175-426: Sir Francis Cowley Burnand (29 November 1836 – 21 April 1917), usually known as F. C. Burnand , was an English comic writer and prolific playwright, best known today as the librettist of Arthur Sullivan 's opera Cox and Box . The son of a prosperous family, he was educated at Eton and Cambridge and was expected to follow a conventional career in the law or in the church, but he concluded that his vocation
350-482: A Reynolds serial, entitled Mokeanna, or the White Witness . He showed his manuscript to Mark Lemon , editor of Punch , who accepted it for publication; Burnand remained a Punch writer for the rest of his career. Dido was followed by The Îles of St Tropez (1860), Fair Rosamond (1862) and The Deal Boatman (1863), among many others. His most memorable early success was another musical burlesque, Ixion , or
525-809: A Mendelssohnian style. With the exception of his Imperial March , composed for a royal occasion in 1893, the large-scale orchestral concert works also date from early in the composer's career. Reviewers and scholars often cite Mendelssohn as the most important influence on Sullivan. The music for The Tempest and the Irish Symphony , among other works, was seen by contemporary writers as strikingly Mendelssohnian. Percy Young writes that Sullivan's early affection for Mendelssohn remained evident throughout his composing career. Hughes remarks that although Sullivan emulated Mendelssohn in certain ways he seldom "lapsed into those harmonic clichés which mar some of Mendelssohn's more sentimental effusions". When The Tempest music
700-499: A barrister to practice in a dual capacity. In some common law jurisdictions, such as New Zealand and some Australian states and territories, lawyers are entitled to practice both as barristers and solicitors, but it remains a separate system of qualification to practice exclusively as a barrister. In others, such as the United States , the distinction between barristers and other types of lawyers does not exist at all. A barrister
875-407: A barrister usually wears a horsehair wig, stiff collar, bands , and a gown. Since January 2008, solicitor advocates have also been entitled to wear wigs, but wear different gowns. In many countries the traditional divisions between barristers and other legal representatives are gradually decreasing. Barristers once enjoyed a monopoly on appearances before the higher courts, but particularly within
1050-582: A burlesque of Robbing Roy to the Gaiety Theatre in 1879. Burnand's prolific writing came at some cost in quality. A biographer wrote that he "was a facile and slapdash writer. False rhymes and awkward rhythms occur frequently in his verse, and his favourite devices included puns, topical references and slang." Burnand also translated or adapted for the London stage several French operettas by Offenbach , Edmond Audran , Charles Lecocq and Robert Planquette . At
1225-500: A busy conducting career in parallel with his composing career, including seven Leeds Festivals among many other appointments. Sullivan invariably conducted the opening nights of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas. Carte opened the next Gilbert and Sullivan piece, Patience , in April 1881 at London's Opera Comique , where their past three operas had played. In October, Patience transferred to
1400-534: A cantata for the Leeds Festival, The Golden Legend , based on Longfellow 's poem of the same name. Apart from the comic operas, this proved to be Sullivan's best received full-length work. It was given hundreds of performances during his lifetime, and at one point he declared a moratorium on its presentation, fearing that it would become over-exposed. Only Handel 's Messiah was performed more often in Britain in
1575-423: A career-ending stroke at the age of 45. Sullivan, reflecting on this, on his own long-standing kidney problems, and on his desire to devote himself to more serious music, replied to Carte, "[I]t is impossible for me to do another piece of the character of those already written by Gilbert and myself." Gilbert had already started work on a new opera in which the characters fell in love against their wills after taking
1750-505: A chance. His chaff is always good-tempered. No one minds being chaffed by Burnand. I will not sing a song when he is in the room if I can possibly help it. He will sit in front of me at the piano, and either stare with a pained and puzzled look during my comic song, or he will laugh in the wrong places, or, what is worse still, take out his pocket-handkerchief and weep." After a winter of bronchitis, Burnand died in 1917 at his home in Ramsgate, at
1925-410: A class for the grotesquely absurd plot to which it is wedded. It is very funny, here and there, and grand or graceful when it is not funny; but the grand and the graceful have, we think, too large a share of the honours to themselves." Cox and Box became a popular favourite and was frequently revived. It was the only work not by Gilbert in the regular repertory of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company during
