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47-675: London Stock Exchange Group plc , also known as LSEG, is a global provider of financial markets data and infrastructure. Headquartered in London , England. It owns the London Stock Exchange (on which it is also listed), Refinitiv , LSEG Technology, FTSE Russell , and majority stakes in LCH and Tradeweb . The London Stock Exchange was founded in Sweeting's Alley in London in 1801. It moved to Capel Court

94-488: A mass noun in singular form. This usage is common in everyday language and in technical and scientific fields such as software development and computer science . One example of this usage is the term " big data ". When used more specifically to refer to the processing and analysis of sets of data, the term retains its plural form. This usage is common in the natural sciences, life sciences, social sciences, software development and computer science, and grew in popularity in

141-636: A 23% stake in the Exchange. The stake grew to 29% as a result of the London exchange's share consolidation. Nasdaq has since sold its investment. In 2007, the Exchange acquired the Milan-based Borsa Italiana for €1.6bn (£1.1bn; US$ 2bn) to form the London Stock Exchange Group plc. The combination was intended to diversify the LSE's product offering and customer base. The all-share deal diluted

188-436: A basis for calculation, reasoning, or discussion. Data can range from abstract ideas to concrete measurements, including, but not limited to, statistics . Thematically connected data presented in some relevant context can be viewed as information . Contextually connected pieces of information can then be described as data insights or intelligence . The stock of insights and intelligence that accumulate over time resulting from

235-584: A climber's guidebook containing practical information on the best way to reach Mount Everest's peak may be considered "knowledge". "Information" bears a diversity of meanings that range from everyday usage to technical use. This view, however, has also been argued to reverse how data emerges from information, and information from knowledge. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern , perception, and representation. Beynon-Davies uses

282-404: A common view, data is collected and analyzed; data only becomes information suitable for making decisions once it has been analyzed in some fashion. One can say that the extent to which a set of data is informative to someone depends on the extent to which it is unexpected by that person. The amount of information contained in a data stream may be characterized by its Shannon entropy . Knowledge

329-553: A controlling interest. In March 2020, Refintiv announced the purchase of software-as-services firm Scivantage for an undisclosed amount. Refinitiv acquired Advisor software in July 2020 and Red Flag Group in October 2020. On May 18, 2022, LSEG announced its acquisition of MayStreet, a low latency execution software and market data provider. At the end of August 2023, the Refinitiv brand

376-461: A database featuring more than a million mergers and acquisitions (M&A) deals spanning over 40 years, covering corporate finance transactions and investment banking league tables across equity markets, debt, loans, bonds, project finance, initial public offerings (IPOs), joint ventures, repurchases, private equity and municipal bonds. Although Thomson Reuters used to be a minority shareholder in Refinitiv, it supplies Reuters news and content to

423-659: A description of other data. A similar yet earlier term for metadata is "ancillary data." The prototypical example of metadata is the library catalog, which is a description of the contents of books. Whenever data needs to be registered, data exists in the form of a data document . Kinds of data documents include: Some of these data documents (data repositories, data studies, data sets, and software) are indexed in Data Citation Indexes , while data papers are indexed in traditional bibliographic databases, e.g., Science Citation Index . Gathering data can be accomplished through

470-553: A few decades. Scientific publishers and libraries have been struggling with this problem for a few decades, and there is still no satisfactory solution for the long-term storage of data over centuries or even for eternity. Data accessibility . Another problem is that much scientific data is never published or deposited in data repositories such as databases . In a recent survey, data was requested from 516 studies that were published between 2 and 22 years earlier, but less than one out of five of these studies were able or willing to provide

517-597: A new holding company, UK TopCo, and would retain both headquarters in London and Frankfurt. On 25 February 2017, the London Stock Exchange Group PLC stated it would not sell its fixed-income trading platform in Italy to Deutsche Börse AG, to appease anti-trust concerns. The planned merger between the two exchanges, which was estimated to create the largest exchange in Europe, was subsequently described as "at risk" by

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564-470: A primary source (the researcher is the first person to obtain the data) or a secondary source (the researcher obtains the data that has already been collected by other sources, such as data disseminated in a scientific journal). Data analysis methodologies vary and include data triangulation and data percolation. The latter offers an articulate method of collecting, classifying, and analyzing data using five possible angles of analysis (at least three) to maximize

