, by 1943 numbering around 3,000 and concentrated mainly in
4558-448: The Dutch to drive them out, including the bloody Kieft's War (1643–1645), some Wecquaesgeeks managed to maintain residence in Washington Heights up until the Dutch paid them a settlement for their last land claims in 1715. For the greater part of the next two centuries, Washington Heights would remain a home to wealthy landowners seeking a quiet location for their suburban estates. During
4664-656: The German Jews of Washington Heights, I investigate the end result of the process of modernization of one group of German Jews. I do this with the full recognition that Washington Heights represents only one extreme of the spectrum of German Jewry." Dr. Lowenstein is the Isadora Levine professor of Jewish history at the American Jewish University , which has campuses in Bel-Air and Brandeis, Calif. He earned his B.A. at
4770-547: The Hudson River at 181st Street. Built in 1907, the mansion was demolished thirty years later for Paterno's Castle Village complex, where pieces of the original structure still remain. The neighborhood's largest estate was the property of industrial tycoon C. K. G. Billings , taking up 25 acres (10 ha) in the southern part of Fort Tryon Park. Although the Louis XIV -style mansion at present-day Linden Terrace burned to
4876-556: The IRT prompted a rapid increase in density through the proliferation of five- and six-story New Law Tenements , the vast majority of which remain. Many of the new residents came from crowded immigrant neighborhoods such as the Lower East Side , which saw its density halved between 1910 and 1930. As a result of the development of new housing, the total population of Manhattan north of 155th Street grew from just 8,000 in 1900 to 110,000 by 1920. The incoming residents of Washington Heights were
4982-672: The New York City 911 system and through the NYP-EMS Communications Center at Weill Cornell Medical Center . It also provides stand-by EMS services for events throughout the New York City area, including the Avon Walk for Breast Cancer and the NYC Triathlon. NYP-EMS is also a New York State Department of Health-approved training center for EMT and Paramedic programs, several of which are approved for college-level credit by
5088-538: The New York State Department of Education. NYP-EMS operates one of the largest American Heart Association Emergency Cardiac Care training centers in New York. NYP-EMS also maintains a Special Operations team trained in hazardous materials decontamination and technical rescue . This team, accompanied by several Weill Cornell Physicians, provided rescue and relief support on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi in
5194-595: The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Most recently, the team decontaminated 28 patients after the 2007 New York City steam explosion in Midtown Manhattan on July 18, 2007. In 2016, the hospital acquired and fielded the first mobile stroke unit on the U.S. East Coast . As of 2018, it is the only hospital in the nation to field three such units. The hospital operates three mobile stroke units with one each based in Manhattan , Brooklyn , and Queens . Four of
5300-559: The arrival of Mexicans and Ecuadorians , who together numbered over 6,000 by 2000 and over 10,000 a decade later. Smaller communities of Central Americans , Colombians , and Chinese immigrants had also developed. The neighborhood's African American population began to decrease from its height in the 1970s, by 2000 making up less than one-tenth of the neighborhood. In the present day Washington Heights also has an Orthodox Jewish community served by numerous synagogues , many of which have noticed more young Jewish families move into
5406-493: The central area west of Broadway, and drastically in the area north of 181st Street, populating the last of the undeveloped areas just south and west of Fort Tryon Park. Transit for new residents was improved with the construction of the Independent Subway System (IND)'s Eighth Avenue Line in 1932, with stops at 175th Street , 181st Street , and 190th Street along Fort Washington Avenue . The demographics of
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#17330855336855512-414: The combined hospitals from 2000 until 2011. The hospital system's chief executive officer as of 2024 is Steven Corwin, MD. The institution's eleven facilities are: In 2022, U.S. News & World Report ranked NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital the seventh-best hospital in the United States. Every specialty was ranked in the top 50 by US News , and the following were ranked in the top 10 of hospitals around
