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48-581: Frank Emerson Andrews (January 26, 1902 – August 7, 1978) was an academic writer, foundation consultant who was a president of the Foundation Center in New York. He was also a director at the Russell Sage Foundation . He also served as an editor of Foundation Directory periodical. In 1928, he joined Russell Sage Foundation . In 1956, he helped organize Foundation Library Center where served as

96-406: A "female" sphere. However, feminists are not all necessarily maternalist , and maternal thinking does not necessarily promote the goals of all forms of social feminism. In France in the 1890s feminism was mainly confined to bourgeois women. Women such as Eugénie Potonié-Pierre try to broaden the movement by combining their social concerns with their feminism, and to bring working-class women into

144-515: A director and president until his retirement in 1967. In August 1978, he died at the age of 78. Russell Sage Foundation The Russell Sage Foundation is an American non-profit organisation established by Margaret Olivia Sage in 1907 for “the improvement of social and living conditions in the United States.” It was named after her recently deceased husband, railroad executive Russell Sage . The foundation dedicates itself to strengthening

192-478: A new profession in the early 20th century. The Foundation was also responsible for early reforms in health care , city planning , consumer credit , labor law , the training of nurses, and social security programs. In 1907, the foundation funded the Pittsburgh Survey , the first systematic effort to survey working-class conditions in a large U.S. city. Considered a major Progressive Era achievement,

240-621: A plan to guide the future development of the New York metropolitan region. In its first 40 years, the Foundation spent more than $ 1 million on the Regional Survey and Plan. Researchers completed 12 massive volumes as part of the effort, with the first being published in 1928–29. The RPA was not opposed to the growth of the area and its population, but believed that for the development to be efficient and orderly, it had to be properly managed; only in this way could businesses continue to grow and

288-486: A strength in politics. There is inevitably a risk that social feminists will align with conservative causes. In the short term social feminism is separatist, but in the longer term it is transformative, since men have lost the exclusive power of decision-making. Social feminism is sometimes associated with maternal feminism . This philosophy considers that mothering should be used as a model for politics, and women's maternal instincts uniquely qualify them to participate in

336-505: Is useful in defining a range of activities, but the idea that it is incompatible with radical feminism may be misleading. In The Ideas of the Woman's Suffrage Movement, 1890–1920 (1965), Aileen S. Kraditor contrasted belief in the natural justice of women having the right to vote, common among suffragists up to the end of the 19th century, with belief in the "expediency" of women having the vote so they could address social issues, more common in

384-884: The American Sociological Association ; and the Government-Citizen Disconnect by Suzanne Mettler, winner of the Alexander L. George Award from the International Society of Political Psychology. The Foundation also publishes RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences , a peer-reviewed , open-access journal of social science research. The Foundation publishes the American Sociological Association ’s distinguished Rose Series in Sociology. Its publications are distributed by

432-656: The Asia Society and Japan Society . The building is in the Upper East Side Historic District . Social feminist William L. O'Neill introduced the term "social feminism" in his 1969 history of the feminist movement Everyone Was Brave: The Rise and Fall of Feminism in America . He used the term to cover women involved in municipal civic reform, settlement houses and improving labor conditions for women and children. For them, O'Neill said, "women's rights

480-567: The Chicago Distribution Center . The Russell Sage Foundation has established a center where Visiting Scholars can pursue their writing and research. Each year, the Foundation invites a number of scholars to its New York City headquarters to investigate topics in social and behavioral sciences. The Foundation particularly welcomes groups of scholars who wish to collaborate on a specific project during their residence at Russell Sage. Typically Visiting Scholars work on projects related to

528-592: The Forest Hills Gardens model housing project for the Foundation in 1908, to design the building, and purchased property at 120 East 22nd Street at the corner of Lexington Avenue , just down the street from both United Charities Building and the Church Missions House of the Episcopal Church , and a short block from Gramercy Park . The building, which was originally nine stories before a penthouse

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576-589: The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) such as Maud Wood Park (1871–1955) and Helen H. Gardener (1853–1925) worked for women's suffrage. Their approach involved quiet lobbying of leading male politicians, while the more radical National Woman's Party took a more aggressive approach with demonstrations and picketing. Social feminism endorsed many traditional views of gender roles, did not threaten patriarchal power and may even have reinforced traditional arrangements, but

