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82-496: The Francis Stuyvesant Peabody House is a historical Queen Anne–style residence in Hinsdale, Illinois , most notably owned by Francis S. Peabody of Peabody Coal from 1911 to 1921. The home was built in 1889 and was purchased by Francis Stuyvesant Peabody in 1911. Peabody was the founder of Peabody, Daniels & Company , which bought coal from mines and sold it to Chicago area homes and businesses. In 1903, his company forged

164-788: A Serlian motif and a two-story oriel window that projects asymmetrically were frequently featured. The most famous American Queen Anne residence is the Carson Mansion in Eureka, California . Newsom and Newsom were notable builder-architects of 19th-century California homes and public buildings, and they designed and constructed (1884–1886) this 18-room home for William Carson, one of California's first lumber barons . After 1885, use of Eastlake -style trim shifted to "free classic" or Colonial Revival trim, including pedimented entryways and Palladian windows . Smaller and somewhat plainer houses can also be Queen Anne. The William G. Harrison House

246-555: A chorus, Orpheus in the Underworld . It was a popular and critical triumph, playing for two hundred twenty-eight nights. After the final night, Napoleon III granted Offenbach French citizenship, and his name changed formally from Jacob to Jacques. Grand opera and other musical genres also flourished under Napoleon III. The construction of the railroad stations in Paris brought thousands of tourists from around France and Europe to

328-604: A consistency of urban planning that was unusual for the period. Numerous public edifices: railway stations, the tribunal de commerce de Paris , and the Palais Garnier were constructed in the style. The major buildings, including the Opera House and the Church of Saint Augustine, were designed to be the focal points of the new avenues, and to be visible at a great distance. Napoleon III also built monumental fountains to decorate

410-685: A deal with the Chicago Edison Company to be the main supplier of coal for local power plants. Coal demand for these plants skyrocketed, and by 1920, Peabody's company supplied over 2.3 million tons of coal per year. Peabody was also associated with the Democratic Party and was considered for the Vice President of the United States in 1912. He stepped down as company president in favor of his son Stuyvesant in 1919 and served as chairman of

492-764: A map of the Bois de Boulogne on the wall of his office. Central Park in New York City and Golden Gate Park in San Francisco both show the influence of the Napoleon ;III parks. Napoleon III's taste in paintings was quite traditional, favoring the academic style cultivated in the Académie des Beaux-Arts . His favorite artists included Alexandre Cabanel , Ernest Meissonier , Jean-Léon Gérôme , and William-Adolphe Bouguereau who received important commissions. Ingres near

574-536: A mason, his early studies were under François Rude . Carpeaux entered the École des Beaux-Arts in 1844 and won the Prix de Rome in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of Michelangelo , Donatello and Verrocchio . Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of baroque art. Carpeaux sought real life subjects in

656-529: A mix of earlier European styles, most notably the Baroque, often combined with mansard roofs and/or low, square-based domes. The style quickly spread and evolved as Baroque Revival architecture throughout Europe and across the Atlantic. Its suitability for super-scaling allowed it to be widely used in the design of municipal and corporate buildings. In the United States, where one of the leading architects working in

738-520: A new theater, the Bouffes-Parisiens , which opened in 1855 with a work called Ba-ta-clan , a Chinese-style Musical . Offenbach's theater attracted not only the working and middle class audiences, the traditional audience of the music halls, but also the upper classes. The comic opera scenes alternated with musical interludes by Rossini , Mozart , and Pergolesi . In 1858 he took a step further with his first full-length operetta, with four acts and

820-512: A park or square. In addition, they planted tens of thousands of trees along the new boulevards that Haussmann created, reaching out from the center to the outer neighborhoods. The parks of Paris, provided entertainment and relaxation for all classes of Parisians during the Second Empire. The Napoleon III style of landscape design for urban parks was very influential outside of France. The American landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted had

902-429: A single singer with a piano to elegant cafes with orchestras. A city ordinance, designed to protect the traditional musical theaters, forbid the performers in cafés from wearing costumes, dancing, or pantomime , or the use of sets or scenery; they were also forbidden to sing more than forty songs in an evening, and had to present the program in advance each day. This law was challenged by one café-concert owner, who hired

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984-544: A terrorist bomb in 1858; the Théâtre Lyrique ; and Les Italiens , where only Italian works were presented, in Italian. The major French composers of the period included Charles Gounod , Hector Berlioz , Félicien David , and Gabriel Fauré . While Verdi and Wagner certainly attracted the most attention, young new French composers were also striving to win attention. Charles Gounod wrote his first opera, Sapho , in 1851 at