5618-529: The construction of Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. In 1928, the two institutions fully moved to the new medical center. In 1925, the Sloane Hospital for Women , a leader in obstetrics and gynecology that had been founded in 1886, was incorporated. In 1928, Sloan, along with The Squier Urological Clinic and the Vanderbilt Clinic, moved to Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center. New York Hospital
5724-403: The corner of 160th Street and Broadway for their widely publicized undercover crack purchase, and in 1989, The New York Times called the neighborhood "the crack capital of America". By 1990, crack's impact on crime was evident: 103 murders were committed in the 34th Precinct that year, along with 1,130 felony assaults, 1,919 robberies, and 2,647 burglaries. The causes behind the severity of
5830-410: The corner of 162nd Street and Saint Nicholas Avenue . Although evidence later supported that the killing was a reaction to violence initiated by Garcia, many residents quickly suspected wanton police brutality . The suspicion was not unfounded, as O'Keefe already had several civilian complaints of unnecessary aggression in arrests. What began as a peaceful demonstration for Garcia's death turned into
5936-476: The country: cardiology and heart surgery (No. 4), pediatric cardiology and heart surgery (No. 5), diabetes / endocrinology (No. 4), geriatrics (No. 6), neurology / neurosurgery (No. 3), orthopedics (No. 10), psychiatry (No. 4), urology (No. 5), and rheumatology (No. 3), a collaborative program with the Hospital for Special Surgery . NewYork-Presbyterian Emergency Medical Services (NYP-EMS)
6042-518: The crisis for Washington Heights, however, were more intricate. One was the neighborhood's location: the George Washington Bridge and its numerous highway connections made for easy access from the New Jersey suburbs. Another contributing factor was that as Dominican dealers such as Santiago Luis Polanco Rodríguez brought the group higher status in cocaine operations, the heavily-Dominican Washington Heights became increasingly important as
6148-519: The departments of Neurology and Neurological Surgery and research laboratories. Cornell Medical College was founded in 1898, and established an affiliation agreement with New York Hospital in 1913. The Medical College is divided into 20 academic departments. It is among the top-ranked clinical and medical research centers in the United States of America, although the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services' Medicare program adjudged its rate of admission for heart failure patients to be worse than
6254-589: The extension of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT)'s first subway line (now part of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line ). The IRT built the 157th Street , 168th Street , 181st Street , and Dyckman Street stations between 1904 and 1906 (the 191st Street station opened as an infill station in 1911). Although skyrocketing land values sparked early predictions that upper-class apartment buildings would dominate
6360-464: The first half of the 20th century, tensions broke out between Catholics and Jews, who were not very segregated residentially but remained in separate social spheres. Around the start of World War II Irish groups such as the Christian Front arose, drawing large crowds to their antisemitic rallies, coupled with the vandalism of synagogues and beating of Jewish youth by Irish youth in gangs such as
6466-551: The former New York Downtown Hospital to form the Lower Manhattan Hospital (LMH) campus of the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. LMH is one of the few hospitals in Lower Manhattan south of Greenwich Village . The campus operates 170 beds and offers a full range of inpatient and outpatient services. LMH serves the diverse neighborhoods of Wall Street , Battery Park City , Chinatown , SoHo , TriBeCa , Little Italy , and
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#17330855336856572-643: The ground in 1925, Billings Terrace remains, supported by the elegant stone archway that originally led to the Billings mansion. Initial residential development in Washington Heights began in the late 19th century with the construction of row and wood-frame houses in the southern portion of the neighborhood, particularly near Amsterdam Avenue . In 1886, the Third Avenue Railway was extended from 125th Street to 155th Street along Amsterdam Avenue. However, higher residential density would not be supported until
6678-837: The historical landmarks the Little Red Lighthouse , the High Bridge Water Tower , and the Cloisters respectively. Other points of interest include Audubon Terrace , the Morris–Jumel Mansion , the United Palace , the Audubon Ballroom , and the Fort Washington Avenue Armory . Washington Heights is part of Manhattan Community District 12 , and its primary ZIP Codes are 10032, 10033, and 10040. It
