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83-473: The album is an example of the progressive, psychedelic side of Dead Kennedys' musical personality. The spaghetti Western soundtrack influence is noticeable in the horn parts and in East Bay Ray 's guitar work. Frankenchrist is also noted for its relative lack of traditionally " hardcore " material, with most of the tracks being slower and longer than the majority of other Dead Kennedys songs. "M.T.V. − Get off

166-673: A Dish Served Cold , Renegade Riders , and others, while Beyond the Law has a bandit infiltrate society and become a sheriff. There would be a flamboyant Mexican bandit ( Gian Maria Volonté from A Fistful of Dollars , otherwise Tomas Milian , or most often Fernando Sancho ) and a grumpy old man, often an undertaker, to serve as sidekick for the hero. For the love interest, ranchers' daughters, schoolmarms and barroom maidens were overshadowed by young Latin women desired by dangerous men, for which actresses, such as Nicoletta Machiavelli or Rosalba Neri , carried on Marianne Koch 's role of Marisol in

249-509: A Few Dollars More , brought a larger box-office success, the profession of bounty hunter became the choice of occupation of spaghetti Western heroes in films, such as Arizona Colt , Vengeance Is Mine , Ten Thousand Dollars for a Massacre , The Ugly Ones , Dead Men Don't Count , and Any Gun Can Play . In The Great Silence and A Minute to Pray, a Second to Die , the heroes instead fight bounty killers. During this era, many heroes and villains in spaghetti Westerns began carrying

332-439: A Western parody with a marked spaghetti Western-theme; despite having been released a year after Sergio Leone's seminal spaghetti Western, A Fistful of Dollars , development of West and Soda actually began a year earlier than Fistful' s, and lasted longer, mainly because of the use of more time-demanding animation over regular acting. For this reason, Bozzetto claims to have invented the spaghetti Western genre. Because there

415-471: A backseat to the wormy vocal histrionics of Mr. Jello Biafra." All tracks are written by Dead Kennedys , except where stated Shipments figures based on certification alone. Spaghetti Western The spaghetti Western is a broad subgenre of Western films produced in Europe. It emerged in the mid-1960s in the wake of Sergio Leone 's filmmaking style and international box-office success. The term

498-528: A cast of Italian, Spanish, and (sometimes) West German and American actors. Most spaghetti Westerns filmed between 1964 and 1978 were made on low budgets, and shot at Cinecittà Studios and various locations around southern Italy and Spain. Many of the stories take place in the dry landscapes of the American Southwest and Northern Mexico , thus, common filming locations were the Tabernas Desert and

581-530: A co-production agreement may make available more resources, an international production risks being less relevant to its target audiences than purely local productions. Renaud and Litman developed the terms "co-production strategy" and "international co-production." The first is based on the US experience in the late 1970s and early 1980s where its film companies had minimized foreign input while preferring in-house production or coproducing films with domestic companies. Here,

664-528: A con-man ( The Dirty Outlaws ), an outlaw posing as a sheriff and a bounty hunter ( Man With the Golden Pistol aka Doc, Hands of Steel ), and an outlaw posing as his twin and a bounty hunter posing as a sheriff ( A Few Dollars for Django ). The theme of age in For a Few Dollars More , in which the younger bounty killer learns valuable lessons from his more experienced colleague and eventually becomes his equal,

747-401: A copy of Omni magazine showing several works of art by Giger, including "Penis Landscape", printed in 1977, for a Paris art collection. Biafra said he wanted to use the piece on the upcoming album cover. Scotti phoned New York agent Les Barany and explained the project. Barany contacted Giger to ask permission, then contacted Mike Bonanno of Alternative Tentacles Records ; Giger agreed to let

830-461: A distinct challenge to local producers. In the face of such challenges, local producers need to learn "how to internationalise local film and television production in order to retain and hopefully build market shares; and how to develop new models of financing that combine both local and foreign sources." One approach has been to reconcile this tension by creating "local production with an explicit international orientation." But not everyone agrees this