1066-429: A weathered look on a new building, even had the cedar shakes dipped in buttermilk, dried, and then installed, to leave a grayish tinge to the façade. The shingle-style also conveyed a sense of the house as continuous volume. This effect—of the building as an envelope of space, rather than a great mass, was enhanced by the visual tautness of the flat shingled surfaces, the horizontal shape of many shingle-style houses, and

1148-568: Is a 19th-century addition to the building. Another characteristic of the Napoleon III style is the adaptation of the design of the building to its function and the characteristics of the material used. Examples include the Gare du Nord railway station by Jacques Ignace Hittorff , the Church of Saint Augustine by Victor Baltard , and particularly the iron-framed structures of the market of Les Halles and

1230-732: Is an example, built in 1904 in rural Nashville, Georgia . Characteristics of the Queen Anne cottage style are: The Shingle style in America was made popular by the rise of the New England school of architecture, which eschewed the highly ornamented patterns of the Eastlake style . In the Shingle style, English influence was combined with the renewed interest in Colonial American architecture which followed

1312-535: The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad are also familiar examples of the style, built variously of brick and wood. Gabled and domestically scaled, these early American Queen Anne homes were built of warm, soft brick enclosing square terracotta panels, with an arched side passage leading to an inner court and back house. Their detailing is largely confined to the treatment of picturesquely disposed windows, with small-paned upper sashes and plate glass lower ones. Triple windows of

1394-696: The Folies Concertantes on the Boulevard du Temple , the main theater district of Paris, and they were also staged at other theatres around the city. A new composer, Jacques Offenbach , soon emerged to challenge Hervé. Born in Germany, Offenbach was first a cello player with the orchestra of the Opéra-Comique , then the conductor of the orchestra for the Comédie-Française , composing music performed between

1476-460: The French Revolution , or were threatened with destruction by the growth of cities. This program was largely carried out by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , whose neo-Gothic design for a new Paris Opera later came in second to that of Garnier. The restoration of Notre-Dame de Paris , begun in 1845, continued for twenty-five years. Some of its additions varied from the originals. Viollet-le Duc restored

1558-545: The Legion of Honour to Courbet, but Courbet disdainfully rejected the offer. The term Impressionist was not invented until 1874, but during the Second Empire, all the major impressionist painters were at work in Paris, inventing their own personal styles. Claude Monet exhibited two of his paintings, a landscape and portrait of his future wife Camille Doncieux , at the Paris Salon of 1866. A major decorative painter whose career

1640-515: The Mayslake Peabody Estate in 1921. The house is on the southwest corner of Third and Washington Streets in a residential district. The house immediately to the east is thought to be formerly associated with the Peabody property, perhaps a barn or garage. The main facade faces north toward Third Street. The exterior is largely covered in narrow clapboards painted light tan. The two stories of

1722-647: The Second Empire and Stick styles and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles. Sub-movements of Queen Anne include the Eastlake movement . The style bears almost no relationship to the original Queen Anne style architecture in Britain (a toned-down version of English Baroque that was used mostly for gentry houses) which appeared during the time of Queen Anne , who reigned from 1702 to 1714, nor of Queen Anne Revival (which appeared in

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1804-497: The flèche , or spirelet, of the cathedral, which had been partially destroyed and desecrated during the French Revolution , in a slightly different style, and added gargoyles which had not originally been present to the façade. In 1855, he completed the restoration, begun in 1845, of the stained glass windows of the Sainte-Chapelle , and in 1862 he declared it a national historical monument. He also began restoration programs of

1886-519: The 1876 celebration of the United States Centennial. Architects emulated colonial houses' plain, shingled surfaces as well as their massing, whether in the simple gable of McKim, Mead and White 's Low House or in the complex massing of Kragsyde , which looked almost as if a colonial house had been fancifully expanded over many years. This impression of the passage of time was enhanced by the use of shingles. Some architects, in order to attain

1968-888: The 1920s, such as the wrap-around front porch (often L-shaped). Distinctive features of the American Queen Anne style may include: The British 19th-century Queen Anne style that had been formulated there by Norman Shaw and other architects arrived in New York City with the new housing for the New York House and School of Industry at 120 West 16th Street (designed by Sidney V. Stratton , 1878). The Astral Apartments that were built in Brooklyn in 1885–1886 (to house workers) are an example of red-brick and terracotta Queen Anne architecture in New York. E. Francis Baldwin 's stations for