6784-479: The hospital had grown its endowment to more than $ 20 million, largely due to the leadership of Payne Whitney who expanded the hospital significantly; Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic is named in Whitney's honor. Other prominent donors have included Howard Hughes , William Randolph Hearst , Harry and Leona Helmsley , Maurice R. Greenberg , and others. The Presbyterian Hospital was founded in 1868 by James Lenox ,
6890-455: The hospital is ranked the seventh-best hospital in the United States and second-best in the New York City metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report . The hospital has more than 6,500 affiliated physicians, 20,000 employees and 2,600 beds in total. It is one of the largest hospitals in the world. NYPH annually treats about 310,000 patients in its emergency department and delivers about 15,000 babies. NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital
6996-816: The hospital pioneered techniques to assist two patients with one ventilator and shared this around the country. The hospital turned Baker Field and Columbia Soccer Stadium into a 288-bed field hospital in under two weeks. As was the case at many hospitals in the U.S., clinicians volunteered to help understaffed units. Over 1,000 people volunteered at the hospital, including teams from University of Rochester Medical Center , UCSF Medical Center , Cayuga Medical Center , Mayo Clinic , Cleveland Clinic , University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , UAMS Medical Center , Intermountain Medical Center , and Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center . In November 2020, with cases surging in Utah ,
7102-643: The hospital provides approximately 162,000 ambulatory care visits and 124,000 emergency service visits annually. Founded in 1889 by the Helping Hand Association, NewYork-Presbyterian/ Hudson Valley Hospital , located in Cortlandt Manor, New York , serves residents of the Hudson Valley and Westchester County . The 128-bed facility provides a wide range of ambulatory care and inpatient services, with 350 physicians on staff in 43 specialties. The hospital
7208-403: The hospital's complexes in the five boroughs of New York City are rated as level I or II trauma centers by the state of New York. The NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital / Columbia University Irving Medical Center is located on West 168th Street in the Washington Heights neighborhood of New York City. It contains an emergency room , an eye institute, a chapel, a garden, and more. It is situated on
7314-443: The incident illustrated the effects of the neighborhood's demographic shift: the Jesters defined themselves as fighting against Black and Latino occupancy of the neighborhood even as they included newly arrived Black people in their ranks (similar diversity was seen in the membership of the Dragons and Egyptian Kings). While signs were slowly appearing for the first half of the 20th century that Washington Heights would not forever be
7420-400: The initial migrants were left-wing revolutionaries exiled by the Balaguer regime, theorized to have been granted visas through an unwritten agreement with the United States, but the majority of arrivals came for better economic opportunities. In Quisqueya on the Hudson: The Transnational Identity of Dominicans in Washington Heights, Jorge Duany describes how Washington Heights developed as
7526-451: The likelihood of being infected, but what they cannot protect heroes like Dr. Lorna Breen, or our first responders against is the emotional and mental devastation caused by this disease. Located on 3959 Broadway (165th Street and Broadway), New York City, NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital is a pediatric hospital in New York–Presbyterian Hospital. They are especially known for their expertise in pediatric heart surgery. It
7632-613: The nation to be ranked in all 10 clinical specialties. In August 2011, Becker's Hospital Review listed the New York-Presbyterian Hospital/ Weill Cornell Medical Center as the fourth-largest grossing hospitals in the nation with $ 7.52 billion in gross revenue. The Allen Hospital is located at 5141 Broadway and West 220th Street in northernmost part of the Inwood section of Manhattan . The General Surgery Group of The Allen Hospital specialize in
7738-690: The national rate. Also housed here is the New York-Presbyterian Phyllis and David Komansky Center for Children's Health. Located at 525 East 68th Street on the Upper East Side in Manhattan (E.68th and York Avenue), New York City, the Komansky Center for Children's Health is a full-service pediatric "hospital within a hospital." The Komansky Center was listed on the 2009 U.S. News & World Report "America's Best Children's Hospitals" "Honor Roll" and one of only 10 children's hospitals in