913-412: A literal-minded definition of Australian culture has been 'antagonistic to the collaborative nature of film production, and in particular international co-production'. The Canadian study found evidence that, for television projects, domestic joint ventures performed better than international joint ventures. However, in the case of larger budget projects, domestic joint ventures were found not to be

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996-462: A musical watch, after its ingenious use in For a Few Dollars More . Spaghetti Westerns also began featuring a pair of different heroes. In Leone's film, Eastwood's character is an unshaven bounty hunter, dressed similarly to his character in A Fistful of Dollars , who enters an unstable partnership with Colonel Mortimer ( Lee Van Cleef ), an older bounty killer who uses more sophisticated weaponry and wears

1079-540: A pair of heroes in three earlier spaghetti Westerns, God Forgives... I Don't! , Boot Hill and Ace High , directed by Giuseppe Colizzi . The humor started in those movies, with scenes with comedy fighting, but the Barboni films became burlesque comedies. They feature the quick but lazy Trinity (Hill) and his big, strong and irritable brother, Bambino (Spencer). The stories lampoon stereotypical Western characters, such as diligent farmers, lawmen and bounty hunters. There

1162-479: A post-Trinity Western, My Name Is Nobody , with Henry Fonda, and a caper-story Western, A Genius, Two Partners and a Dupe . The following year, Franco Nero achieved a similar draw as a Django-style hero in Keoma . However, by the end of the 1970s, the different types of spaghetti Westerns had lost their following among mainstream cinema audiences, and the production ground to a virtual halt. Belated attempts to revive

1245-421: A ragged, laconic hero with superhuman weapon skill, preferably one who looked like Clint Eastwood: Franco Nero , John Garko , and Terence Hill started out that way; Anthony Steffen and others stayed that way throughout their spaghetti Western careers. Whoever the hero was, he would join an outlaw gang to further his own secret agenda, as in A Pistol for Ringo , Blood for a Silver Dollar , Vengeance Is

1328-538: A suit, and, in the end, turns out to also be an avenger. In the following years, there was a deluge of spaghetti Westerns with a pair of heroes with (most often) conflicting motives. Examples include a lawman and an outlaw ( And the Crows Will Dig Your Grave ), an army officer and an outlaw ( Bury Them Deep ), an avenger and a (covert) army officer ( The Hills Run Red ), an avenger and a (covert) guilty party ( Viva! Django aka W Django! ), an avenger and

1411-459: A type of hero molded on the Mortimer character from For a Few Dollars More , only without any vengeance motive and with more outrageous trick weapons. Fittingly enough Sabata is portrayed by Lee Van Cleef himself, while John Garko plays the very similar Sartana protagonist. Parolini made some more Sabata movies, while Giuliano Carnimeo made a whole series of Sartana films with Garko. Beside

1494-617: A viable alternative to international joint ventures. In their later study of co-production in Australia, the authors identified financial pooling as the most important benefit and increased co-ordination costs as the greatest drawback. This suggests that co-production is more suited to larger budget productions, primarily film, which have greater capital needs but do not carry the same dollar-for-dollar coordination costs as smaller projects. Government bodies are keenly aware of these concerns. A review of Australian co-production rules acknowledged

1577-557: A villain in Blindman and French rock 'n' roll veteran Johnny Hallyday as the gunfighter and avenger hero in Sergio Corbucci 's The Specialists . The story of A Fistful of Dollars was closely based on Akira Kurosawa 's Yojimbo . Kurosawa sued Sergio Leone for plagiarism, and was compensated with the exclusive distribution rights to the movie in Japan, where its hero, Clint Eastwood,

1660-538: Is Giorgio Capitani 's The Ruthless Four (in effect a gay version of John Huston 's The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ), in which the explicit homosexual relation between two of its male main characters and some gay cueing scenes are embedded with other forms of man-to-man relations through the story. In the 1960s, critics recognized that the American genres were rapidly changing. The genre most identifiably American,

1743-457: Is Giulio Questi 's Django Kill . Other "cult" items are Cesare Canevari 's Matalo! , Tony Anthony 's Blindman , and Joaquín Luis Romero Marchent 's Cut-Throats Nine (the latter among gore film audiences). The few spaghetti Westerns containing historical characters such as Buffalo Bill , Wyatt Earp , Billy the Kid , etc., appear mainly before A Fistful of Dollars had put its mark on

