Misplaced Pages

#481518

61-604: The organization takes its name from the 1918 University Reform . During the storming of the National University of Córdoba , student protestors ripped off the curtains of the Aula Magna and waved them as flags – the curtains were purple, the same color as the stoles of the Catholic clerics who ran the university. Purple thus became the identifying color of supporters of the reform, which sought to democratize universities and end

122-449: A Rektor is elected by the Senate from among the professors of the university (which is the traditional method of choosing the head of a German university), while a Präsident need be neither a professor nor a member of the university (or of any university) prior to appointment. The Rektor is traditionally addressed as Magnifizenz . The rector forms a collegiate leadership body together with

183-526: A rettore is now six years, in accordance with the new national regulation and the statuto (constitution of the university). The Rettore is styled and formally greeted as Magnifico Rettore (Magnificent Rector). In the Netherlands, the rector is the principal of a high school. The rector is supported by conrectors (deputy rectors who can take his place). In Dutch universities, the Rector Magnificus

244-481: A few universities have used rector as the title of their head: Prior to their conversion to universities, polytechnics often had the rector as the head of the establishment; following their transition to universities, the rector became the vice-chancellor. In Scotland, the position of rector exists in the four ancient universities ( St Andrews , Glasgow , Aberdeen and Edinburgh ) as well as at Dundee , which took its governance systems from its early connections to

305-716: A few universities the Rector is chosen indirectly; the members of the modern Claustro (a sort of electoral college or parliament in which all the above-mentioned groups are represented) is chosen first, and then the Claustro selects the Rector. Rectors hold their office for four years before another election is held, and there is no limit to the number of re-election terms. However, only the most charismatic and respected rectors have been able to hold their office for more than two or three terms. Of those, some have been notable Spanish scholars, such as Basque writer Miguel de Unamuno , Rector of

366-450: A new intervenor of the university. The decree of the university reform was redacted on October 12, 1918. The objectives of the 1918 Cordoba Reform were promptly adopted by many student organizations, and one by one, from Argentina to Mexico, Latin American universities experienced unprecedented uprisings. The same year the reform statutes were enacted into law at Córdoba, they were extended to

427-470: A rector to have been a doctor for at least six years before his election, and to have achieved professor status, holding it in the same university for which he is running. Usually, when running for election, the rector will need to have chosen the vice-rectors ( vicerrectores in Spanish), who will occupy several sub-offices in the university. Rectors are elected directly by free and secret universal suffrage of all

488-452: A revolution ‘from below’ and ‘from inside’ against what was considered as a very old type of university". The conflict started with a lateral problem, the cancellation of the patients beds at the Hospital de Clínicas university hospital in late 1917. On March 31, 1918, when classes should have been restarted, the students organised another strike , with demonstrations , that finally forced

549-671: A university (called faculties ) are headed by deans . As in most Commonwealth and British-influenced countries, the term "rector" is not commonly used in English in Canada outside Quebec. Quebec's francophone universities (e.g., Université de Montréal ) use the term ( recteur or rectrice in French) to designate the head of the institution. In addition, the historically French-Catholic, and now bilingual, Saint Paul University in Ottawa , Ontario uses

610-648: Is Leyla Hussein the political activist and first Black female to hold the position. Some Scottish high school/ secondary school have a head teacher whose official title is Rector , an example being Bell Baxter High School in Cupar , Fife . The rector is the head of most universities and other higher educational institutions in at least parts of Central and Eastern Europe, such as Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Romania, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Hungary and Ukraine. The rector's deputies are known as "pro-rectors". Individual departments of

671-471: Is affiliated to the International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY). This article about an Argentine political party is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Argentine university reform of 1918 The Argentine university reform of 1918 was a general modernization of the universities , especially tending towards democratization , brought about by student activism during

SECTION 10

#1733085429482

732-764: Is also used in Brunei , Macau , Turkey , Russia , Pakistan , the Philippines , Indonesia , Israel and the Middle East . In the ancient universities of Scotland the office is sometimes referred to as Lord Rector, is the third most senior official, and is usually responsible for chairing the University Court . In a few "Crown lands" of the Austrian Empire, one seat in the Landtag (regional legislature of semi-feudal type)