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#17330847923272100-453: A clerk; the couple had five sons and two daughters. He was called to the bar in 1862, and practised for a short time, but his main interest was in writing. In the early 1860s he wrote several farces in partnership with Montagu Williams , and edited the short-lived journal The Glow-Worm . He then joined the staff of Fun , edited by H. J. Byron . He parted company with Byron when the magazine rejected his proposed 1863 literary burlesque of
2275-461: A client in administrative tax appeals) and patent agents ( "benrishi" , qualified to practice patent registration and represent a client in administrative patent appeals). Only the lawyers ( bengoshi ) can appear before the court and are qualified to practice in any areas of law, including, but not limited to, areas that those qualified law-related professionals above are allowed to practice. Most attorneys still focus primarily on court practice and still
2450-678: A day with the topsy turvy hunt , illustrated by Harry B. Neilson (1917). Arthur Sullivan Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan MVO (13 May 1842 – 22 November 1900) was an English composer. He is best known for 14 operatic collaborations with the dramatist W. S. Gilbert , including H.M.S. Pinafore , The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado . His works include 24 operas, 11 major orchestral works, ten choral works and oratorios , two ballets, incidental music to several plays, and numerous church pieces, songs, and piano and chamber pieces. His hymns and songs include " Onward, Christian Soldiers " and " The Lost Chord ". The son of
2625-458: A five-year agreement with Carte, requiring them to produce a new comic opera on six months' notice. On 22 May 1883 Sullivan was knighted by Queen Victoria for his "services ... rendered to the promotion of the art of music" in Britain. The musical establishment, and many critics, believed that this should end his career as a composer of comic opera – that a musical knight should not stoop below oratorio or grand opera . Having just signed
2800-405: A fused profession, arguing and preparing cases in contentious matters, whereas Quebec's other type of lawyer, civil-law notaries ( notaires ), handle out-of-court non-contentious matters. However, a number of areas of non-contentious private law are not monopolized by notaries so that attorneys often specialize in handling either trials, cases, advising, or non-trial matters. The only disadvantage
2975-474: A grand opera libretto from Julian Sturgis (who was recommended by Gilbert), and suggested to Gilbert that he revive an old idea for an opera set in colourful Venice . The comic opera was completed first: The Gondoliers (1889) was a piece described by Gervase Hughes as a pinnacle of Sullivan's achievement. It was the last great Gilbert and Sullivan success. The relationship between Gilbert and Sullivan suffered its most serious breach in April 1890, during
3150-514: A kidney stone. Pinafore ran for 571 performances in London, then the second-longest theatrical run in history, and more than 150 unauthorised productions were quickly mounted in America alone. Among other favourable reviews, The Times noted that the opera was an early attempt at the establishment of a "national musical stage" free from risqué French "improprieties" and without the "aid" of Italian and German musical models. The Times and several of
3325-582: A lawyer who represented the client in the lower courts. However, these restrictions do not apply to criminal cases, nor to pleadings at courts of the other court systems, including labour, administrative, taxation, and social courts and the European Union court system. The legal profession in Hong Kong is also divided into two branches: barristers and solicitors. In the High Court of Hong Kong (including both
3500-632: A less formal arrangement but this is not compulsory. Devils are not generally paid for their work in their devilling year. Israel In Israel, there is no distinction between barristers and solicitors. Japan adopts a unified system. However, there are certain classes of qualified professionals who are allowed to practice in certain limited areas of law, such as scriveners ( shiho shoshi , qualified to handle title registration, deposit, and certain petite court proceedings with additional certification), tax accountants ( zeirishi , qualified to prepare tax returns, provide advice on tax computation and represent
3675-401: A lovely woman, with the most generous smile one could possibly imagine, and the most beautiful teeth." Sullivan called her "the best amateur singer in London". She often performed Sullivan's songs at her famous Sunday soirées. She became particularly associated with "The Lost Chord", singing it both in private and in public, often with Sullivan accompanying her. When Sullivan died, he left her
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#17330847923273850-414: A magic lozenge. Sullivan wrote on 1 April 1884 that he had "come to the end of my tether" with the operas: "I have been continually keeping down the music in order that not one [syllable] should be lost. ... I should like to set a story of human interest & probability where the humorous words would come in a humorous (not serious) situation, & where, if the situation were a tender or dramatic one
