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26-640: From 1774, he worked in the Commission for National Education and in 1794, he took part in the Kościuszko Uprising . During the next year he gave up literature and became a priest. Zabłocki's literary career began with the publication of his work in the Polish literary magazine Zabawy Przyjemne i Pożyteczne  [ pl ] ("Pleasant and Useful Amusements"). The magazine was the first of its kind in Poland, and

52-588: A ministry , albeit with a collegiate structure. Its main mastermind and chief figure was a Catholic priest, Hugo Kołłątaj ; other notable supporters included Ignacy Potocki and Adam K. Czartoryski . Initially, the governing body consisted of four senators and four members of the Sejm, half of them representing the eastern "counties" voivodships of the Commonwealth (from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ). The first head of

78-497: A Swiss noble in French service, who was the French ambassador to Poland at the time. Katarzyna, Baronne de Besenval, née Bielińska, was an influental personality at the royal court of France, thanks to her friendship with Marie Leszczyńska , the Queen of France. Their son was Pierre Victor, Baron de Besenval de Brunstatt , a Swiss military officer in French service, whose Parisian residence was

104-609: A skilled civilian administrator. Initially a starost of Malbork , Czersk , Grójec and Garwolin (since 1713), with time he allied himself to the mighty Czartoryski family. This allowed him to move to the royal court and start his career there. Two of his siblings came to prominence: Maria Magdalena Bielińska , div. Gräfin von Dönhoff, who was King Augustus II the Strong's Maîtresse-en-titre and later married Jerzy Ignacy Lubomirski , and Katarzyna Bielińska (1684–1761), who married Jean Victor, Baron de Besenval , on 18 September 1716,

130-725: The Austrian Partition . Soon afterwards Hugo Kołłątaj prepared a three-level-based education plan: Since all prior education in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was conducted mostly in Latin , the KEN faced the problem of an almost complete lack of books and manuals. To cope with the problem the Society of Elementary Books ( Towarzystwo Ksiąg Elementarnych ) was, therefore, established. The society sponsored competitions for creating

156-649: The Hôtel de Besenval . In his role as a Marshal of the Court (since 1732) and then Grand Marshal of Poland during the reign of Augustus II the Strong , Bieliński had in fact administrative and judiciary control over a large part of Prussia (as Grand Treasurer of Prussia), Masovia (as cześnik of the Crown) and the city of Warsaw . In 1740 he created the Warsaw-based Cobblestone Commission , tasked with paving

182-549: The Jesuits ran an extensive system of educational institutions. Although the Jesuit schools were fairly efficient and provided the Polish youth with a good education, they were also very conservative . In addition, in 1773 the Pope decided to close down the Jesuit order ( Dominus ac Redemptor ). This threatened a complete breakdown of education in the Commonwealth. One of the first items on

208-453: The Partitions of Poland – heavy Russification and Germanisation notwithstanding. Members of Commission of National Education were: Franciszek Bieli%C5%84ski Franciszek Bieliński of Junosza coat of arms (1683–1766) was a Polish statesman. A Crown Grand Marshal , Marshal of Prussia and a voivode of Chełmno , he is best remembered as a strong proponent of the expansion and

234-608: The 19th century, from Adam Mickiewicz to Bolesław Prus and from the Lwów School of Mathematics to the Lwów–Warsaw School of History . The Guidebook to Chemistry , by Jędrzej Śniadecki , remained in use in the Polish schools well beyond the 1930s. It is often argued, with quite some force, that because of the efforts of the Commission of National Education, the Polish language and culture did not disappear into oblivion, during

260-427: The KEN lost control over most of the schools in the Commonwealth and many of its members were banished or had to defect abroad. This included Hugo Kołłątaj himself, who had to escape to Dresden . The process of dissolving the Commonwealth was completed in 1795, with its territory being ceded to Russia, Prussia and Austria. Although the commission had only functioned for around 20 years, it managed to completely change

286-422: The KEN was Prince Bishop Michał Jerzy Poniatowski . Although the other members were mostly magnate politicians, the main founders of the body were the prominent writers and scientists of the epoch: Franciszek Bieliński , Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz , Feliks Oraczewski , Andrzej Gawroński , Dawid Pilchowski , Hieronim Stroynowski and Grzegorz Piramowicz . They were joined by Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours ,

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312-644: The Polish Sejm gradually started to lose their influence. Similarly, the KEN was deprived of many of its former privileges. During the Sejm Wielki the Reformers had to sacrifice many of those privileges to gain support for the strongly reformist Constitution of May the 3rd which aimed to strengthen the country against further partition in 1791. Ultimately, after the victory of the Confederation of Targowica , in 1794,

338-497: The best textbooks. The scientists—working on the new Polish language textbooks—had, at times, to come up with the necessary vocabulary entries. Much of the vocabulary they invented (in relation to chemistry, physics, mathematics or grammar) is still in use up to this day. The commission also devised several documents, outlining the whole educational process. However, several of the new principles were considered too novel for that age, and were often ignored. These included, inter alia,