793-639: Is nominated by the University Academic Senate and appointed by the President of the Czech Republic . The nomination must be agreed by a simple majority of all senators, while a dismissal must be agreed by at least three fifths of all senators. The vote to elect or repeal a rector is secret. The term of office is four years and a person may hold it for at most two consecutive terms. The rector appoints vice-rectors ( pro-rektor ), who act as deputies to

854-425: Is responsible for the scientific vision and quality of the university. The rector magnificus is one of the members of the executive board of a university. The rector magnificus is a full professor . The ceremonial responsibilities of the rector magnificus are to open the academic year , and to preside over the ceremonial PhD defenses and inaugural lectures of newly appointed (full) professors. During PhD defenses

915-578: Is the Chancellor , who appoints a Vice-Chancellor to deputise in the awarding of degrees . The Principal of each university is, by convention , appointed as Vice-Chancellor, however the position of Vice-Chancellor does not confer any other powers or responsibility on the Principal. The authority to serve as chief executive of each university is vested in the office of Principal, who holds both offices referred to as Principal and Vice-Chancellor . The role of

976-469: Is the CEO of the university. The head of Belgian universities is called a president , recteur (French-speaking universities), rector (Dutch-speaking universities), previously rector magnificus (men) or rectrix magnifica (women). The heads of Czech universities are called the rektor . The rector acts in the name of the university and decides the university's affairs unless prohibited by law. The rector

1037-512: Is the head of the university and Rappresentante Legale (Legal representative) of the university. The rector is elected by an electoral body composed of all Professori ordinari ed associati (full and associate professors), the two highest ranks of the Italian university faculty, all the Ricercatori (lowest rank of departments) and representatives of the staff, students and PhD students. The term of

1098-454: Is the highest administrative and educational office in a university, equivalent to that of president or chancellor of an English-speaking university but holding all the powers of a vice-chancellor; they are thus the head of the academy at universities. Formally styled as Excelentísimo e Ilustrísimo Señor Profesor Doctor Don N, Rector Magnífico de la Universidad de X ("Most Excellent and Illustrious Lord Professor Doctor Don N, Rector Magnificus of

1159-421: Is the title used in referring to the heads of universities, gymnasiums , schools of commerce and construction, etc. Generally rektor may be used for the head of any educational institution above the primary school level, where the head is commonly referred to as a 'skoleinspektør' (Headmaster; Inspector of the school). In universities, the second-ranked official of governance is known as prorektor . In Finland,

1220-461: Is usually styled according to academic protocol as Excelentísimo e Ilustrísimo Señor Profesor Doctor Don (Rector's name), Rector Magnífico de la Universidad de Salamanca ("The Most Excellent and Most Illustrious Lord Professor Doctor Don (Rector's name), Rector Magnificus of the University of Salamanca"). In Spain , Rector or Rector Magnífico (magnific rector, from Latin Rector Magnificus )

1281-586: The University of Buenos Aires , the National University of La Plata , the National University of Tucumán and the National University of the Littoral , from which it extended to other Latin American countries: first to Peru , then Chile and Cuba , Colombia , Guatemala and Uruguay . In the 1930s, a second Latin American wave of university reforms shook Brazil , Paraguay , Bolivia , Ecuador , Venezuela and Mexico . The repercussion went further even eliciting

SECTION 20

#1733085429482

1342-489: The University of Salamanca from 1901 until 1936. Rektor is the title for the highest-ranked administrative and educational leader for an academic institution, such as a primary school, secondary school, private school, high school, college or university. The rektors of state-run colleges and universities are formally appointed by the government, i.e. the cabinet, but upon the advice of the concerned institution's board, and usually following some sort of democratic process at

1403-573: The rector of the University of Aberdeen is Maggie Chapman , a Member of the Scottish Parliament for the Scottish Greens . The rector of the University of Dundee is the long-distance cyclist Mark Beaumont . The rector of Edinburgh is Debora Kayembe . The rector of the University of Glasgow is Ghassan Abu-Sittah . Elected in November 2020, the rector of the University of St Andrews

1464-539: The rektor is titled rector magnificus (men), or rectrix magnifica (women). Younger universities have in more recent years started using the Latin honorary title in formal situations, such as in honorary speeches or graduation ceremonies. The University Chancellor of Sweden was until 2017 the title of the head of the government accrediting agency, the National Agency for Higher Education . From 2017, this position carries