4025-641: A military bandmaster, Sullivan composed his first anthem at the age of eight and was later a soloist in the boys' choir of the Chapel Royal . In 1856, at 14, he was awarded the first Mendelssohn Scholarship by the Royal Academy of Music , which allowed him to study at the academy and then at the Leipzig Conservatoire in Germany. His graduation piece, incidental music to Shakespeare 's The Tempest (1861),
4200-412: A model for Sullivan's comic opera music, "as evidenced in several rhythmic patterns and constructions of long finales". As a young man, Sullivan's conservative musical education led him to follow in the conventions of his predecessors. Later he became more adventurous; Richard Silverman, writing in 2009, points to the influence of Liszt in later works – a harmonic ambiguity and chromaticism – so that by
4375-458: A music teacher, which he hated and gave up as soon as he could; and as an arranger of vocal scores of popular operas. He took an early opportunity to compose several pieces for royalty in connection with the wedding of the Prince of Wales in 1863. With The Masque at Kenilworth ( Birmingham Festival , 1864), Sullivan began his association with works for voice and orchestra. While an organist at
4550-503: A one-act comic opera , Cox and Box , which is still widely performed. He wrote his first opera with W. S. Gilbert, Thespis , in 1871. Four years later, the impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte engaged Gilbert and Sullivan to create a one-act piece, Trial by Jury (1875). Its box-office success led to a series of twelve full-length comic operas by the collaborators. After the extraordinary success of H.M.S. Pinafore (1878) and The Pirates of Penzance (1879), Carte used his profits from
4725-564: A play by Morris Barnett, ran for 550 performances and toured extensively. It made so much money for the actor-manager Edgar Bruce that he was able to build the Prince of Wales Theatre . Burnand rushed The Colonel into production to make sure that it opened several months before Gilbert and Sullivan 's similarly themed comic opera, Patience , but Patience ran even longer than The Colonel . Oscar Wilde , no fan of Burnand's farces, wrote, in anticipation of seeing Patience : "With Gilbert and Sullivan I am sure we will have something better than
4900-402: A plot that did not depend on any supernatural device. The result was Gilbert and Sullivan's most successful work, The Mikado (1885). The piece ran for 672 performances, which was the second-longest run for any work of musical theatre, and one of the longest runs of any theatre piece, up to that time. In 1886 Sullivan composed his second and last large-scale choral work of the decade. It was
5075-482: A pupil of Mozart . He studied piano with William Sterndale Bennett (the future head of the academy) and Arthur O'Leary . During this first year at the academy Sullivan continued to sing solos with the Chapel Royal, which provided a small amount of spending money. Sullivan's scholarship was extended to a second year, and in 1858, in what his biographer Arthur Jacobs calls an "extraordinary gesture of confidence",
5250-502: A second year of study at Leipzig. For his third and last year there, his father scraped together the money for living expenses, and the conservatoire assisted by waiving its fees. Sullivan's graduation piece, completed in 1861, was a suite of incidental music to Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Revised and expanded, it was performed at the Crystal Palace in 1862, a year after his return to London; The Musical Times described it as
5425-399: A sensation. He began building a reputation as England's most promising young composer. Sullivan embarked on his composing career with a series of ambitious works, interspersed with hymns, parlour songs and other light pieces in a more commercial vein. His compositions were not enough to support him financially, and between 1861 and 1872 he worked as a church organist, which he enjoyed; as
F. C. Burnand - Misplaced Pages Continue
5600-560: A separate qualification) and who retain exclusivity over conveyancing and probate. After the 1971 and 1990 legal reforms, the avocat was fused with the avoué and the conseil juridique , making the avocat (or, if female, avocate ) an all-purpose lawyer for matters of contentious jurisdiction, analogous to an American attorney. French attorneys usually do not (although they are entitled to) act both as litigators (trial lawyers) and legal consultants (advising lawyers), known respectively as avocat plaidant and avocat-conseil . This distinction
5775-503: A single state bar council to practise in India. However, this does not restrict a barrister from appearing before any court in India. For all practical and legal purposes, the Bar Council of India retains with it, the final power to take decisions in any and all matters related to the legal profession on the whole or with respect to any There are two requirements to practise in India. First,