7844-492: The natives frequently reciprocating. The Dutch referred to the elevated area of northwestern Washington Heights as "Long Hill" while the Fort Tryon Park area specifically carried the name "Forest Hill". None of the land in present-day Washington Heights was under private ownership until 1712, when it was parcelled out in lots to various landowners from the village of Harlem to the south. Even after repeated attempts by
7950-415: The neighborhood as well. In the late 1970s and early 1980s a moderate influx of Soviet Jews occurred following a loosening of the country's emigration policy, predominantly professionals and artists pushed out by antisemitism and drawn by economic opportunity. The makeup of the neighborhood's Latino population also began to diversify beyond an exclusively Caribbean background, most prominently through
8056-499: The neighborhood during the 2000s. In the 1980s and early 1990s, Washington Heights was severely affected by the crack cocaine epidemic , as was the rest of New York City. Washington Heights had become one of the largest drug distribution centers in the Northeastern United States , bringing a negative reputation to Dominican Americans as a group. Then-U.S. Attorney Rudy Giuliani and Senator Alphonse D'Amato chose
8162-534: The neighborhood were undergoing significant change. While the Protestant population remained stagnant, first- and second-generation Irish and Eastern European Jews continued to move in. By 1930, nearly a quarter of Manhattan's Jewish residents lived north of 155th Street. The neighborhood also saw an influx of German Jews escaping Nazism in the 1930s and 1940s, a history documented by Steven M. Lowenstein's book Frankfurt-on-the-Hudson (a nickname referencing
8268-493: The neighborhood, such development was limited in the pre- World War I period to the Audubon Park area west of Broadway and south of 158th Street. Buildings such as the 13-story Riviera included elaborate decor and generous amenities to attract higher-paying tenants. The southern and eastern parts of Washington Heights experienced a construction boom in the years leading up to World War I . The downtown access provided by
8374-562: The neighborhood. This attitude was expressed in a phrase heard in the time period: "Washington Heights begins where Harlem ends." In fact, many of the neighborhood's new Jewish arrivals had left from Harlem as it became increasingly populated by Black people from the South during the Great Migration . Despite the growth of the Black population, racial segregation remained very rigid. While in
8480-564: The northwest corner of 181st Street and Broadway (then Kingsbridge Road) was the Blue Bell Tavern, built in the early-mid 18th century as an inn and site of social gatherings. When New York's Provincial Congress assented to the Declaration of Independence on July 9, 1776, the head of the statue of George III ended up on a spike at the Blue Bell Tavern, broken off by a "rowdy" group of civilians and soldiers at Bowling Green . During
8586-557: The old Wecquaesgeek trail which travelled along the Hudson Valley from Lower Manhattan all the way through Albany . On the plateau west of Broadway between 175th and 181st streets, the residents had been cultivating crops in a field known to Dutch colonists as the "Great Maize Field". Arriving in 1623, the Dutch initially worked as trade partners with the American Indians but became more and more hostile as time went on, with
8692-410: The origin city of many in the diaspora). One attractive aspect of Washington Heights for German Jews was likely its Eastern European Jewish presence, but an economic pull was its abundance of housing stock from the 1920s construction boom. Although rents were higher than average, many landlords offered some free rent to draw new tenants, and apartments were nonetheless spacious for their cost. In
8798-487: The owner cancelled all the tenants' leases and began renting exclusively to Black people. While organizations like the Neighborhood Protective Association of Washington Heights had kept the neighborhood virtually all-White throughout much of the 20th century, the overcrowded conditions of Harlem led to growth in demand for apartments outside the neighborhood. Throughout the 1940s, the building had
8904-545: The past decades. The crime drop, which was felt across all major U.S. cities, owed itself largely to the decrease in new users and dealers of crack cocaine, and the move of existing dealers from dealing on the streets to dealing from inside apartments. In Washington Heights, this meant a move back to the established cocaine dealing culture that had existed before the introduction of crack. As Terry Williams observes in The Cocaine Kids: The Inside Story of