1525-500: The Church's involvement in public higher education. Franja Morada's "mesa nacional" has a secretary general and three adjunct secretaries. Elections to national authorities take place every two years. Since 2022, the secretary general has been Gastón Soler, of the National University of Córdoba . Despite being affiliated to the UCR, it is institutionally autonomous. Internationally, Franja Morada

1586-467: The Pope, as e.g. the rector of the University of Coimbra , the oldest Portuguese university, is referred to as Magnífico Reitor (Rector's name) ("Rector Magnificus (Rector's Name)"). The others are referred to as Excelentíssimo Senhor Reitor . The rector of a university is helped by vice-rectors and by pro-rectors, with different responsibilities. Until 1974, the director of each lyceum (high school) also had

1647-665: The University of Buenos Aires and later to other Argentinean universities. Its principles were included in the 1920 manifesto of the Argentine University Federation , and subsequently endorsed by the International Student Congress on University Reform held in Mexico City in 1921, with the participation of delegates from Latin America, United States, Europe, and Asia. In 1924, when Haya de la Torre , leader of

1708-729: The University of St Andrews. The current office of Rector, sometimes termed Lord Rector , was instituted by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858 , passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom . With the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889 requiring an election for the Rector every 3 years in the ancient universities . The rector is the third-ranking official of university governance and is elected every three years by matriculated students at Aberdeen, Dundee, Glasgow and St Andrews, and by both

1769-466: The University of X"), it is an office of high dignity within Spanish society, usually being highly respected. It is not strange to see them appear in the media, especially when some academic-related subject is being discussed and their opinion is requested. Spanish rectors are chosen from within the body of university full professors ( Catedráticos in Spanish); it is compulsory for anyone aspiring to become

1830-797: The autonomy of the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico granted in the 1920s into the National Autonomous University of Mexico that exist up to day. Likewise México, but in 1921, the Peruvian Royal and Pontifical University of San Marcos granted the autonomy of the nowadays National University of San Marcos the oldest university in the Americas . Since University Reform, student organisations have maintained close links with workers' organizations and labor unions , frequently joining them in demonstrations and protests. Another consequence has been

1891-459: The case of private universities the rule is regulated by university statute. In Portugal , the Rector ( Portuguese : Reitor male or Reitora female), frequently addressed as Magnificent Rector ( Magnífico Reitor in Portuguese), is the elected highest official of each university , governing and representing the university. Those universities whose foundation has been historically approved by

Franja Morada - Misplaced Pages Continue

1952-414: The concerned institution. The adjunct of a rektor at a university is called a prorektor and is appointed by the institution's board. Some institutions also have vicerektorer (vice rectors), who are appointed by the rektor to carry out a sub-set of the rektor's tasks. A vicerektor is subordinate to the rektor and prorektor . In the older universities, Uppsala university and Lund university ,

2013-476: The end of the 19th century many changes were taking place in Argentina. With the arrival of European immigrants in large waves, new ideas arrived with them which were opposed to the old oligarchic conservatism. The 1912 Sáenz Peña Law of the secret vote brought the less conservative Hipólito Yrigoyen to the presidency in 1916. It was in 1918 that the students of the National University of Córdoba , probably

2074-568: The extent determined by the Rector. Rectors' salaries are determined directly by the Minister of Education. Among the most important rectors of Czech universities were reformer Jan Hus , physician Jan Jesenius , theologian Rodrigo de Arriaga and representative of Enlightenment Josef Vratislav Monse . Jiřina Popelová ( Palacký University of Olomouc ) became the first female Rector in 1950. The rectors are addressed "Your Magnificence Rector" ( "Vaše Magnificence pane rektore" ). In Danish, rektor

2135-429: The fur). Rectors of military universities wear only an officer's uniform and a necklace with symbols of the university. As of 2008, the term of office of the rector of public universities lasts for four years (previously three years), beginning on 1 September in an election year and ending on 31 August of the year in which the term ends. A person may not be elected to serve as rector for more than two consecutive terms. In

2196-410: The head of a primary school or secondary schools is called a rector ( rehtori ) provided the school is of sufficient size in terms of faculty and students, otherwise the title is headmaster ( koulunjohtaja ). The head of some Finnish universities is called chancellor ( kansleri ). The head of a German university is called either Rektor (rector) or Präsident (president). The difference is usually that