364-560: The core of what is now the city centre of Warsaw . During his civil service he also served as a starost of Kowalewo , Brodnica and Garwolin . He married Dorota Henrietta née Przebendowska, daughter of his father's successor as Grand Treasurer and widow of Jan Mikołaj Radziwiłł, the Voivode of Nowogródek . He died heir-less on 8 October 1766 in Warsaw. In 1770 the Marszałkowska Street

390-559: The modernisation of the city of Warsaw. He is also the eponym of Marszałkowska Street (Marshal Street) in Warsaw, one of the major and most iconic streets of Poland's capital. He was born in 1683 to Grand Marshal of the Crown Kazimierz Ludwik Bieliński and Ludwika Maria Bielińska, daughter of Grand Treasurer of the Crown . While officially a high-ranking military officer, for most of his life Bieliński had been in fact

416-514: The parliamentary agenda of the Partition Sejm (1773–1775), which acceded to the First Partition of Poland , was the assessment in how to best use the former Jesuit property and declaration of a firm intention to the continuity of the education system. The commission was formally created on October 14, 1773. It was one of the newly set-up "Grand Commissions"; organisations with the status of

442-650: The principle of 'equality of both sexes' in education. In 1780, the Opposition refused to sign the Statute on Elementary Schools (which was drafted by Kołłątaj). In 1774 the commission took over the Załuski Library . After the formative period, during which the prerogatives of the commission were established, the KEN started to convert schools to the new model. The three universities in Warsaw , Vilnius and Kraków were granted

468-456: The right of curatorship over schools of lower degree. This included the schools which remained under the influence of the Roman Church. Gradually, the teachers, who were frequently former Jesuit priests, were exchanged for young lay teachers - graduates of the three academies. Thanks to this move, the opposition inside the local schools was finally broken. After 1789 the supporters of reforms in

494-542: The schools created and supervised by the KEN, gave rise to the most prominent personalities of the Polish uprisings and of politics in Central Europe in the 19th century. In addition, the 27 elementary textbooks and manuals, published by the commission, laid the foundations for the Polish language terminology in chemistry, physics, logics, grammar and mathematics. They were used by all prominent Polish scientists and authors of

520-544: The schools, and many palaces and Church-owned villages. Due to this fact, the commission had not only benefited from the necessary infrastructure, but also had its own profit-yielding farms. The commission supervised two universities ( Jagiellonian University in Kraków and Vilnius University in Vilnius ), 74 secondary schools and about 1600 parish schools. The third university in the Commonwealth, Lwów University , had been lost to

546-606: The secretary of the king of Poland (and father of the founder of the DuPont company). Despite the fact that, initially, the KEN had to face a strong opposition in the Sejm , it was supported by both the monarch and the Familia party, which accorded it almost complete independence in management of its affairs. In 1773 the KEN was granted much of the former property of the Jesuit order, including all

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572-416: The shape of education in Poland. The Enlightenment -based school programmes and books influenced the whole generation of Poles. Also, although education was still far from being universal, it became accessible to a much wider group of people, including peasants. Thousands of teachers—trained in lay teachers' seminaries—became the backbone of Polish science during the Partitions and the generation, educated in

598-481: The streets and creating a modern sewer system. Under his leadership in 20 years the commission managed to pave 222 streets, a large majority of streets of the contemporary Polish capital. In 1752, he permitted the creation of the first professional fire brigade in Poland (based in Ostrów Wielkopolski ). In 1757 with his personal funds he created a jurydyka of Bielino, a small village that over time became

624-433: Was launched in the year 1770. During King Stanislaw August 's reign, Warsaw was the scene of great literary activity. The King used to host literary figures for dinner every Thursday. Zablocki was a regular invitee to these parties, which included in its guest list such Polish luminaries as Adam Naruszewicz and Ignacy Krasicki . During one such meeting, Zabłocki was asked to read his first comedy Fri Zabobonnik . The King

650-743: Was so enraptured by this song that he bestowed the Medal Merentibus  [ pl ] on Zabłocki. After that Zablocki turned to writing plays, producing an astounding 40 plays in ten years. He mostly wrote comedies. His major works are Amphitryon (1783), Sarmatism (1785), Muhammad Harlequin (1785), King of Bliss in the Country (1787), Yellow Nightcap (1783), Doctor of Lublin (1781), Gamrat (1785), and The Marriage of Figaro (1786). Commission for National Education The Commission of National Education ( Polish : Komisja Edukacji Narodowej , KEN ; Lithuanian : Edukacinė komisija )

676-586: Was the central educational authority in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , created by the Sejm and King Stanisław II August on October 14, 1773. Because of its vast authority and autonomy, it is considered the first education ministry in European history and an important achievement of the Polish Enlightenment . The chief reason behind its creation was that in Poland and Lithuania ,

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