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36-420: Francis Irvine (16 March 1899 – 16 December 1969) was a South African sprinter . He competed in the men's 200 metres at the 1920 Summer Olympics . This biographical article relating to South African athletics is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sprint (running) In athletics and track and field , sprints (or dashes ) are races over short distances. They are among

72-448: A 4-point stance and drive forwards, pushing off using both legs for maximum force production. Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events, with the sole exception of the 400 metres indoors. Races up to 100 metres are largely focused upon acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed. All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance. The first 13 editions of

108-557: A 400-meter track, which became the standard for track and field. The modern sprinting events have their roots in races of imperial measurements which were later altered to metric: the 100 m evolved from the 100-yard dash , the 200 m distance came from the furlong (or 1 ⁄ 8 mile ), and the 400 m was the successor to the 440-yard dash or quarter-mile race. Technological advances have always improved sprint performances (i.e., starting blocks, synthetic track material, and shoe technology). In 1924, athletes used

144-427: A false start." The 100 m Olympic gold and silver medallist Linford Christie of Great Britain famously had frequent false starts that were marginally below the legal reaction time of 0.1  seconds. Christie and his coach, Ron Roddan , both claimed that the false starts were due to Christie's exceptional reaction times being under legal time. His frequent false starting eventually led to his disqualification from

180-698: A large role in one's ability to sprint, athletes must be dedicated to their training to ensure that they can optimize their performances. Sprint training includes various running workouts, targeting acceleration, speed development, speed endurance, special endurance, and tempo endurance. Additionally, athletes perform intense strength training workouts, as well as plyometric or jumping workouts. Collectively, these training methods produce qualities that allow athletes to be stronger, and more powerful, in hopes of ultimately running faster. President%27s Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition#Awards The President's Council on Sports, Fitness and Nutrition ( PCSFN )

216-630: A necessity but are highly suggested for use in sprinting events. Starting blocks are a piece of equipment that typically consists of foot pads attached to a central rail. The point of using blocks is to help the athlete push themselves further down the track as quickly as possible. The baton is a required element for any relay race. The baton is passed to each athlete through different exchange zones , with different techniques. Typically, about 1 foot (0.30 m) and 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter. Used typically in training sessions to measure relative times and recovery times. Stopwatches are not always

252-413: A small shovel to dig holes to start the race. The world record in the 100-meter dash in 1924 was 10.4 seconds, while in 1948, (the first use of starting blocks) was 10.2 seconds, and was 10.1 seconds in 1956. The constant drive for faster athletes with better technology has brought man from 10.4 seconds to 9.58 seconds in less than 100 years. Track events were measured with the metric system except for

288-654: A sprinter only needs two types of shoes, training shoes and sprinting spikes . Sprinting spikes are typically designed to be lightweight, with a minimal cushion on the heels and a plate on the forefoot to keep the runner on the toes of each foot. The spike plate will typically have the maximum number of holes for metal spikes to be inserted to keep a proper grip on the track surface. These metal removable spikes also come in varying sizes. The spikes typically range from 4 mm to 15 mm and come in different styles. Most facilities have specific requirements for what size and style spikes can be used. Starting blocks are not

324-561: A stadium. However, stadiums could vary in size and there was apparently no definite standard length for them, e.g., the stadium at Delphi measures 177 m and the one at Pergamon 210 m. The diaulos was an event contested in the Ancient Greek Olympia that was double the length of a stadion . As well as standard foot races, in Ancient Greece there was also a sprint race called the hoplitodromos ('armed diaulos' ). This required

360-465: A start, a green card is shown to all the athletes. The green card carries no penalty. If an athlete is unhappy with track conditions after the "on your marks" command is given, the athlete must raise a hand before the "set" command and provide the Start referee with a reason. It is then up to the Start referee to decide if the reason is valid. If the Start referee deems the reason invalid, a yellow card (warning)

396-408: A time of 5.96 seconds. The 55 metres is an uncommon event that resulted from the metrication of the 60 yards and is an alternative to the 60 metres . An extremely rare sprinting event, that was occasionally run in the 1960s. The world record of 6.90 is held by Bob Hayes . The stadion , also known as the stade, was the standard short distance sprint in ancient Greece and ran the length of