624-590: The United Charities Building on Park Avenue South and East 22nd Street in Manhattan , but was unable to do so as the building was fully rented; instead, the new foundation spread out to a number of locations in the area. In 1912, Margaret Sage and Robert W. DeForest decided to construct a headquarters building for the Foundation which would also serve as a memorial to her late husband. They engaged Beaux-Arts architect Grosvenor Atterbury , who had designed

672-655: The 2016 Grawemeyer Award in Education; The Asian American Achievement Paradox by Jennifer Lee and Min Zhou, winner of three awards from the American Sociological Association and winner of the 2017 Association for Asian American Studies Award for Best Book in the Social Sciences; Unequal Time: Gender, Class, and Family in Employment Schedules , by Dan Clawson and Naomi Gerstel, winner of three awards from

720-546: The Affordable Care Act, Computational Social Science, Decision Making and Human Behavior in Context, Immigration and Immigrant Integration, Integrating Biology and Social Science Knowledge, Non-Standard Work, and an Early Career Behavioral Economics Conference. The Foundation publishes books on a variety of subjects, with particular emphasis on work related to its programs. Notable recent publications include Homeward: Life in

768-722: The Family Welfare Association of America, the American Association of Social Workers and the Library of Social Work, which took up the top two floors of the main building. Space in the 22nd Street extension was rented out, and the New York School of Social Work was the primary tenant. The Foundation sold the building in 1949 to the Archdiocese of New York which used it as the headquarters of Catholic Charities , and it

816-589: The Foundation also established the Behavioral Economics Roundtable, a group of behavioral economists elected by grantees in the program and charged to design initiatives to advance the field. Three charter members of the Roundtable subsequently received the Nobel Prize in economics: George Akerlof , Daniel Kahneman , and Thomas Schelling . The Foundation launched new programs to study immigration,

864-822: The Foundation entered into research collaborations with a number of other foundations on a variety of topics related to its core interests. Co-funders include the Carnegie Corporation ; the William T. Grant Foundation ; the W.K. Kellogg Foundation ; the MacArthur Foundation ; the Spencer Foundation ; and the Washington Center for Equitable Growth. In 2015 the Foundation partnered with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation on an initiative exploring

912-479: The Foundation's current programs. In 2015, the Foundation established a Visiting Journalists program to support journalists undertaking original research on social, political, and economic conditions in the United States. The Foundation also established the Margaret Olivia Sage Scholars program, which provides the opportunity for distinguished social scientists to spend brief periods in residence at

960-621: The Russell Sage Foundation, in 2015. On an occasional basis, the Foundation considers applications for short-term fellowships by scholars who are conducting research relevant to the Foundation's priority areas through its Visiting Researchers program. The Foundation's archives are located in the Rockefeller Archive Center in Sleepy Hollow, New York . When the Foundation was formed, it attempted to locate its offices in

1008-453: The United States, as well as behavioral economics . The Russell Sage Foundation was established in 1907 for "the improvement of social and living conditions in the United States" by a gift of $ 10 million from Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage (1828–1918), widow of railroad magnate and financier Russell Sage . Mrs. Sage directed the foundation to pursue its mission through a broad set of activities, including "research, publication, education,

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1056-571: The Year After Prison by Bruce Western , winner of the 2019 Outstanding Book Award from the Inequality, Poverty, and Mobility Section of the American Sociological Association and winner of the 2018 Choice Outstanding Academic Title; The Long Shadow: Family Background, Disadvantaged Urban Youth, and the Transition to Adulthood , for which authors Karl Alexander, Doris Entwisle , and Linda Olson won

1104-466: The building was more opulently constructed than would generally be the case for a charity. Atterbury utilized expensive materials in the interior, such as rare Kingwood sandstone in the elevators. The 1922-1923 alteration added second floor sculptural panels by Rene Paul Chambellan illustrating the foundation's ideals, goals and deeds. The Foundation made available space in the main building, at no charge, to other social-service organizations, such as

1152-519: The city maintain its global influence. The Foundation also provided support for social feminists such as Mary van Kleeck , founder of the International Industrial Relations Institute . Van Kleeck headed up the Foundation's Department of Industrial Studies for four decades, becoming a passionate socialist as a result of her work and research. Since World War II , the Foundation has devoted its efforts to strengthening