2257-404: The main place of work. Rector is referred to as Jego/Jej Magnificencja (en. His/Her Magnificence) (abbreviation: JM). The outfit of rector is red or purple coat (robe) with ermine fur, often with a scepter and a decorative string of symbols of the university. Deputy rectors ( Polish : prorektor ) at official ceremonies are dressed in the same gown , but with fewer decorations (usually without

2318-488: The members of the university, including students, lecturers, readers, researchers, and civil servants. However, the weight of the vote in each academic sector is different: the total student vote usually represents 20% of the whole, no matter how many students there are; the votes of the entire group made up of professors and readers (members of what used to be known as the Claustro ( cloister )) usually count for about 40-50% of

2379-605: The most conservative in Argentina at that time, demanded a revision of the university's statutes to modernize and democratize them. They succeeded in creating student centres, but their demands were ignored. The demands of the students can be summarized in four main topics: The most important features of the Reform described in the Liminar Manifesto can be summarized as follows: The University Reform Movement (UFM) in Argentina, or Movimiento de la Reforma Universitaria "emerged as

2440-427: The national government to intervene the university. José Matienzo was named intervenor of the university, and he confirmed most of the irregularities described by the students. He declared vacant the positions of Rector of the university and Deans of the faculties, and commanded the democratisation of the university's statutes. But the students were not to be part of this process, since the conservative Antonio Nores

2501-479: The politicizing of the student centers for the elections inside the universities, with which they are usually connected, identified with, and supported by national political parties . Rector (academia) A rector ( Latin for 'ruler') is a senior official in an educational institution , and can refer to an official in either a university or a secondary school . Outside the English-speaking world ,

Franja Morada - Misplaced Pages Continue

2562-517: The presidency of Hipólito Yrigoyen . The events started in Córdoba and spread to the rest of Argentina , and then through much of Latin America . The reform set up the freedom for universities to define their own curriculum and manage their own budget without interference from the central government. This has had a profound effect on academic life at the universities through the nationalization process that boasts academic freedom and independence throughout

2623-408: The principal/headmaster of an elementary school; the deputies are called Konrektor . In earlier times, the title Rektor was also used for the head of a Gymnasium . Today, these teachers usually hold the title of Oberstudiendirektor ("Senior Director of Studies"). The rektor is term used for the headmaster or headmistress of Icelandic universities and of some gymnasia . In Italy the rector

2684-460: The pro-rectors ( Prorektor ) and the university's chancellor ( Kanzler ) - collectively the rectorate ( Rektorat ). The rectorate is usually aided by several advisors ( Referent ) who provide advice on specific topics and take over responsibilities in the preparation of decisions, roughly comparable to an associate Pro-Vice-Chancellor in the British academic system. Rektor is also the official title of

2745-407: The rector and pro-rector. Traditionally, Norwegian universities and colleges had democratic elections for the rector and pro-rector positions. Since 2016, the institutions may choose to have an elected or an appointed rector. Universities and colleges usually have a university director or college director , who is the head of the administration (i.e., the non-academic employees) and subordinate to

2806-646: The rector is considered by many students to be integral to their ability to shape the universities' agenda, and one of the main functions of the rector is to represent the interests of the student body. To some extent the office of rector has evolved into more of a figurehead role, with a significant number of celebrities and personalities elected as rectors, such as Stephen Fry and Lorraine Kelly at Dundee , Clarissa Dickson Wright at Aberdeen , and John Cleese and Frank Muir at St. Andrews , and political figures, such as Mordechai Vanunu at Glasgow . In many cases, particularly with high-profile rectors, attendance at

2867-577: The rector is often the most senior official in a university, while in the United States, the equivalent is often referred to as the president , and in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations , the equivalent is the vice-chancellor . The term and office of a rector can be referred to as a rectorate. The title is used widely in universities in Europe and is very common in Latin American countries. It

2928-446: The rector is usually replaced by another full professor who is acting rector during the session. A rector ( Norwegian : rektor ), in the context of academia, is the democratically elected head of a university or university college. The rector is the highest official of the university, and is traditionally elected among the institution's professorship, originally by all the (full) professors and in modern times by all academic employees,

2989-412: The rectorate. In Poland , the rector ( Polish : rektor ) is the elected head of a university or university college, in military, military type upper educaction institutions name of rector like official is ( Polish : komendant ) (commander). The rector is the highest official of the university . Rector of the university can be a person with at least a doctoral degree, employed by the university as