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1826-411: Is a priest who espouses Liberation theology . The film concerns oppression of poor Mexicans by rich Anglos, and ends on a call for arms, but it does not fit easily as a Zapata Western , for it lacks the typical hero pair of a flamboyant Latin revolutionary and an Anglo specialist. The Price of Power serves a political allegory about the assassination of John F. Kennedy and racism. The movie concerns

1909-434: Is no real consensus about where to draw the exact line between spaghetti Westerns and other Eurowesterns (or other Westerns in general), it cannot be said which film is definitively the first spaghetti Western. However, 1964 saw the breakthrough of this genre, with more than twenty productions or coproductions from Italian companies, and more than half a dozen Westerns by Spanish or Spanish-American companies. Furthermore, by far

1992-512: Is taken up in Day of Anger and Death Rides a Horse . In both cases, Lee Van Cleef carries on as the older hero versus Giuliano Gemma and John Phillip Law, respectively. One variant of the hero pair was a revolutionary Mexican bandit and a mostly money-oriented American from the United States frontier. These films are sometimes called Zapata Westerns. The first was Damiano Damiani 's A Bullet for

2075-487: Is the best approach. For example, the idea that Australia should produce more 'deterritorialised' programming such as fantasy and science fiction has been met with disquiet in some sections of the industry. In Australia , some have suggested that a narrow definition of 'local content' has restricted Australia's ability to engage with international partners. Julia Hammett-Jamart reflects on the different approaches taken by France and Australia to this issue and argues that

2158-584: The Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park , an area of volcanic origin known for its wide sandy beaches, both of which are in the Province of Almería in Southeastern Spain. Some sets and studios built for spaghetti Westerns survived as theme parks, such as Texas Hollywood , Mini Hollywood , and Western Leone , and continue to be used as film sets. Other filming locations used were in central and southern Italy , such as

2241-587: The Internal Revenue Service . Though this scheme was developed for the aid of American humanitarian workers redeveloping nations destroyed in World War II, agents discovered that Hollywood actors, directors, and screenwriters would qualify for the tax break by working outside the US for the same period. International film co-production was very common in the 50s, 60s and 70s between Italian, Spanish and French production companies, as exemplified by most of

2324-667: The Parents Music Resource Center . Frankenchrist' s front cover itself depicts a Shriners parade, featuring Shriners members driving miniature cars, wearing their distinctive red fez hats. The four Shriners members pictured in the photograph sued Dead Kennedys in 1986. The image was originally photographed and published by Newsweek in the 1970s, a decade before the Frankenchrist usage by Dead Kennedys and Alternative Tentacles in 1985. Trouser Press wrote: "There are some bad tracks with forced, awkward lyrics, but

2407-547: The Spaghetti-western and sword and sandal movies being Spanish-Italian co-productions, typically directed by an Italian, played fifty-fifty by Spanish and Italian actors and shot in southern Spain landscapes. Due to the worldwide popularity of Hollywood stars they would be used to guarantee a respectable audience around the world as well as the United States. The relatively low production costs and high box office return of these films often led to direct Hollywood investment to

2490-688: The West German Winnetou films and the Eastern Bloc Red Western films. Taking its name from the Spanish rice dish, " Paella Western" has been used to refer to Western films produced in Spain. The Japanese film Tampopo was promoted as a " Ramen Western". The majority of the films in the spaghetti Western genre were international coproductions by Italy and Spain, and sometimes France, West Germany, Britain, Portugal, Greece, Yugoslavia, and

2573-408: The (supposedly) Navajo village is wiped out by bandits during the first minutes, and the avenger hero spends the rest of the film dealing mostly with Anglos and Mexicans until the final showdown at a Native American burial ground. Several spaghetti Westerns are inspired by classical myths and dramas. Titles, such as Fedra West (also called Ballad of a Bounty Hunter ) and Johnny Hamlet , signify