1200-400: The early 20th century. However, Kraditor saw a gradual shift in emphasis from "justice" to "expediency" in the rationales for women's suffrage rather than a conflict between the two positions. Organizations such as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union were primarily social feminist while the National American Woman Suffrage Association was primarily "hard-core" in O'Neill's sense, but there

1248-515: The end, the congress finalized the split between feminists and working women. Saumoneau became hostile to feminism, seeing the class struggle as more important. She denounced "bourgeois" feminism and took little interest in problems unique to women. Social feminists in the US around the turn of the century were more interested in broad social issues than narrow political struggles, and saw early feminists like Anthony and Stanton as selfish in their demand for

1296-408: The establishment and maintenance of charitable or benevolent activities, agencies and institutions, and the aid of any such activities, agencies, or institutions already in existence." Soon after its establishment, the Foundation played a pioneering role in dealing with problems of the poor and the elderly, in efforts to improve hospital and prison conditions, and in the development of social work as

1344-428: The feminist movement. The Fédération Française des Sociétés Féministes was founded at the start of 1892 and held a well-attended congress in 13–15 May 1892, with both social feminists, mainstream feminists and socialists. The congress did not succeed in developing practical proposals or a coherent policy. Their cautious attempts at social feminism were not successful. Instead, a working women's movement developed within

1392-452: The feminist revolution, although bourgeois women would remain in control. She included moderate socialists on the organizing committee. Most of the 500 attendees at the congress were wealthy women. They were willing to vote for an eight-hour day for factory workers, but baulked at giving the same terms to their maids. There were two socialist women, Elizabeth Renaud and Louise Saumoneau , who were not willing to simply accept Durand's lead. In

1440-523: The findings inspired labor reforms and helped end twelve-hour days and seven-day weeks for steel workers. During this period, the foundation supported a number of prominent female researchers, such as Mary van Kleeck and Lilian Brandt . Between 1909 and 1922, the Foundation spent nearly a sixth of its capital to build Forest Hills Gardens , a model suburban community for working families designed by architect Frederick Law Olmsted in Queens, New York. The aim

1488-407: The interests of women. Issues included education, property rights, job opportunities, labor laws, consumer protection, public health, child protection and the vote. Florence Kelley (1859–1932) and Jane Addams (1860–1935) exemplified social feminists. They believed that gaining the vote was essential for them to achieve their social objectives. In the early 20th century social feminist leaders of

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1536-590: The late 1940s, was also a member of the American Labor Party . She served on a committee for the Progressive Party in 1948. In the 1950s, the Foundation supported research on the practice and aims of philanthropy . It established the Foundation Center , a non-profit that maintains data on organized philanthropy. It was also the first to publish The Foundation Directory , a comprehensive listing of

1584-411: The male-defined framework. Social feminism, either maternal , cultural or radical , is based on female values. It aims to expand the role of women beyond the private sphere, and to fundamentally transform society. Social feminist organizations should therefore exclude men to maintain their distinctive female characteristics. They should not attempt to be like men, since their distinctive nature may be

1632-471: The methods, data, and theoretical core of the social sciences in order to better understand societal problems and develop informed responses. It supports visiting scholars in residence and publishes books and a journal under its own imprint. It also funds researchers at other institutions and supports programs intended to develop new generations of social scientists. The foundation focuses on labor markets , immigration and ethnicity , and social inequality in

1680-493: The nation's several thousand largest foundations. During this decade, the foundation also received money from the Ford Foundation ($ 554,000) to support research in the "practical utilization of the behavioral sciences". In the 1960s and 1970s, the Foundation turned to exploring issues in medical ethics , including patients' rights , the rationale of extreme measures to sustain life that were possible with new technology, and

1728-672: The rise of economic inequality, and contact among cultures within the American population. Between 1992 and 2000, the Foundation worked with the Ford Foundation to conduct a Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality. In 2000, the Foundation partnered with the Population Reference Bureau (PRB) to produce The American People: Census 2000 , edited by Reynolds Farley of the University of Michigan and John Haaga of PRB. From 2014 to 2016,