611-735: A risk intelligence database for financial crime legislation compliance, FXall , Eikon , the execution management system REDI, Datastream for macro-economic analysis, Quantitative Analytics on the Cloud, AutoAudit and the Elektron Data Platform, creating 32,000 risk intelligence records every month from internal and third-party sources. Another, the World-Check Risk Intelligence database, compiles information from international financial watch lists, government records, and media searches to tackle money laundering . Refinitiv also maintains

658-707: A takeover, however in Canada the deal was reported as a merger. The provisional name for the combined group would be LTMX Group plc. On 13 June 2011, a rival, and hostile bid from the Maple Group of Canadian interests, was unveiled for the TMX Group. This was a cash and stock bid of CA$ 3.7 billion , launched in the hope of blocking the LSE Group's takeover of TMX. The group was composed of the leading banks and financial institutions of Canada. The London Stock Exchange however announced it

705-548: Is an American-British global provider of financial market data and infrastructure. The company was founded in 2018 as a subsidiary of Thomson Reuters , which then sold a 55% stake to Blackstone Group LP in August 2018. In October 2019, Blackstone and Thomson Reuters announced the sale of the company to London Stock Exchange Group . LSEG completed the US$ 27 billion purchase from the two previous owners in late January 2021, and Refinitiv

752-439: Is now a subsidiary of LSEG. The company has an annual turnover of $ 6 billion, with more than 40,000 client companies in 190 countries. Refinitiv's predecessors include Thomson Financial . Thomson Reuters sold a 55% majority stake in its Financial & Risk (F&R) unit to private equity firm Blackstone Group LP on October 1, 2018, in a deal which valued the total F&R business at about $ 20 billion. This business

799-405: Is the awareness of its environment that some entity possesses, whereas data merely communicates that knowledge. For example, the entry in a database specifying the height of Mount Everest is a datum that communicates a precisely-measured value. This measurement may be included in a book along with other data on Mount Everest to describe the mountain in a manner useful for those who wish to decide on

846-443: Is the longevity of data. Scientific research generates huge amounts of data, especially in genomics and astronomy , but also in the medical sciences , e.g. in medical imaging . In the past, scientific data has been published in papers and books, stored in libraries, but more recently practically all data is stored on hard drives or optical discs . However, in contrast to paper, these storage devices may become unreadable after

893-404: Is the plural of datum , "(thing) given," and the neuter past participle of dare , "to give". The first English use of the word "data" is from the 1640s. The word "data" was first used to mean "transmissible and storable computer information" in 1946. The expression "data processing" was first used in 1954. When "data" is used more generally as a synonym for "information", it is treated as

940-512: The Toronto Stock Exchange agreed to join forces with the London Stock Exchange Group in a deal described by TMX head Tom Kloet as a 'merger of equals' (though 8/15 board members of the combined entity will be appointed by LSE, 7/15 by TMX). The deal, subject to government approval would create the world's largest exchange operator for mining stocks. In the UK, the LSE Group first announced it as

987-443: The 20th and 21st centuries. Some style guides do not recognize the different meanings of the term and simply recommend the form that best suits the target audience of the guide. For example, APA style as of the 7th edition requires "data" to be treated as a plural form. Data, information , knowledge , and wisdom are closely related concepts, but each has its role concerning the other, and each term has its meaning. According to

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1034-501: The Italian Bourse to Euronext . The acquisition was announced on 9 October of that same year and was completed on 29 April 2021. In August 2023, LSEG said it intends to retire the Refinitiv name across the group, starting with market-data terminal Refinitiv Workspace, which will become LSEG Workspace from the end of August 2023. The positions of chairman and Chief Executive of the London Stock Exchange Group were founded in 2007, upon

1081-434: The LSE announced it had agreed to buy Frank Russell Co. , making it one of the largest providers of index services. In January 2015, Reuters reported that the London Stock Exchange Group planned to put Russell Investments up for sale, and estimates the sale will produce $ 1.4 billion. In March 2016, the company announced it had reached an agreement with Deutsche Börse to merge. The companies would have been brought under

1128-504: The Wall Street Journal . The merger attempt was blocked by EU Competition Regulator on 29 March 2017 stating that "The Commission's investigation concluded the merger would have created a de facto monopoly in the markets for clearing fixed income instruments". In August 2019, the company agreed to buy Refinitiv in an all-share transaction valuing the target at $ 27 billion. Shortly thereafter, on 11 September 2019, LSEG itself became