2050-627: The Chapelle des Anges at the Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris . They included "The Battle of Jacob with the Angel", "Saint Michael Slaying the Dragon", and "The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple". Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot began his career with study at the École des Beaux-Arts as an academic painter, but gradually began painting more freely and expressing emotions and feelings through his landscapes. His motto

2132-623: The Emperor on the subject of the works of art which were refused by the jury of the Exposition. His Majesty, wishing to let the public judge the legitimacy of these complaints, has decided that the works of art which were refused should be displayed in another part of the Palace of Industry." Following Napoleon's decree, an exhibit of the rejected paintings, called the Salon des Refusés , was held in another part of

2214-534: The Louvre originally featured an equestrian statue of Napoleon III by Antoine-Louis Barye over the central arch, which was removed during the Third Republic . Comfort was the first priority of Second Empire furniture. Chairs were elaborately upholstered with fringes, tassels, and expensive fabrics. Tapestry work on furniture was very much in style. The structure of chairs and sofas was usually entirely hidden by

2296-623: The Opera was pulled from the repertoire. Wagner got his revenge in 1870, when the Prussian Army captured Napoleon III and surrounded Paris; he wrote a special piece of music to celebrate the event, "Ode to the German Army at Paris". During the Second Empire, before the contraction of the Opéra Garnier , Paris had three major opera houses: The Salle Le Pelletier , where the Emperor barely escaped

2378-561: The Opéra Garnier employed seventeen different colored materials, including various marbles, stones, and bronze. Second Empire is an architectural style most popular in the latter half of the 19th century and early years of the 20th century. It was so named for the architectural elements in vogue during the era of the Second French Empire . As the Second Empire style evolved from its 17th-century Renaissance foundations, it acquired

2460-501: The Palace of Industry, where the Salon took place. More than a thousand visitors a day came to see now-famous paintings as Édouard Manet 's Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe and James McNeill Whistler 's Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl . The journalist Émile Zola reported that visitors pushed to get into the crowded galleries where the refused paintings were hung, and the rooms were full of

2542-593: The Second Empire was Church of Saint Augustine (1860–71) by Victor Baltard , the designer of the metal pavilions of the market of Les Halles . While the façade was eclectic, the structure inside was modern, supported by slender cast iron columns. Not all churches under Napoleon III were built in the Gothic style. Marseille Cathedral , constructed from 1852 to 1896, was designed in a Byzantine Revival style from 1852 to 1896, principally by Léon Vaudoyer and Henri-Jacques Espérandieu . Napoleon III's many projects included

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2624-434: The Second Empire, under the influence particularly of the architect and historian Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , French religious architecture broke away from the neoclassical style which had dominated Paris church architecture since the 18th century. Neo-Gothic and other historical styles began to be built, particularly in the eight new arrondissements farther from the center added by Napoleon III in 1860. The first neo-Gothic church

2706-573: The acts. In 1853, he wrote a short musical scene performed between acts, then a more ambitious short comedy, Pepito , for the Théâtre des Variétés . He was unable to have his work performed in the major theaters, so he tried a different approach. In 1855, taking advantage of the first Paris Universal Exposition , which brought enormous crowds to the city, he rented a theater on the Champs-Élysées and put on his musicals to full houses. He then opened up

2788-455: The board until his death in 1922. Peabody's second wife, Mary Gertrude Sullivan, was originally a resident of Hinsdale and was a possible influence on Peabody's decision to reside there. Peabody lived in 15 different houses during his career, but was most associated with his Hinsdale residence. The south side of the home was probably extended while the Peabodys lived there. The Peabodys moved into

2870-500: The center of the city, Napoleon's Prefect of the Seine destroyed the crumbling and overcrowded neighborhoods in the heart of the city and built a network of grand boulevards. The expanded use of new building materials, especially iron frames , allowed the construction of much larger buildings for commerce and industry. Another aspect of the Napoleon III style was the restoration of historical monuments which had been badly damaged during

2952-564: The cities served by the railway. Baltard also used a steel frame in building the largest new church to be built in Paris during the Empire, the Church of Saint Augustine (1860–1871). While the structure was supported by cast iron columns, the façade was eclectic. Henri Labrouste (1801–1875) also used iron and glass to create a dramatic cathedral-like reading room for the National Library , Richelieu site (1854–1875). The Second Empire also saw