5950-475: A surprise hit, earning glowing praise from the critics and playing for 300 performances over its first few seasons. The Daily Telegraph commented that the piece illustrated the composer's "great capacity for dramatic writing of the lighter class", and other reviews emphasised the felicitous combination of Gilbert's words and Sullivan's music. One wrote, "it seems, as in the great Wagnerian operas, as though poem and music had proceeded simultaneously from one and
6125-535: A type. The exact opposite is the case." Burnand's libretto was judged dull and confused, but Mackenzie's music was "marked by distinction as well as humour." Stedman comments that Burnand's conviction that he, not Gilbert, should have been Sullivan's main collaborator defied the facts: The Chieftain , his rewrite of The Contrabandista with Sullivan, ran for only 97 performances in 1894, and His Majesty managed only 61 performances. Nevertheless, Burnand used his position as editor of Punch to print antagonistic reviews of
6300-437: A variety of styles, including those of Schubert , Verdi , Bach and Wagner . Visiting a synagogue , he was so struck by some of the cadences and progressions of the music that thirty years later he could recall them for use in his grand opera , Ivanhoe . He became friendly with the future impresario Carl Rosa and the violinist Joseph Joachim , among others. The academy renewed Sullivan's scholarship to allow him
6475-414: A very small number of attorneys give sophisticated and expert legal advice on a day-to-day basis to large corporations. The Netherlands used to have a semi-separated legal profession comprising the lawyer and the procureur , the latter resembling, to some extent, the profession of barrister. Under that system, lawyers were entitled to represent their clients in law, but were only able to file cases before
6650-502: A volume of The Hymnal Noted and arranged for the boy's compositions to be performed; one anthem was performed at the Chapel Royal in St James's Palace under the direction of Sir George Smart . In 1856 the Royal Academy of Music awarded the first Mendelssohn Scholarship to the 14-year-old Sullivan, granting him a year's training at the academy. His principal teacher there was John Goss , whose own teacher, Thomas Attwood , had been
6825-691: Is " The Long Day Closes " (1868). Sullivan's last major work of the 1860s was a short oratorio , The Prodigal Son , first given in Worcester Cathedral as part of the 1869 Three Choirs Festival to much praise. Sullivan's most enduring orchestral work, the Overture di Ballo , was composed for the Birmingham Festival in 1870. The same year, Sullivan first met the poet and dramatist W. S. Gilbert. In 1871 Sullivan published his only song cycle , The Window , to words by Tennyson , and he wrote
7000-620: Is a growing tendency for practitioners in the bigger practices to specialize in one or the other. In colloquial parlance within the Nigerian legal profession, lawyers may, therefore, be referred to as "litigators" or as "solicitors". Consistent with the practice in England and elsewhere in the Commonwealth, senior members of the profession may be selected for elevation to the Inner Bar by the conferment of
7175-584: Is a lawyer who represents a litigant as an advocate before a court. A barrister speaks in court and presents the case before a judge, with or without a jury. In some jurisdictions, a barrister receives additional training in evidence law, ethics, and court practice and procedure. In contrast, other legal professionals (such as solicitors) generally meet with clients, perform preparatory and administrative work, and provide legal advice. Barristers often have little or no direct contact with their clients. All correspondence, inquiries, invoices, and so on, will be addressed to
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7350-399: Is a split between the roles of barrister and solicitor, the barrister in civil law jurisdictions is responsible for appearing in trials or pleading cases before the courts. Barristers usually have particular knowledge of case law, precedent, and the skills to build a case. When another legal professional is confronted with an unusual point of law, they may seek the opinion of a barrister on
7525-515: Is celebrated not only for writing the Savoy operas and his other works, but also for his influence on the development of modern American and British musical theatre. Sullivan never married, but he had serious love affairs with several women. The first was with Rachel Scott Russell (1845–1882), the daughter of the engineer John Scott Russell . Sullivan was a frequent visitor at the Scott Russell home in
7700-477: Is generally recognised that the first examination is much more difficult than the CAPA and is dreaded by most law students. Each bar is regulated by a Bar Council ( Ordre du barreau ). A separate body of barristers exists called the avocats au Conseil d'Etat et à la Cour de Cassation . Although their legal background, training and status is the same as the all-purpose avocats, these have a monopoly over litigation taken to