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2656-416: The 1960s and 1970s the government of Spain would give producers funds based on the budget of the film whilst Italy would give producers funds based on the box office results of the film, however the government could interfere with production if they chose to The first European nations to sign a film co-production agreement were France and Italy in 1949. Between 1949 and 1964 711 films were co-produced between

2739-499: The 1963–1964 spaghetti Westerns. For example, in Sergio Corbucci 's Minnesota Clay , that appeared two months after A Fistful of Dollars , an American style "tragic gunfighter" hero who confronts two evil gangs, one Mexican and one Anglo, with (as in A Fistful of Dollars ) the leader of the latter being the town sheriff. In Johnny Oro , a traditional Western sheriff and a mixed-race bounty killer are forced into an uneasy alliance when Mexican bandits and Native Americans assault

2822-507: The Air" is notable for its pointed slam of the music establishment and "Stars and Stripes of Corruption" for its exegesis of vocalist Jello Biafra 's political philosophies. Biafra said, "One of the main focal points of Frankenchrist is if we are going to rise above the need for cops and laws, we can quit using the old American work ethic of seeing how much you can get away with and how much you can scam and who cares whose back you stab." The album

2905-597: The Black , Johnny Hamlet and also Seven Dollars on the Red . Another type of wronged hero is set up and must clear himself from accusations. Giuliano Gemma starred in a series of successful films carrying this theme— Adiós gringo , For a Few Extra Dollars , Long Days of Vengeance , Wanted and, to some extent, Blood for a Silver Dollar —in which his character is most often called "Gary". The wronged hero who becomes an avenger appears in many spaghetti Westerns. Among

2988-675: The CBC of Canada, NBC of the U.S.A., and the BBC, and broadcast simultaneously in all three countries", was first broadcast in December 1940. Following the Second World War, US film companies were forbidden by the Marshall Plan to take their film profits in the form of foreign exchange out of European countries. As a result, several film companies started studios and production companies in nations such as

3071-647: The East and A Genius, Two Partners and a Dupe ), Spencer ( It Can Be Done Amigo ) and a pair of Hill-Spencer lookalikes in Carambola . A spaghetti Western old hand, Franco Nero , also worked in this subgenre with Cipolla Colt , and Tomas Milian plays an outrageous "quick" bounty hunter modeled on Charlie Chaplin 's Little Tramp in Sometimes Life Is Hard, Eh Providence? and Here We Go Again, Eh, Providence? . Terence Hill could still draw large audiences in

3154-690: The French horse country of Camargue (1911–1912). In Italy, the American West as a dramatic setting for spectacles goes back at least as far as Giacomo Puccini 's 1910 opera La fanciulla del West ( The Girl of the West ), which is sometimes considered to be the first spaghetti Western. The first Western movie made in Italy was La voce del sangue , produced by the Turin film studio Itala Film . In 1913, La vampira Indiana

3237-478: The General and then followed Sergio Sollima 's trilogy: The Big Gundown , Face to Face , and Run, Man, Run . Sergio Corbucci 's The Mercenary and Compañeros and Tepepa by Giulio Petroni are also considered Zapata Westerns. Many of these films enjoyed both good takes at the box office and attention from critics. They are often interpreted as a leftist critique of the typical Hollywood handling of

3320-562: The LP does contain two of the DKs’ finest moments: 'MTV — Get Off the Air' and 'Stars and Stripes of Corruption', one of the most powerful political statements ever committed to vinyl." Byron Coley at Spin said the album was, "organically interchangeable with any other like-sized hunk they've previously coughed up. It would be unjust, though, not to mention that the band sounds better than ever. Unfortunately, this band’s instrumental sound must forever take

3403-458: The Leone film. The terror of the villains against their defenseless victims became just as ruthless as in A Fistful of Dollars , or more, and their brutalization of the hero when his treachery is disclosed became just as merciless, or more—similar to securing the latter's retribution. In the beginning, some films mixed some of these new devices with the borrowed U.S. Western devices typical for most of