3034-470: The city limits by Napoleon III and Haussmann's new boulevards called for the construction of a variety of new public buildings, including the new tribunal de commerce (1861–67), influenced by the French Renaissance style, by Théodore Ballu ; and the new city hall of the 1st arrondissement, by Jacques Ignace Hittorff (1855–60), in a combination of Renaissance and Gothic styles. The new city hall

3116-451: The city's first Director of the new Service of Promenades and Plantations; Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps , the city's first gardener-in-chief; Eugène Belgrand , a hydraulic engineer who rebuilt the city's sewers and water supply, and provided the water needed for the parks; and Gabriel Davioud , the city's chief architect, who designed chalets, temples, grottos, follies , fences, gates, lodges, lampposts, and other park architecture. Over

3198-482: The city, and increased the demand for music and entertainment. Operas and musicals could play to larger houses, and play for much longer. The old theaters on the "Boulevard of Crime" were demolished to make way for a new boulevard, but larger new theaters were constructed in the center of the city. Verdi signed a contract in 1852 to create a new work for the Paris Opera, in collaboration with Eugène Scribe . The result

3280-617: The completion of the Louvre Palace , which adjoined his own residence in the Tuileries Palace . The Nouveau Louvre project was led by architect Hector Lefuel between 1852 and 1857. Between 1864 and 1868, Napoleon III also commissioned Lefuel to rebuild the Pavillon de Flore ; Lefuel added many of his own decorations and ideas to the pavilion, including a celebrated sculpture of Flore by Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux . Lefuel's grands guichets of

3362-577: The completion or restoration of several architecture treasures: the Nouveau Louvre project realized a longstanding ambition of rationalizing the Louvre Palace , the famed stained glass windows and structure of the Sainte-Chapelle were restored by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc , and the Cathedral of Notre-Dame underwent extensive restoration. In the case of the Louvre in particular, the restorations were sometimes more imaginative than precisely historical. During

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3444-448: The course of seventeen years, Napoleon III, Haussmann and Alphand created 1,835 hectares of new parks and gardens, and planted more than six hundred thousand trees, the greatest expansion of Paris green space before or since. They built four major parks in the north, south, east, and west of the city, replanted and renovated the historic parks, and added dozens of small squares and gardens, so that no one lived more than ten minutes from

3526-440: The emphasis on horizontal continuity, both in exterior details and in the flow of spaces within the houses. McKim, Mead and White and Peabody and Stearns were two of the notable firms of the era that helped to popularize the shingle style, through their large-scale commissions for "seaside cottages" of the rich and the well-to-do in such places as Newport, Rhode Island. However, the most famous Shingle-style house built in America

3608-606: The end of his life, was also still an important figure in both portrait and history painting. During the Second Empire, the Paris Salon was the most important event of the year for painters, engravers and sculptors. It was held every two years until 1861, and every year thereafter, in the Palais de l'Industrie , a gigantic exhibit hall built for the Paris Exposition Universelle (1855) . The Salon granted medals based around

3690-511: The enormous increase in travel that it caused required new train stations, large hotels, exposition halls and department stores in Paris. While the exteriors of most Second Empire monumental buildings usually remained eclectic, a revolution was taking place inside; based on the model of The Crystal Palace in London (1851), Parisian architects began to use cast iron frames and walls of glass in their buildings. The most dramatic use of iron and glass

3772-580: The heart of the city; his Paris city architect, Gabriel Davioud , designed the polychrome Fontaine Saint-Michel (officially the Fontaine de la Paix) at the beginning of Haussmann's new Boulevard Saint-Michel . Davioud's other major Napoleon III works included the two theatres at the Place du Châtelet , as well as the ornamental fence of Parc Monceau and the kiosks and temples of the Bois de Boulogne , Bois de Vincennes , and other Paris parks. The expansion of

3854-412: The house are divided on the exterior with a thin line of dark tan molding. It is built on an ashlar limestone foundation, painted off-white. The original house was built in 1889 and consisted of what is now the parlor, tower, front hall, and part of the kitchen, library, and dining room. There were significant additions around 1897, where the southern and western ends of the house were extended. Furthermore,

3936-457: The inconveniences of a vendetta infinitely prolonged too long and Agamemnon, or the Camel with Two Humps . The early works were limited to two performers on the stage at a time, and usually were no longer than a single act. After 1858, they became longer and more elaborate, with larger casts and several acts, and took the name first of operas bouffes , then operettas . Hervé opened his own theater,