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432-590: Is an American government organization that aims to promote "programs and initiatives that motivate people of all ages, backgrounds, and abilities to lead active, healthy lives." It is part of the Office of Public Health and Science , an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services . Prior to June 2010, it was called the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports . The Council's work

468-399: Is deemed fair.  World Athletics sets the competition rules internationally. The World Athletics rulebook is broken into 4 separate books. Starting blocks are used for all competition sprints (up to and including 400 m) and relay events (first leg only, up to 4x400 m). The starting blocks consist of two adjustable footplates attached to a rigid frame. Races commence with

504-528: Is informed by a Science Board, composed primarily of academic researchers and scholars. The first Science Board was appointed during the George W. Bush administration in 2003 with Charles B. "Chuck" Corbin, Ph.D., Arizona State University, serving as its inaugural Chair. In 2016, Dr. Corbin received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the PCSFN. The Science Board was active for several years, but eventually went dormant. It

540-528: Is issued to that particular athlete. If the athlete is already on a warning, the athlete is disqualified. According to the World Athletics (WA) rules, "An athlete, after assuming a full and final set position, shall not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun or approved starting apparatus. If, in the judgement of the Starter or Recallers, he does so any earlier, it shall be deemed

576-498: Is obstructed. The first athlete whose torso reaches the vertical plane of the closest edge of the finish line is the winner. To ensure that the sprinter's torso triggers the timing impulse at the finish line rather than an arm, foot, or other body parts, a double Photocell is commonly used. Times are only recorded by an electronic timing system when both of these Photocells are simultaneously blocked. Photo finish systems are also used at some track and field events. While genetics play

612-402: Is the championship distance. The event was a common event for most American students because it was one of the standardized test events as part of the President's Award on Physical Fitness . The 50 metres is an uncommon event and alternative to the 60 metres . Donovan Bailey holds the men's world record with a time of 5.56 seconds and Irina Privalova holds the women's world record with

648-497: The 1996 Summer Olympics 100 m final in Atlanta , the US, due to a second false start by Christie. Since January 2010, under WA rules, a single false start by an athlete resulted in disqualification. In 2012, a new development to the false start rule was added. Because certain athletes could be disqualified for twitching in the starting blocks, but some athletes could make a twitch without

684-482: The Ancient Olympic Games featured only one event—the stadion race , which was a sprinting race from one end of the stadium to the other. The Diaulos (Δίαυλος, "double pipe") was a double-stadion race, c.  400 metres (1,300 feet) , introduced in the 14th Olympiad of the ancient Olympic Games (724   BC). Sprint races were part of the original Olympic Games in the 7th century B.C. as well as

720-575: The 1940s, the American Medical Association and the National Committee on Physical Fitness had a joint committee encouraging physical fitness. The President's Council on Youth Fitness was founded on July 16, 1956, to encourage American children. In 1963, President Kennedy changed the council's name to President's Council on Physical Fitness to reflect its role to serve all Americans. In 1966, President Lyndon Johnson created

756-562: The 2012–2013 school year. Additionally, there is the Active Lifestyle Award for staying active and the Presidential Champions Award for raising one's amount of activity. The Champions awards ended on 30 June 2018. There is also a Community Leadership Award that is given out annually to 50 people or organizations for encouraging physical activity, fitness, and nutrition. The award was given to students who achieved

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792-753: The Council are Jose Andres and Elena Delle Donne , serving since March 23, 2022. The Council publishes guidelines for awards that are given out. They are the Presidential Physical Fitness Award, the National Physical Fitness Award, and the Participant Physical Fitness Award. However, it has been announced that the Physical Fitness Test on which these awards are based will no longer be available after

828-596: The Presidential Physical Fitness Award, the name of which was later changed to President's Challenge Youth Physical Fitness Awards Program. In 1968, the council's name was changed to President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports to emphasize the importance of sports in life. In 1972, the Presidential Sports Award Program was created. In 1983, the United States Congress declared May as National Physical Fitness and Sports Month. In 1996,

864-579: The Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health was released. In 1997, the Council released its report on Physical Activity and Sport in the Lives of Boys. In June 2010, President Barack Obama renamed the agency the President's Council on Fitness, Sports and Nutrition, with a new emphasis on nutrition as an element of fitness. First Lady Michelle Obama announced the new commission's goal "to end