7875-474: Is however purely informal and does not correspond to any difference in qualification or admission to the role. All intending attorneys must pass an examination to be able to enrol in one of the Centre régional de formation à la profession d'avocat (CRFPA) (Regional centre for the training of lawyers). The CRFPA course has a duration of two years and is a mix between classroom teachings and internships. Its culmination
8050-512: Is little overlap. In the Australian states of New South Wales , Victoria and Queensland , there is a split profession. Nevertheless, subject to conditions, barristers can accept direct access work from clients. Each state Bar Association regulates the profession and essentially has the functions of the English Inns of Court. In the states of South Australia and Western Australia , as well as
8225-692: Is no formal distinction between barristers and solicitors. All students who pass the bar examinations – offered exclusively by the Nigerian Law School – are called to the Nigerian bar, by the Body of Benchers. Lawyers may argue in any Federal trial or appellate court as well as any of the courts in Nigeria's 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory. The Legal Practitioner's Act refers to Nigerian lawyers as Legal Practitioners, and following their call to
8400-649: Is not usually done for interlocutory applications. Wigs and robes are still worn in the Supreme Court and the District Court in civil matters and are dependent on the judicial officer's attire. Robes and wigs are worn in all criminal cases. In Western Australia, wigs are no longer worn in any court. Each year, the Bar Association appoints certain barristers of seniority and eminence to the rank of "Senior Counsel" (in most States and Territories) or "King's Counsel" (in
8575-406: Is relatively common for the barrister to receive the brief from the instructing solicitor to represent a client at trial only a day or two before the proceeding. Part of the reason for this is cost. A barrister is entitled to a "brief fee" when a brief is delivered, and this represents the bulk of his or her fee in relation to any trial. They are then usually entitled to a " refresher " for each day of
8750-676: Is required to maintain certain standards of conduct and professional demeanour at all times. The Bar Council of India prescribes rules of conduct to be observed by the Barristers in the courts, while interacting with clients and in non-professional settings. In the Republic of Ireland , admission to the Bar by the Chief Justice of Ireland is restricted to those on whom a Barrister-at-Law degree (BL) has first been conferred. The Honorable Society of King's Inns
8925-400: Is still a rarity in most jurisdictions, partly because barristers with narrow specialisations, or who are only really trained for advocacy, are not prepared to provide general advice to members of the public. Historically, barristers have had a major role in trial preparation, including drafting pleadings and reviewing evidence. In some areas of law, that is still the case. In other areas, it
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#17330847923279100-470: Is that attorneys cannot draw up public instruments that have the same force of law as notarial acts . Most large law firms in Quebec offer the full range of legal services of law firms in common-law provinces. Intending Quebec attorneys must earn a bachelor's degree in civil law, pass the provincial bar examination, and successfully complete a legal internship to be admitted to practice. Attorneys are regulated by
9275-458: Is the stage final (final training), where the intending attorney spends six months in a law firm (generally in their favoured field of practice and in a firm in which they hope to be recruited afterwards). The intending attorney then needs to pass the Certificat d'Aptitude à la Profession d'Avocat (CAPA) , which is the last professional examination allowing them to join a court's bar ( barreau ). It
9450-643: Is the Bangladesh Legal Practitioners and Bar Council Order as administered and enforced by the Bangladesh Bar Council. The Bar Council is the supreme statutory body that regulates the legal professions in Bangladesh and ensures educational standards and regulatory compliance of advocates. Newly enrolled advocates are permitted to start practice in the district courts after admission. After two years of practice, advocates may apply to practice in
9625-540: Is the only educational establishment which runs vocational courses for barristers in the Republic and degrees of Barrister-at-Law can only be conferred by King's Inns. King's Inns are also the only body with the capacity to call individuals to the bar and to disbar them. Most Irish barristers choose to be governed thereafter by the Bar of Ireland , a quasi-private entity. Senior members of the profession may be selected for elevation to
9800-671: The Australian Capital Territory , the professions of barrister and solicitor are fused, but an independent bar nonetheless exists, regulated by the Legal Practice Board of the state or territory. In Tasmania and the Northern Territory , the profession is fused, although a very small number of practitioners operate as an independent bar. Generally, counsel dress in the traditional English manner (wig, gown, bar jacket and jabot ) before superior courts, although this