4018-515: The interior space was devoted to purely decorative spaces: grand stairways, huge foyers for promenading, and large private boxes . Another example was the Mairie , or city hall, of the 1st arrondissement of Paris , built in 1855–1861 in a neo-Gothic style by the architect Jacques Ignace Hittorff (1792–1867). The Industrial Revolution was beginning to demand a new kind of architecture: bigger, stronger and less expensive. The new age of railways and

4100-494: The latter 19th century there). The American style covers a wide range of picturesque buildings with "free Renaissance" (non- Gothic Revival ) details, rather than being a specific formulaic style in its own right. The term "Queen Anne", as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire style and the less "domestic" Beaux-Arts style , is broadly applied to architecture, furniture and decorative arts of

4182-450: The laughter and mocking comments of many of the spectators. While the paintings were ridiculed by many critics and visitors, the work of the avant-garde became known for the first time to the French public, and it took its place alongside the more traditional style of painting. The government of Napoleon III also commissioned artists to produce decorative works for public buildings. Ingres

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4264-556: The medieval walls of the Cité de Carcassonne and other sites. Viollet-le-Duc's restoration was criticized in the late 20th century for sometimes pursuing the spirit of the original work, rather than strict accuracy (for example, by using a type of Gothic tower cap from northern France for the walls of the Cité de Carcassonne, rather than a tower design from that region), but in Carcassonne and other cases

4346-409: The orchestra sixty-three times for the first French production of Tannhäuser on March 13, 1861. Unfortunately, Wagner was unpopular with both the French critics and with the members of the Jockey Club , an influential French social society. During the premiere, with Wagner in the audience, the Jockey Club members whistled and jeered from the first notes of the Overture. After just three performances,

4428-486: The other artists of a new, more natural school, and began to develop his own style. The most prominent sculptor of the reign of Napoleon III was Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux , who contributed to the decoration of several Napoleon III landmarks, including the façade of the Opéra Garnier and the new additions to the Louvre . His style perfectly complemented the historical styles, but was original and bold enough to stand on its own. Born in Valenciennes , Nord , son of

4510-427: The period from 1880 to 1910. Some Queen Anne architectural elements, such as the wrap-around front porch, continued to be found into the 1920s. Queen Anne style buildings in the United States came into vogue during the 1880s, replacing the French-derived Second Empire as the 'style of the moment'. The popularity of high Queen Anne style waned in the early 1900s, but some elements continued to be found on buildings into

4592-456: The reading room of the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris, both also by Victor Baltard. A basic principle of Napoleon III interior decoration was leave no space undecorated. Another principle was polychromy , an abundance of color obtained by using colored marble, malachite , onyx , porphyry , mosaics, and silver or gold plated bronze. Wood panelling was often encrusted with rare and exotic woods, or darkened to resemble ebony . The façade of

4674-406: The same building or interior. The interior of the Opéra Garnier by Charles Garnier combined architectural elements of the French Renaissance , Palladian architecture , and French Baroque , and managed to give it coherence and harmony. The Lions Gate of the Louvre Palace by Hector Lefuel is a Louis-Napoléon version of French Renaissance architecture; few visitors to the Louvre realize it

4756-403: The streets and broke with the classical tradition. His sculpture La Danse for the façade of the Paris Opera (1869) caused a scandal when it was installed, because of the flamboyant pose of the nude figures. A young new sculptor, Auguste Rodin , attempted to break into the sculptural profession during the Second Empire, with no success; he applied three times to the École des Beaux-Arts, but

4838-441: The style was Alfred B. Mullett , buildings in the style were often closer to their 17th-century roots than examples of the style found in Europe. The dominant architectural style of the Second Empire was eclecticism , drawing liberally from the Gothic style , Renaissance style , and the styles dominant during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI . The combination was derided by Émile Zola as "the opulent bastard child of all

4920-404: The styles". The best example was the Opéra Garnier , begun in 1862 but not finished until 1875. The architect was Charles Garnier (1825–1898), who won the competition for the design when he was only thirty-seven. When asked by the Empress Eugénie what the style of the building was called, he replied simply, "Napoleon III". At the time, it was the largest opera house in the world, but much of