9010-467: The public school system and the broader trend of White flight, while the Black and Latino student population rapidly increased. This resulted in a stark gap between the district's few racially integrated schools, which enjoyed better academic reputations and access to resources, and the remainder of schools with very few White students and serious overcrowding problems. Fierce competition between different factions for educational funding and new schools
9116-465: The rate of this trend varied among different groups. One of the most pronounced changes occurred with Greek immigrants, who had reached their peak in the 1950s with the establishment of St. Spyridon Greek Orthodox Church and an accompanying school, only to see that in two decades nearly all of the congregation had left for the suburbs. On the other hand, the German Jewish exodus was characterized by
9222-506: The same year. In 1776, the house was commandeered as a headquarters by George Washington, and after changing hands a few times was purchased by Stephen and Eliza Jumel in 1810. In 1903, the City bought the mansion and it became a museum, the oldest surviving house in Manhattan. With a picturesque view of the Palisades , the elevated ridge of northwest Washington Heights became the site of
9328-524: The school better prepared for college, and violence frequently broke out among gangs identifying by race. Discontent with academics and school policy led to a wave of student demonstrations, supported by a group of parents who pushed to set up an information table in the school's lobby in order to answer questions and hear complaints regarding the school. However, the United Federation of Teachers – which had also clashed with students and parents over
9434-516: The site of the present-day Little Red Lighthouse . Washington Heights is part of the section of northern Manhattan that was settled by the Wecquaesgeeks (originally a name for the area meaning "birch-bark country"), a band of the Wappinger and a Lenape Native American people. The winding path of Broadway north of 168th Street and St. Nicholas Avenue to its south is living evidence of
9540-409: The southeastern part of the neighborhood. The Black population of Washington Heights was dwarfed, however, by that of Hamilton Heights , where White residents were 63% of the population in 1943. It was in this period that the popular boundary of Washington Heights shifted from 135th Street to 155th Street, as many residents of European descent refused to include African Americans in their conception of
9646-615: The treatment of hernias and gallbladder diseases. The Hospitalist group and Internal Medicine and Family Medicine residents care for the adult medical patients. There is an active Labor and Delivery Department. It also has the Mila Conanan Memorial Chapel, named after Mila P. Conanan, who had been on the medical center staff for 20 years and the operating rooms director at the Allen Pavilion for three years before her death in 1990. In 2020, Allen Hospital and New York City faced
9752-469: The vast majority of blocks less than 2% of housing units were occupied by non-White residents, nearly every block east of Amsterdam Avenue and south of 165th Street was over 90% non-White by 1950. The process underlying this segregation is exemplified in the history of one of Washington Heights' most famous apartment buildings: 555 Edgecombe Avenue . Built in 1914, the fourteen-story building rented to various relatively affluent White people until 1939, when
9858-529: The victory; its lesser fortification at present-day Fort Tryon Park was renamed for Sir William Tryon , the last governor of New York before it was taken back by the Continental Army. The park holds a plaque dedicated in 1909 to Margaret Corbin , an American who took over at her husband's cannon after his death in the Battle of Fort Washington; she was also honored with the naming of Margaret Corbin Drive in 1977. At
9964-430: The year 2000, the Dominican community reached its peak and became a slim majority of Washington Heights and Inwood, propelling the neighborhoods' combined population to 208,000, the highest level since 1950. Even as they arrived in great numbers, Dominicans who came to the neighborhood faced a difficult economic situation, with many of the manufacturing jobs they disproportionately occupied having disappeared throughout
10070-463: Was a group of fortifications on the high points of Washington Heights, with its central site at present-day Bennett Park (known then as Mount Washington) built a few months prior opposite Fort Lee, New Jersey to protect the Hudson River from enemy ships. Under British control, the position was renamed Fort Knyphausen for the Hessian general Wilhelm von Knyphausen , who played a major part in