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3486-843: The Mexican Revolution, and of imperialism in general. In Leone's The Good, the Bad and the Ugly there is still the scheme of a pair of heroes vs. a villain but it is somewhat relaxed, as here all three parties were driven by a money motive. In subsequent films such as Any Gun Can Play (whose Italian title, " Vado... l'ammazzo e torno ", is itself a quote from Leone's film), One Dollar Too Many , and Kill Them All and Come Back Alone several main characters repeatedly form alliances and betray each other for monetary gain. Sabata and If You Meet Sartana Pray for Your Death , directed by Gianfranco Parolini , introduce into similar betrayal environments

3569-587: The United Kingdom and Italy to use their "frozen funds". To use these profits in England, film companies would set up production companies using the required amount of British film technicians and actors to qualify as British Productions in order to take advantage of the Eady Levy . At the same time, US citizens working outside the country for 510 days during a period of 18 months would not be taxed on their earnings by

3652-482: The United States. Over six hundred European Westerns were made between 1960 and 1978. These movies were originally released in Italian or with Italian dubbing , but, as most of the films featured multilingual casts, and sound was post-synched, most western all'italiana do not have an official dominant language. The typical spaghetti Western team was made up of an Italian director, an Italo-Spanish technical staff, and

3735-611: The West ) and Fernando Cerchio 's Il bandolero stanco , starring Erminio Macario and Renato Rascel , respectively. After World War II, there were scattered European uses of Western settings, mostly for comedy, musical or otherwise. A cycle of Western comedies was initiated in 1959 with La sceriffa and Il terrore dell’Oklahoma , followed by other films starring comedy specialists, such as Walter Chiari , Ugo Tognazzi , Raimondo Vianello , and Fernandel . An Italian critic has compared these comedies to American Bob Hope vehicles. The first American-British Western filmed in Spain

3818-564: The Western, seemed to be evolving into a new, rougher form. For many critics, Sergio Leone 's films were part of the problem. Leone's Dollars Trilogy (1964–1966) was not the beginning of the "spaghetti Western" cycle in Italy, but for some Americans, Leone's films represented the true beginning of the Italian invasion of an American genre. Christopher Frayling , in his noted book on the Italian Western, describes American critical reception of

3901-464: The assassination of an American president in Dallas, Texas, by a group of Southern white supremacists who frame an innocent African-American. They are opposed by an unstable partnership between a whistleblower ( Giuliano Gemma ) and a political aide. Although it is intimated in some films, such as Django Kill and Requiescant , open homosexuality plays a marginal part in spaghetti Westerns. An exception

3984-407: The benefits as: Debate concerning international co-productions centres on the potential for productions to have little cultural specificity in any of its home countries. Internationalisation brings tensions in terms of cost, benefit and opportunity. In Australia , for example, O'Regan and Ward have argued that an influx of international productions to Queensland's Gold Coast in the 1990s presented

4067-461: The case of an international co-production, production companies from different countries (typically two to three) are working together. Co-production also refers to the way services are produced by their users, in some parts or entirely. The journalist Mark Lawson identifies the first use of the term, in the context of radio production, in 1941, although the programme to which he refers, Children Calling Home , "Presented in collaboration between

4150-439: The change to a lighter and more sentimental mood. The Trinity-inspired films also adopted this less serious and often-maligned style. Some critics deplore these post-Trinity films and their soundtracks as a degeneration of the "real" spaghetti Westerns. Indeed, Hill's and Spencer's skillful use of body language was a hard act to follow, and it is significant that the most successful of the post-Trinity films featured Hill ( Man of

4233-486: The cigarillo, the poncho, etc. The spaghetti Western was born, flourished and faded in a highly commercial production environment. The Italian "low" popular film production was usually low-budget and low-profit, and the easiest way to success was imitating a proven success. When the typically low-budget production, A Fistful of Dollars , turned into a remarkable box-office success, the industry eagerly lapped up its innovations. Most subsequent spaghetti Westerns tried to get

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4316-450: The connection to Greek myth , the plays by Euripides and Racine , and the play by William Shakespeare , respectively. The latter also inspired 1972's Dust in the Sun , which follows the original more closely than Johnny Hamlet, in which the hero survives. The Forgotten Pistolero is based on the vengeance of Orestes . There are similarities between the story of The Return of Ringo and