900-572: The United Kingdom and the United States until 1965 and 1974 respectively. The Amateur Athletic Association (AAU) decided to switch track and field in the U.S. to the metric system to finally make track and field internationally equivalent. Biological factors that determine a sprinter's potential include: Note: Indoor distances are less standardized, as many facilities run shorter or occasionally longer distances depending on available space. 60 m

936-487: The epidemic of childhood obesity in a generation" and also announced that the president had named, as the new co-chairs of the council, New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees and former Olympic gymnast Dominique Dawes . On January 11, 2012, operators of the website for participants of the Challenge and Active Lifestyle programs learned that the site had been hacked , resulting in the release of personal information of

972-417: The firing of the starter's gun . The starting commands are "On your marks" and "Set". Once all athletes are in the set position, the starter's gun is fired, officially starting the race. For the 100 m, all competitors are lined up side by side. For the 200 m, 300 m, and 400 m, which involve curves, runners are staggered for the start. In the rare event that there are technical issues with

1008-463: The first modern Olympic Games which started in the late 19th century ( Athens 1896 ) and featured the 100 meters and 400 meters. Athletes started both races from a crouched start (4-point stance). In both the original Olympics and the modern Olympics, only men were allowed to participate in track and field until the 1928 games in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The 1928 games were also the first games to use

1044-474: The inside lane. Any athlete who runs outside the assigned lane to gain an advantage is subject to disqualification. If the athlete is forced to run outside of his or her lane by another person, and no material advantage is gained, there will be no disqualification. Also, a runner who strays from his or her lane in the straightaway, or crosses the outer line of his or her lane on the bend, and gains no advantage by it, will not be disqualified as long as no other runner

1080-493: The most accurate way to measure times in a race setting, Fully Automatic Timing (FAT) and gate systems are used to accurately measure races, with results as accurate as up to 1/1000 of a second.   As of 2021, World Athletics (WA) is the governing body for track and field around the world. Every country that wishes to participate in WA competitions must become a member. Each governing body sets its own rules for how competition

1116-413: The oldest running competitions, being recorded at the Ancient Olympic Games . Three sprints are currently held at the modern Summer Olympics and outdoor World Championships : the 100 metres , 200 metres , and 400 metres . At the professional level, sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the starting blocks before driving forward and gradually moving into an upright position as

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1152-440: The participants. The President's Challenge site displayed a notice that it was down for "Site Maintenance – We're taking a little breather." On January 20, 2012, the site was modified to explain the hacking. On January 27, 2012, The President's Challenge sent out emails to its participants saying that the website was functional as of January 24, 2012, and asked participants to reset their user passwords. The current co-chairs of

1188-413: The race progresses and momentum is gained. The set position differs depending on the start. The use of starting blocks allows the sprinter to perform an enhanced isometric preload ; this generates muscular pre-tension which is channeled into the subsequent forward drive, making it more powerful. Body alignment is of key importance in producing the optimal amount of force. Ideally, the athlete should begin in

1224-425: The sprinters to additionally carry a large shield and wear a helmet. Similarly to the diaulos, they ran two stades in length i.e. one stade ending with a 180 degree turn around a post, which led onto the second stade in length back down the track. In the diaulos, each sprinter had an individual post to run around. However, for some hoplitodromos races all of the sprinters ran around a single central post. Typically,

1260-620: The starter noticing and disqualifying the athlete, it was decided that twitching in the starting block while being in the 'set' position would only carry a maximum penalty of a yellow card or a warning. To instantly be disqualified for a false start, an athlete's hands must leave the track or their feet must leave the starting blocks, while the athlete is in their final 'set' position. For all Olympic sprint events, runners must remain within their pre-assigned lanes, which measure 1.22 metres (4 feet) wide, from start to finish. The lanes can be numbered 1 through 8, 9, or rarely 10, starting with

1296-648: Was reinstated on June 21, 2019, with strong urging from organizations such as the National Academy of Kinesiology. A newly formed Science Board was announced on January 22, 2020, with Bradley J. Cardinal, Ph.D., Oregon State University, appointed as Chair. During their 2 year term, the Science Board established the scientific basis of the National Youth Sports Strategy, including a wide variety of evidence-based documents and reports. During

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