1175-415: The act of observation as constitutive, is offered as an alternative to data for visual representations in the humanities. The term data-driven is a neologism applied to an activity which is primarily compelled by data over all other factors. Data-driven applications include data-driven programming and data-driven journalism . Refinitiv LSEG Data & Analytics , formerly Refinitiv ,

1222-433: The best method to climb it. Awareness of the characteristics represented by this data is knowledge. Data are often assumed to be the least abstract concept, information the next least, and knowledge the most abstract. In this view, data becomes information by interpretation; e.g., the height of Mount Everest is generally considered "data", a book on Mount Everest geological characteristics may be considered "information", and

1269-434: The binary alphabet. Some special forms of data are distinguished. A computer program is a collection of data, that can be interpreted as instructions. Most computer languages make a distinction between programs and the other data on which programs operate, but in some languages, notably Lisp and similar languages, programs are essentially indistinguishable from other data. It is also useful to distinguish metadata , that is,

1316-432: The company's 400,000 plus customers in more than 40,000 businesses around the world, supported by a network of at least 13,000 registered developers. The company's innovation group, branded as Refinitiv Labs is tasked with taking the lead in exploring new directions and creating new capabilities, derived from part of Thomson Reuters Labs, initially with sites in London, New York, Singapore, San Francisco and Cape Town (later

1363-617: The concept of a sign to differentiate between data and information; data is a series of symbols, while information occurs when the symbols are used to refer to something. Before the development of computing devices and machines, people had to manually collect data and impose patterns on it. With the development of computing devices and machines, these devices can also collect data. In the 2010s, computers were widely used in many fields to collect data and sort or process it, in disciplines ranging from marketing , analysis of social service usage by citizens to scientific research. These patterns in

1410-444: The course of a controlled scientific experiment. Data are analyzed using techniques such as calculation , reasoning , discussion, presentation , visualization , or other forms of post-analysis. Prior to analysis, raw data (or unprocessed data) is typically cleaned: Outliers are removed, and obvious instrument or data entry errors are corrected. Data can be seen as the smallest units of factual information that can be used as

1457-408: The data are seen as information that can be used to enhance knowledge. These patterns may be interpreted as " truth " (though "truth" can be a subjective concept) and may be authorized as aesthetic and ethical criteria in some disciplines or cultures. Events that leave behind perceivable physical or virtual remains can be traced back through data. Marks are no longer considered data once the link between

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1504-671: The establishment of the Group. This is not to be confused with the chairmen and Chief Executive's of the London Stock Exchange plc , which is a subsidiary of the Group. The current Chief Executive is former Goldman Sachs banker David Schwimmer , who was appointed in 2018, replacing Xavier Rolet , who was ousted in November 2017. Schwimmer's most recent role at Goldman Sachs was serving as "global head of market structure and global head of metals and mining in investment banking". Principal subsidiaries areas follows: incorporation votes held Following

1551-571: The ethos of data as "given". Peter Checkland introduced the term capta (from the Latin capere , "to take") to distinguish between an immense number of possible data and a sub-set of them, to which attention is oriented. Johanna Drucker has argued that since the humanities affirm knowledge production as "situated, partial, and constitutive," using data may introduce assumptions that are counterproductive, for example that phenomena are discrete or are observer-independent. The term capta , which emphasizes

1598-610: The following year. In 1972, the Exchange moved to a new purpose-built building and trading floor in Threadneedle Street. Deregulation, sometimes known as " big bang ", came in 1986 and external ownership of member firms was allowed for the first time. In 1995, the Alternative Investment Market was launched and in 2004 the Exchange moved again, this time to Paternoster Square. Between April and May 2006, having been rebuffed in an informal approach, Nasdaq built up

1645-538: The mark and observation is broken. Mechanical computing devices are classified according to how they represent data. An analog computer represents a datum as a voltage, distance, position, or other physical quantity. A digital computer represents a piece of data as a sequence of symbols drawn from a fixed alphabet . The most common digital computers use a binary alphabet, that is, an alphabet of two characters typically denoted "0" and "1". More familiar representations, such as numbers or letters, are then constructed from