4399-479: The conventions of traditional U.S. Westerns. This was partly intentional, and partly the context of a different cultural background. In 1968, the wave of spaghetti Westerns reached its crest, comprising one-third of the Italian film production, only to collapse to one-tenth in 1969. Spaghetti Westerns have left their mark on popular culture, strongly influencing numerous works produced in and outside of Italy. According to veteran spaghetti Western actor Aldo Sambrell ,

4482-596: The films, performed by Eastern actors—for example, Chen Lee in My Name Is Shanghai Joe , or Lo Lieh teaming up with Lee Van Cleef in The Stranger and the Gunfighter . Some spaghetti Westerns incorporate political overtones, particularly from the political left . An example is Requiescant , featuring Italian author and film director Pier Paolo Pasolini as a major supporting character. Pasolini's character

4565-400: The first three spaghetti Westerns by Leone, a most influential film was Sergio Corbucci 's Django starring Franco Nero . Django was one of the most violent spaghetti Westerns. The titular character is torn between several motives—money or revenge—and his choices bring misery to him and to a woman close to him. Indicative of this film's influence on the spaghetti Western style, "Django" is

4648-584: The former Iron Curtain offered producers lucrative deals. In exchange for a share of the profits or an outright payment the host country would pick up most of the local charges; with the film often credited as a co-production. In many cases, co-productions are a response to the challenges of internationalisation by countries with small production sectors, as they seek to maintain a viable production industry and produce culturally-specific content for national audiences. However, these dual goals also produce tensions within national film and television sectors. Although

4731-430: The genre included the comedy film Buddy Goes West and a Spanish-American coproduction, Comin' at Ya! , which was shot in 3D , and Django Strikes Again . Some movies that were not very successful at the box office still earn a "cult" status in some segment of the audience because of certain extraordinary features in story and/or presentation. One "cult" spaghetti Western that has also drawn attention from critics

4814-407: The genre. Likewise, and in contrast to the contemporary German Westerns, few films feature Native Americans . When they appear, they are more often portrayed as victims of discrimination than as dangerous foes. The only fairly successful spaghetti Western with a Native American main character (played by Burt Reynolds in his only European Western outing) is Sergio Corbucci 's Navajo Joe , in which

4897-416: The hero's name in a plenitude of subsequent Westerns. Although his character is not named Django, Franco Nero brings a similar ambience to Texas, Adios and Massacre Time , in which the hero must confront surprising and dangerous family relations. Similar "prodigal son" stories followed, including Chuck Moll , Keoma , The Return of Ringo , The Forgotten Pistolero , One Thousand Dollars on

4980-518: The hero), and pathos (terror and brutality against defenseless people and against the hero after his doublecross has been revealed). Ennio Morricone's innovative score expresses a similar duality between quirky and unusual sounds and instruments, and sacral dramatizing for the big confrontation scenes. Another important novelty was Clint Eastwood's performance as the man with no name —an unshaven, sarcastic, insolent Western antihero with personal goals in mind, and with distinct visuals to boot—the squint,

5063-446: The label use a reproduction chrome of the artwork for $ 600, half the usual price. Biafra presented the idea to the other members of the band, but the idea was rejected as the album cover and as an interior gatefold double LP album. Finally it was accepted as an inserted poster. Jayed Scotti created the production mechanicals by hand for the poster. The poster was printed and inserted in the Frankenchrist album with an additional sticker on

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5146-427: The last canto of Homer 's Odyssey . Fury of Johnny Kid follows Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet , but (again) with a different ending; the loving couple leave together while their families annihilate each other. Some Italian Western films were made as vehicles for musical stars, such as Ferdinando Baldi 's Rita of the West , featuring Rita Pavone and Terence Hill . In non-singing roles were Ringo Starr as

5229-530: The local film and television industry in each country. Benefits may include government financial assistance, tax concessions and inclusion in domestic television broadcast quotas. International co-productions also occur outside the framework of official co-productions, for example with countries that do not have an agreement in place, or projects that do not satisfy official co-production criteria. Dialogue director Mickey Knox recalled that in order to bring in American dollars and British pounds many countries behind