3050-461: The rectorate. The heads of the universities in Switzerland , usually elected by the college of professors, are titled rector ( Rektor , recteur ). In England, most universities are headed by a chancellor (a ceremonial position) and a vice-chancellor (the academic head). The title of Rector is used at some collegiate universities to refer to the head of college of some colleges. In addition,

3111-477: The students and the non-academic employees. The rector is traditionally the head of the Collegium Academicum , which has been renamed the university board in the 2000s, and is also the university's chief executive and ceremonial head. The elected deputy of the rector is known as pro-rector ( Norwegian : prorektor ). Some institutions also have vice rectors, who are appointed by the rector and subordinate to

SECTION 50

#1733085429482

3172-579: The students and the staff at Edinburgh. Until the Higher Education Governance (Scotland) Act 2016 came into force the rector chaired meetings of the university court , the governing body of the university, but since 2016 the rector only opens and closes court meetings with the Senior Lay Member chairing the business of the meeting. The titular head of an ancient university in Scotland

3233-546: The term to denote its head. St. Paul's College, the Roman Catholic College of the University of Manitoba, uses the term 'rector' to designate the head of the college. St. Boniface College, the French College of the University of Manitoba, uses 'recteur' or 'rectrice' to designate the head of the college. At the bilingual University of Ottawa , the term president has been used since 2008, but before that time rector

3294-437: The title Director General which is the usual title of the head of a government agency. The people recruited to the position have in later times always been former rektors of a Swedish university. The position does not include leadership of a university. Universities and colleges usually have a Universitetsdirektör or Förvaltningschef , who is the head of the administration (i.e., the non-academic employees) and subordinate to

3355-467: The title of Rector. In Russia , the rector ( Russian : Ректор ) as a term for a university chancellor introduced in 1961. Before 1961 university chancellor had title "director" ( Russian : Директор ). In Spain, all Rectors must be addressed as Señor Rector Magnífico according to the law (Ley Orgánica 4/2007), but the Rector of the University of Salamanca , the oldest on the Iberian Peninsula,

3416-402: The total; lecturers, researchers (including Ph.D. students and others) and non-doctoral teachers, about 20% of the total; and the remainder (usually some 5-10%) is left for non-scholarly workers (people in administration, etc.) in the university. Spanish law allows those percentages to be changed according to the situation of each university, or even not to have a direct election system. Indeed, in

3477-579: The university court in person is rare; the Rector nominates an individual (normally a member of the student body) with the title of Rector's Assessor , who sits as a voting member of the University Court. The Rt. Hon. Gordon Brown , the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , was Rector of the University of Edinburgh while a student there, but since then most universities have amended their procedures to disqualify currently matriculated students from standing for election. As of January 2018 ,

3538-517: The university life. Ever since the Jesuits founded the first university in Argentina in the 17th century, education was managed by the clergy and conservative upper-class citizens . The universities' authorities were selected by them, and professors were appointed for life. Professors also decided on the subjects to be taught, usually following the preferences of the Church and suppressed modern ideas such as Darwin 's theory of evolution By

3599-647: The university reform in Peru, founded the Popular Revolutionary American Alliance, the original student demands evolved into a vigorous and ambitious political, social, and economic movement. The Cordoba Reform had a tremendous impact in most Latin American universities, and would even inspire the leaders of the 1960s student movement in industrialized countries. The success of the students' demands in Córdoba soon spread to other important universities such as

3660-670: Was reserved for the rector of the capital's university, notably: Graz in Steiermark (Styria), Innsbruck in Tirol , Wien (Vienna) in Nieder-Österreich (Lower Austria); in Bohemia , two Rectors had seats in the equivalent Landesvertretung. Today, Austrian universities are headed by a Rectorate consisting of one Rector (elected by the Universitätsrat) and 3-5 additional Vizerectors. The Rector

3721-433: Was voted Rector of the University, against the wishes of the students. The students occupied the faculties' premises, so classes could not be restarted regularly. They resisted the police and were finally driven out by force by the national army . This produced a general uneasiness of the public throughout the country, which forced President Yrigoyen to appoint his Minister of Justice and Public Education, José S. Salinas, as

SECTION 60

#1733085429482
#481518