5002-425: The traditional hierarchy of genres , and a medal from the Salon assured an artist of commissions from wealthy patrons or from the French government. Painters devoted great effort and intrigue to win approval from the jury to present their paintings at the Salon and arrange for good placement in the exhibit halls. The Paris Salon was directed by the Count Émilien de Nieuwerkerke , the Superintendent of Fine Arts, who

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5084-506: The upholstery or ornamented with copper, shell, or other decorative elements. Novel and exotic new materials, such as bamboo , papier-mâché , and rattan , were used for the first time in European furniture, along with polychrome wood, and wood painted with black lacquer . The upholstered pouffe , or footstool, appeared, along with the angle sofa and unusual chairs for intimate conversations between two persons ( Le confident ) or three people ( Le indiscret ). The crapaud (or toad) armchair

5166-423: The urging of his friend, the singer Pauline Viardot ; it was a commercial failure. He had no great theatrical success until Faust , derived from Goethe , which premiered at the Théâtre Lyrique in 1859. This remains the composition for which he is best known; and although it took a while to achieve popularity, it became one of the most frequently staged operas of all time, with no fewer than 2,000 performances of

5248-426: The wood deck was replaced with limestone, a third floor dormer window was added to the tower, a room was added on the second and this floors above the main porch, a porte-cochere was added to the east of the porch, and a new hexagonal porch was added to the northwest corner. A second wave of additions occurred some time between 1909 and 1919 and probably occurred shortly after it was purchased by Peabody. The south side

5330-422: The work having occurred by 1975 at the Paris Opéra alone. Georges Bizet wrote his first opera, Les pêcheurs de perles , for the Théâtre Lyrique company. It had its first performance on 30 September 1863. Critical opinion was generally hostile, though Berlioz praised the work, writing that it "does M. Bizet the greatest honour". Public reaction was lukewarm, and the opera's run ended after 18 performances. It

5412-419: The works would have been destroyed entirely without the intervention of Napoleon III and Viollet-le-Duc. Napoleon III named Georges-Eugène Haussmann his new Prefect of Seine in 1853, and commissioned him to build new parks on the edges of the city, on the model of Hyde Park in London, the parks he had frequented when he was in exile. Haussmann assembled a remarkable team: Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand ,

5494-541: Was Les vêpres siciliennes . Verdi complained that the Paris orchestra and chorus were unruly and undisciplined, and rehearsed them an unheard-of one hundred and sixty-one times before he felt they were ready. His work was rewarded. The opera was a critical and popular success, performed 150 times, rather than the originally proposed forty performances. He was unhappy, however, that his operas were less successful in Paris than those of his chief rival, Meyerbeer ; he returned to Italy and did not come back for several years. He

5576-576: Was "Kragsyde" (1882), the summer home commissioned by Bostonian G. Nixon Black, from Peabody and Stearns. Kragsyde was built atop the rocky coastal shore near Manchester-By-the-Sea, Massachusetts , and embodied every possible tenet of the shingle style. Many of the concepts of the Shingle style were adopted by Gustav Stickley , and adapted to the American version of the Arts and Crafts Movement . Second Empire architecture The Napoleon III or Second Empire style took its inspiration from several different periods and styles, which were often combined in

5658-469: Was "never lose that first impression which we feel." He made sketches in the forests around Paris, then reworked them into final paintings in his studio. He was showing paintings in the Salon as early as 1827, but he did not achieve real fame and critical acclaim before 1855, during the Second Empire. While the academic painters dominated the Salon, new artists and new movements rose to prominent prominence under Napoleon III. Gustave Courbet (1819–1872)

5740-433: Was again extended. Modern additions occurred in 1940 and c.  1980 . Queen Anne style architecture in the United States Queen Anne style architecture was one of a number of popular Victorian architectural styles that emerged in the United States during the period from roughly 1880 to 1910. It is sometimes grouped as New World Queen Anne Revival architecture . Popular there during this time, it followed

5822-530: Was commissioned to paint the ceiling of the main salon of the Hôtel de Ville, Paris with the Apotheosis of Napoleon , the Emperor's uncle. The painting was destroyed in 1871 when the building was set afire by the Paris Commune . Napoleon III named Ingres a Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur . In 1862 he was awarded the title of Senator, and made a member of the Imperial Council on Public Instruction. Eugène Delacroix also received important official commissions. From 1857 to 1861 he worked on frescoes for