1692-629: The merger with Borsa Italiana, the group is Europe's leading equities business, with 48% of the FTSEurofirst 100 by market capitalisation and with the most liquid order book by value and volume traded. Its activities include: Data Data are collected using techniques such as measurement , observation , query , or analysis , and are typically represented as numbers or characters that may be further processed . Field data are data that are collected in an uncontrolled, in-situ environment. Experimental data are data that are generated in

1739-522: The petabyte scale. Using traditional data analysis methods and computing, working with such large (and growing) datasets is difficult, even impossible. (Theoretically speaking, infinite data would yield infinite information, which would render extracting insights or intelligence impossible.) In response, the relatively new field of data science uses machine learning (and other artificial intelligence (AI)) methods that allow for efficient applications of analytic methods to big data. The Latin word data

1786-405: The problem of reproducibility is the attempt to require FAIR data , that is, data that is Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. Data that fulfills these requirements can be used in subsequent research and thus advances science and technology. Although data is also increasingly used in other fields, it has been suggested that the highly interpretive nature of them might be at odds with

1833-448: The requested data. Overall, the likelihood of retrieving data dropped by 17% each year after publication. Similarly, a survey of 100 datasets in Dryad found that more than half lacked the details to reproduce the research results from these studies. This shows the dire situation of access to scientific data that is not published or does not have enough details to be reproduced. A solution to

1880-457: The research's objectivity and permit an understanding of the phenomena under investigation as complete as possible: qualitative and quantitative methods, literature reviews (including scholarly articles), interviews with experts, and computer simulation. The data is thereafter "percolated" using a series of pre-determined steps so as to extract the most relevant information. An important field in computer science , technology , and library science

1927-447: The stakes of existing LSE shareholders, with Borsa Italiana shareholders receiving new shares representing 28 per cent of the enlarged register. On 16 September 2009, the London Stock Exchange Group agreed to acquire Millennium Information Technologies, Ltd., a Sri Lankan-based software company specialising in trading systems, for US$ 30m (£18m). The acquisition was completed on 19 October 2009. On 9 February 2011, TMX Group , operator of

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1974-474: The synthesis of data into information, can then be described as knowledge . Data has been described as "the new oil of the digital economy ". Data, as a general concept , refers to the fact that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable for better usage or processing . Advances in computing technologies have led to the advent of big data , which usually refers to very large quantities of data, usually at

2021-491: The target of a £32 billion bid by the Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing , subject to abandoning its plans to buy Refinitiv. LSEG rejected the takeover bid two days later. In order to secure the Refinitiv deal, in July 2020, LSEG announced that it was considering selling its Italian assets including MTS, Italian bond trading venue and potentially Borsa Italiana. On 18 September 2020, LSEG entered into exclusive talks to sell

2068-522: Was a partner at US-based global management consulting firm McKinsey & Company . In August 2019, London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG) agreed to buy Refinitiv in an all-share transaction valuing the company at $ 27 billion. LSEG expected to receive regulatory approval to close the transaction in the first quarter of 2021. It was finally awarded such approval by EU regulators in January 2021. In 2019, Refinitiv spun off Tradeweb in an IPO, while maintaining

2115-408: Was formed into Refinitiv. Under the deal, Thomson Reuters transferred its complete financial and risk product portfolio to Refinitiv, with the exception of Regulatory Intelligence, Risk Compliance Learning and Data Privacy Advisory Services. Company CEO David Craig presided over the transfer from Thomson Reuters, which he joined as Group Strategy Director in 2007. British-born Craig's previous role

2162-549: Was retired in favour of LSEG brand. Under pressure from the government of China, Refinitiv censored over 200 stories by Reuters covering the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests , removing them from its Eikon platform for consumers in Mainland China. The company developed a "Strategic China filter" to block politically-sensitive stories from readers in Mainland China. Refinitiv runs more than 130 fintech data, analytics, trading, and risk assessment tools including World-Check ,

2209-556: Was terminating the merger with TMX on 29 June 2011 citing that "LSEG and TMX Group believe that the merger is highly unlikely to achieve the required two-thirds majority approval at the TMX Group shareholder meeting". In July 2012, the LSE bought a 5% stake in Delhi Stock Exchange. On 2 June 2014, the LSE became the 10th stock exchange to join the United Nations' Sustainable Stock Exchanges (SSE) initiative . On 26 June 2014,

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