5312-416: The more commercially successful films with a hero dedicated to vengeance— For a Few Dollars More , Once Upon a Time in the West , Today We Kill... Tomorrow We Die! , A Reason to Live, a Reason to Die , Death Rides a Horse , Django, Prepare a Coffin , The Deserter , Hate for Hate , and Halleluja for Django — those with whom he cooperates typically have conflicting motivations. In 1968,

5395-526: The most attention is arguably Luis Trenker's Der Kaiser von Kalifornien about John Sutter . Another Italian Western is Girl of the Golden West . The film's title alludes to the opera The Girl of the Golden West , by Giacomo Puccini , but is not an adaptation of it. It was one of a handful of Westerns to be made during the silent film and Fascist Italy eras. Forerunners of the genre were also Giorgio Ferroni 's Il fanciullo del West ( The Boy in

5478-400: The most commercially successful of this lot was Sergio Leone's A Fistful of Dollars . It was the innovations in cinematic style, music, acting and story of Leone's first Western that decided that spaghetti Westerns became a distinct subgenre and not just a number of films looking like American Westerns. In this seminal film, Leone used a distinct visual style with large face close ups to tell

5561-444: The non-US studios and producers such as Dino DeLaurentis . An example of such pan-European co-productions was Treasure Island (1972), a British-French-German-Italian-Spanish film, starring US Orson Welles . To qualify as an Italian film a film needed either an Italian director or cameraman plus at least two Italian featured players and an Italian film laboratory to process the film. Actor and director Mel Welles recalled that in

5644-424: The output of high quality productions through the sharing of equity investment. Official co-productions are made possible by agreements between countries. Co-production agreements seek to achieve economic, cultural and diplomatic goals. For filmmakers, the key attraction of a treaty co-production is that it qualifies as a national production in each of the partner nations and can access benefits that are available to

5727-426: The outside shrinkwrap, warning buyers of the contents. Biafra was brought to trial for distributing harmful matter to minors, and though the case did not result in a conviction, Alternative Tentacles was almost driven to bankruptcy. It was only through the support of fans that the label was able to stay alive. Biafra gained attention as a champion of free speech, and was subsequently one of the most active opponents of

5810-747: The parks of Valle del Treja (between Rome and Viterbo ), the area of Camposecco (next to Camerata Nuova , characterized by a karst topography ), the hills around Castelluccio , the town of Wuustwezel and the area around the Gran Sasso mountain, and the Tivoli 's quarries and Sardinia . God's Gun was filmed in Israel. European Westerns are as old as filmmaking itself. The Lumière brothers had their first public screening of films in 1895, and already, in 1896, Gabriel Veyre shot Repas d'Indien ( Indian Banquet ) for them. Joe Hamman starred as Arizona Bill in films made in

5893-543: The phrase spaghetti Western was coined by Spanish journalist Alfonso Sánchez in reference to the Italian food spaghetti . Spaghetti Westerns are also known as Italian Westerns or, primarily in Japan, Macaroni Westerns . In Italy, the genre is typically referred to as western all'italiana (Italian-style Western). Italo-Western is also used, especially in Germany. The term Eurowesterns has been used to broadly refer to all non-Italian Western movies from Europe, including

5976-550: The spaghetti Western cycle as, to "a large extent, confined to a sterile debate about the 'cultural roots' of the American/Hollywood Western". He remarked that few critics dared admit that they were, in fact, "bored with an exhausted Hollywood genre". Co-production (media) A co-production is a joint venture between two or more different production companies for the purpose of film production , television production , video game development , and so on. In

6059-502: The story of a hero entering a town that is ruled by two outlaw gangs, and ordinary social relations are nonexistent. The hero betrays and plays the gangs against each other to make money. He uses his cunning and exceptional weapons skill to assist a family threatened by both gangs. His treachery is exposed, and he is severely beaten, but in the end, he defeats the remaining gang. The interactions in this story range between cunning and irony (the tricks, deceits, unexpected actions and sarcasm of