1776-411: The social sciences as a means of achieving more informed and rational social policy. It launched a variety of programs to draw the social sciences closer to decision-makers in other professions, from policymakers to health care providers. This initiative included funds for research on "social indicators", a collection of data that measure the quality of life. Mary Van Kleeck, who headed the foundation in

1824-482: The social, economic and political effects of the Affordable Care Act . Also in 2015, the Foundation launched RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences , a peer-reviewed , open-access journal of social science research. The Foundation supports four principal research programs: In addition the Foundation also supports special initiatives on the social, economic and political effects of

1872-470: The socialist movement. A final attempt to create a social feminist movement in France was made by Marguerite Durand , founder of the social feminist paper La Fronde , who arranged the 1900 international women's rights congress. Durand saw social feminism as more than an expression of concern about social issues, but as a means to expand the base of the feminist movement. She felt that working women would create

1920-560: The strategy was successful in 1920 in the campaign for the vote. After this breakthrough the National Woman's Party proposed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). The ERA was bitterly opposed by the social feminists who saw it as undermining many of gains they had made in the treatment of women workers. In the period after the vote had been won there was a decline in social feminism in the US. According to William O'Neill "Adventure

1968-669: The use of human subjects in research. Foundation-supported books from this period include Bernard Barber's Drugs and Society (1967) and The Dying Patient (1970). The Foundation was an early force in the development of behavioral economics , launching the Behavioral Economics program in 1986 with the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation . Books on behavioral economics published by Russell Sage include Quasi Rational Economics (1991) and Advances in Behavioral Finance (1993). In 1993,

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2016-442: The vote for its own sake. They saw the vote as a means by which they could improve society. The social feminist and conservative Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) led by Frances Willard (1839–98) was not interested in women's suffrage, and perhaps actively opposed, until around 1880. At that time it came round to the idea that suffrage was the only way to gain the changes in legislation needed to advance temperance. The goal

2064-421: Was added in the 1920s, was constructed between 1912 and 1913 and altered in 1922–1923. A fifteen-story extension on East 22nd, which Atterbury also designed, connected to the original building with a five-story "hyphen", was added between 1930 and 1931. Atterbury's design took the form of a Renaissance Florentine palazzo . Because it was both headquarters for the Foundation and a physical memorial for Sage,

2112-728: Was not an end in itself, as it was to the most ardent feminists". O'Neill contrasted social feminism with the "hard-core" feminism of women such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony who saw obtaining women's rights or women's suffrage as the main objective. Social feminists typically accepted traditional views of women as compassionate, nurturing and child-centered, while O'Neill's “hard-core feminists” were often alienated from these conventions. Naomi Black in Social Feminism (1989) distinguishes social feminism from "equity feminism". Equity feminism may be liberal , Marxist or socialist , but it demands equal rights for women within

2160-566: Was now to be had, for the most part, in struggling against not social problems but social conventions. Drinking, smoking, dancing, sexual novelties, daring literature and avant-garde art now filled the vacuum created by the collapse of social feminism." However, Labor feminists continued to agitate for reform in the workplace. Labor feminists did not want to end all distinctions based on sex, only those that hurt women. For example, they felt that state laws that put in place wage floors and hour ceilings benefited women. The concept of social feminism

2208-520: Was sold again in 1975, after which it was converted to apartments; it is now called Sage House . The building was designated a New York City landmark in 2000, and is part of a proposed extension to the Gramercy Park Historic District . Since 1981, the Foundation has been headquartered in a Philip Johnson -designed International Style building at 112 East 64th Street between Park and Lexington Avenues , built in 1958-1960 for

2256-487: Was still temperance, and suffrage was an expedient means to achieve that goal. In the long term the WCTU brought more women into the suffrage movement, but in the short term it was a competitor to suffrage organizations. In America the mainstream of the women's rights movement were social feminists. Often they saw women as inherently different in their point of view from men. They campaigned for social improvements and protection of

2304-498: Was to demonstrate the economic and social viability of an intelligently planned suburban community. The first lots sold for $ 800, and a new suburb began thriving by 1917. But with the growth of the New York metro area, housing prices in the new development soon soared beyond the reach of the families they were intended for. In 1922, the Foundation helped launch the Regional Plan Association to research, write and publish

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