10176-483: Was common for police and detectives to note unresponsiveness from residents during murder inquiries. Overall distrust of the police may have stemmed from the perception of corruption, which was alleged numerous times concerning the 34th Precinct overlooking drug crimes for bribes. Tensions between residents and the NYPD came to a head on July 4, 1992, when José "Kiko" Garcia was shot by 34th Precinct Officer Michael O'Keefe on
10282-457: Was compounded by the disproportionate representation of the majority-White northwestern Heights on the board, creating an environment in which public meetings were plagued by incivility and at times even violence. George Washington High School, located on 193rd Street and Audubon Avenue near Highbridge Park , faced numerous issues representative of the changes and conflicts of the neighborhood's public schools, which intersected in 1970 to produce
10388-445: Was deconstructed and moved to a city lot to make room for new development in 1931, only for its remnants to vanish without a trace. On the eastern side, by Edgecombe Avenue between 160th and 162nd streets, the Morris–Jumel Mansion has been successfully preserved to this day. The land of the estate had been owned by Jan Kiersen and her son-in-law Jacob Dyckman before it was bought by British colonel Roger Morris in 1765 and completed
10494-455: Was demolished in 2021 after denial of its landmark status. Before the apartment development of the 20th century, many wealthy citizens built grand mansions in Washington Heights. The most famous landowner in the southwest part of the neighborhood was ornithologist John James Audubon , whose estate encompassed the 20 acres (8.1 ha) from 155th to 158th Street west of Broadway. A mystery surrounds his family home by Riverside Drive , which
10600-435: Was founded in 1771 as New York Hospital by Edinburgh Medical School graduate Samuel Bard . The hospital was granted a Royal Charter granted by King George III of Great Britain and became associated with Weill Cornell Medical College upon Weill Cornell's founding in 1898. It is the third oldest hospital in the United States, after Bellevue Hospital in New York City (1736) and Pennsylvania Hospital (1751). In 1927,
10706-492: Was listed on the 2009 U.S. News & World Report "America's Best Children's Hospitals" "Honor Roll" and one of only 10 children's hospitals in the nation to be ranked in all 10 clinical specialties. The hospital houses the only pediatric Level 1 Trauma Center in Manhattan. Komansky Children's Hospital is a pediatric acute care hospital located within Weill Cornell Medical Center . The hospital has 103 beds and
10812-825: Was perpetrated by an alliance of the African American Egyptian Kings and the Puerto Rican Dragons, both based in West Harlem just south of the Heights. The supposed motive for the attack was to counter the perception that Highbridge Pool was "owned" by the Jesters, and Black and Latino youths were often called racial slurs and chased away from the surrounding blocks. As Eric Schneider analyzes in Vampires, Dragons, and Egyptian Kings: Youth Gangs in Postwar New York,
10918-409: Was published in 1989 by Wayne State University Press. He writes in the introduction, "... I tried to reconstruct a picture of the process by which a traditionally community becomes less traditional. In the course of the study I came to the conclusion that the process of change was both slower and more complex than that suggested in the conventional picture of developments in modern Jewry. In this study of
11024-552: Was taken to the University of Virginia hospital. Police Chief RaShall Brackney was quoted in an official statement: Frontline healthcare professionals and first responders are not immune to the mental or physical effects of the current pandemic. On a daily basis, these professionals operate under the most stressful of circumstances, and the Coronavirus has introduced additional stressors. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) can reduce
11130-514: Was the scene of numerous conflicts over de facto racial segregation and unequal resource distribution within the district's schools. The School Decentralization Act, passed by the New York State Legislature in 1969, set up elected boards for New York City's school districts with limited hiring power and control over Title I funds. At the time, District 6's demographics were rapidly changing due to White students' withdrawal from
11236-534: Was the subject of a lawsuit from the family of Libby Zion, a young woman admitted in 1984 who died while under the care of overworked hospital residents . An investigation by the New York State Health Commissioner, the Bell Commission, led to restrictions on the number of hours residents could work and required oversight of their care by accredited physicians (this regulation is also known as
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