6142-512: The term "international co-production" is used to highlight the fact that these US companies have worked with foreign companies as a way to address specific needs. Baltruschat introduces the concepts, "official" and "non-official" co-productions which can be distinguished by whether or not there is a formal inter-government agreement. As a response to internationalisation, co-production offers both benefits and drawbacks. A 1996 survey of Canadian international and domestic joint ventures identified

6225-626: The town. In A Pistol for Ringo , a traditional sheriff commissions a money-oriented hero played by Giuliano Gemma (as deadly but with more pleasing manners than Eastwood's character) to infiltrate a gang of Mexican bandits whose leader is played typically by Fernando Sancho . As with Leone's first Western, the Dollars Trilogy strongly influenced the further developments of the genre, as did Sergio Corbucci's Django and Enzo Barboni's two Trinity films, as well as some other successful spaghetti Westerns. After 1965, when Leone's second Western, For

6308-525: The two nations. Due to the expense of filmmaking, many films made outside the United States are international co-productions. For example, Amélie is set in France and stars French actors, but many scenes were shot in a German film studio and the post-production work was undertaken by a German film company. International co-productions open new markets for films and television programs and can increase

6391-437: The wave of spaghetti Westerns reached its crest, comprising one-third of the Italian film production, only to collapse to one-tenth in 1969. However, the considerable box-office success of Enzo Barboni 's They Call Me Trinity and its pyramidal follow-up, Trinity Is Still My Name , gave Italian filmmakers a new model to emulate. The main characters were played by Terence Hill and Bud Spencer , who had already cooperated as

6474-657: Was The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw , directed by Raoul Walsh . It was followed by Savage Guns , a British-Spanish Western, again filmed in Spain. It marked the beginning of Spain as a suitable film-shooting location for any type of European Western. In 1961, an Italian company coproduced the French Taste of Violence , with a Mexican Revolution theme. In 1963, three non-comedy Italo-Spanish Westerns were produced: Gunfight at Red Sands , Implacable Three , and Gunfight at High Noon . In 1965, Bruno Bozzetto released his traditionally animated feature film West and Soda ,

6557-406: Was a subject of controversy because the original record sleeve included a poster featuring the painting Landscape #XX , or Penis Landscape , by H. R. Giger , depicting rows of copulating penises and vulvae . The choice of the painting came as the result of a comment by Jello Biafra to his then-roommate and Dead Kennedys artist, Jayed Scotti, art partners with Winston Smith. Biafra showed Scotti

6640-517: Was a wave of Trinity-inspired films with quick and strong heroes, the former often called "Trinity", or coming from "a place called Trinity", and with few or no killings. Because the two model stories contained religious pacifists to account for the absence of gunplay, all of the successors contained religious groups, or, at least, priests, sometimes as one of the heroes. The music for the two Trinity Westerns (composed by Franco Micalizzi and Guido & Maurizio De Angelis , respectively) also reflected

6723-629: Was already a huge star due to the popularity of the TV series, Rawhide . Leone would have done far better financially by obtaining Kurosawa's advance permission to use Yojimbo' s script. Requiem for a Gringo shows many traces from another well-known Japanese film, Masaki Kobayashi 's Harakiri . When Asian martial arts films started to draw crowds in European cinema houses, the producers of spaghetti Westerns tried to hang on, this time not by adapting storylines, but rather by directly including martial arts in

6806-583: Was released; a combination of Western and vampire film. It was directed by Vincenzo Leone , father of Sergio Leone , and starred his mother, Bice Valerian , in the title role as the Indian princess Fatale. The Italians also made Wild Bill Hickok films, while the Germans released backwoods Westerns featuring Bela Lugosi as Uncas . Of the Western-related European films before 1964, the one that attracted

6889-685: Was used by foreign critics because most of these Westerns were produced and directed by Italians . The majority of the films in the spaghetti Western genre were international co-productions by Italy and Spain, and sometimes France, West Germany, Britain, Portugal, Greece, Yugoslavia, and the United States. Over six hundred European Westerns were made between 1960 and 1978. Most spaghetti Westerns filmed between 1964 and 1978 were made on low budgets, and shot at Cinecittà Studios and various locations around southern Italy and Spain. Leone's films and other core spaghetti Westerns are often described as having eschewed, criticized or even "demythologized" many of

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