5904-417: Was in the new central market of Paris, Les Halles (1853–1870), an ensemble of huge iron and glass pavilions designed by Victor Baltard (1805–1874) and Félix Callet (1792–1854). Jacques Ignace Hittorff also made extensive use of iron and glass in the interior of the new Gare du Nord train station (1842–1865), although the façade was perfectly neoclassical , decorated with classical statues representing

5986-436: Was known for his conservative tastes. He was scornful of the new school of Realist painters led by Gustave Courbet . In 1863, the jury of the Paris Salon refused all submissions by avant-garde artists, including those by Édouard Manet , Camille Pissarro , and Johan Jongkind . The artists and their friends complained, and the complaints reached Napoleon III. His office issued a statement: "Numerous complaints have come to

6068-810: Was launched under Napoleon III was Puvis de Chavannes . He became known in the Paris in the Belle Époque for his murals in the Paris Panthéon , the Sorbonne and the Hôtel de Ville, Paris . Edgar Degas (1834–1917), the son of a banker, studied academic art at the École des Beaux-Arts and travelled to Italy to study the Renaissance painters. In 1868, he began to frequent the Café Guerbois , where he met Manet, Monet, Renoir, and

6150-487: Was located next to the Gothic church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois . Between the two structures, the architect Théodore Ballu constructed a Gothic bell tower (1862), to link the two buildings. New types of architecture connected with the economic expansion: railroad stations, hotels, office buildings, department stores, and exposition halls, occupied the center of Paris, which previously had been largely residential. To improve traffic circulation and bring light and air to

6232-537: Was low, with a thickly padded back and arms, and a fringe that hid the legs of the chair. The French Renaissance and the Henry II style were popular influences on chests and cabinets, buffets and credences, which were massive and built like small cathedrals, decorated with columns, frontons, cartouches , mascarons , and carved angels and chimeras. They were usually constructed of walnut or oak, or sometimes of poirier stained to resemble ebony . Another popular influence

6314-404: Was not performed again until 1886. Bizet did not have a major success until Carmen in 1875. He died after the thirty-third performance. Carmen went on to become one of the most performed operas of all time. The styles of popular music also evolved under Napoleon III. The café-concert or café-concert was a Paris institution, with at least one in every neighborhood. They ranged from

6396-475: Was persuaded to return to stage Don Carlos , commissioned especially for the Paris Opera. Once again he ran into troubles; one singer took him to court over the casting, and rivalries between other singers poisoned the production. He wrote afterwards, "I am not a composer for Paris I believe in inspiration; others only care about how the pieces are put together". Napoleon III intervened personally to have Richard Wagner come back to Paris; Wagner rehearsed

6478-595: Was rejected each time. Under Napoleon III, a new, lighter musical genre, the operetta , was born in Paris, and flourished especially in the work of Jacques Offenbach . It emerged not from the classical opera, but from the comic opera and vaudeville , which were very popular at the time. Its characteristics were a light subject, an abundance of amusement and comedy, spoken dialogue mixed with songs, and instrumental music. The first works were staged in 1848 by August Florimond Ronger, better known as Hervé . The works of Hervé included Latrouillatt and Truffaldini, or

6560-666: Was the Basilica of Sainte-Clothilde , begun by Franz Christian Gau in 1841 and finished by Théodore Ballu in 1857. During the Second Empire, architects began to use metal frames combined with the Gothic style: the Eglise Saint-Laurent , a 15th-century church rebuilt in neo-Gothic style by Simon-Claude-Constant Dufeux (1862–65), Saint-Eugene-Sainte-Cecile by Louis-Auguste Boileau and Louis-Adrien Lusson (1854–55), and Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Belleville by Jean-Baptiste Lassus (1854–59). The largest new church built in Paris during

6642-530: Was the Louis XVI style , or French neoclassicism , which was preferred by the Empress Eugénie . Her rooms at the Tuileries Palace and other palaces were decorated in this style. The Napoleon III style is inseparable from renovation of Paris under Georges-Eugène Haussmann , the Emperor's Prefect of the Seine between 1852 and 1870. The buildings of the renovation show a singularity of purpose and design,

6724-490: Was the leader of the school of realist painters during the Second Empire who depicted the lives of ordinary people and rural life, as well as landscapes. He delighted in scandal and condemned the art establishment, the Academy of Fine Arts , and Napoleon III. In 1855, when his submissions to the Salon were rejected, he put on his own exhibit of forty of his paintings in a nearby building. In 1870, Napoleon III proposed giving

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