9975-524: The Bar Council of India . Under the act, the council is the supreme regulatory body for the legal profession in India, ensuring the compliance of the laws and maintenance of professional standards by the legal profession in the country. The council is authorised to pass regulations and make orders in individual cases. Each state has a bar council whose function is to enrol barristers practising predominantly within that state. Each barrister must be enrolled with
10150-536: The Court of First Instance and the Court of Appeal ) and the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal , as a general rule, only barristers and solicitor-advocates are allowed to speak on behalf of any party in open court. This means that solicitors are restricted from doing so. In these two courts, save for hearings in chambers, barristers dress in the traditional English manner, as do the judges and other lawyers. In Hong Kong,
10325-694: The Glasgow Choral Union concerts (1875–77) and the Royal Aquarium Theatre , London (1876). In addition to his appointment as Professor of Composition at the Royal Academy of Music, of which he was a Fellow, he was appointed as the first Principal of the National Training School of Music in 1876. He accepted the latter post reluctantly, fearing that discharging the duties thoroughly would leave too little time for composing; in this he
10500-464: The Inn of Court to which they belong. In some countries, there is external regulation. Inns of Court, where they exist, regulate admission to the profession. Inns of Court are independent societies that are responsible for the training, admission, and discipline of barristers. Where they exist, a person may only be called to the bar by an Inn, of which they must be a member. Historically, call to and success at
10675-529: The Philharmonic Society gave the first performance of his overture Marmion . The reviewer for The Times called it "another step in advance on the part of the only composer of any remarkable promise that just at present we can boast." In October, Sullivan travelled with George Grove to Vienna in search of neglected scores by Schubert. They unearthed manuscript copies of symphonies and vocal music, and were particularly elated by their final discovery,
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#173308479232710850-526: The Royal Italian Opera, Covent Garden , he composed his first ballet, L'Île Enchantée (1864). His Irish Symphony and Cello Concerto (both 1866) were his only works in their respective genres. In the same year, his Overture in C ( In Memoriam ) , commemorating the recent death of his father, was a commission from the Norwich Festival . It achieved considerable popularity. In June 1867
11025-511: The United Kingdom this is no longer true. Solicitor-advocates and qualified chartered legal executives can generally appear on behalf of clients at trial. Increasingly, law firms are keeping even the most advanced advisory and litigation work in-house for economic and client relationship reasons. Similarly, the prohibition on barristers taking instructions directly from the public has also been widely abolished. But, in practice, direct instruction
11200-458: The procureur as a separate profession was abolished and its functions merged with the legal profession in 2008. Currently, lawyers can file cases before any court, regardless of where they are registered. The only notable exception concerns civil cases brought before the Supreme Court , which have to be handled by lawyers registered at the Supreme Court, thus gaining from it the title "lawyer at
11375-425: The 14th century and during the course of the 19th and 20th in particular, French barristers competed in territorial battles over respective areas of legal practice against the conseil juridique (legal advisor, transactional solicitor) and avoué (procedural solicitor), and expanded to become the generalist legal practitioner, with the notable exception of notaires (notaries), who are ministry appointed lawyers (with
11550-540: The 1870s included Poll and Partner Joe (1871), Penelope Anne (1871; a sequel to Cox and Box ), The Miller and His Man (1873; "a Christmas drawing room extravaganza" with songs by Sullivan), Artful Cards (1877), Proof (1878), Dora and Diplunacy (1878, a burlesque of Clement Scott 's Diplomacy , an adaptation of Sardou 's Dora ), The Forty Thieves (1878; a charity collaboration among four playwrights, including Byron and Gilbert), Our Club (1878) and another frequently revived hit, Betsy (1879). He provided
11725-427: The 1880s and 1890s. It remained in the repertory until about the 1920s, but since then it has seldom been performed; it received its first professional recording in 2001. The musical scholar and conductor David Russell Hulme writes that the work influenced Elgar and Walton . Ruddigore followed The Mikado at the Savoy in 1887. It was profitable, but its nine-month run was disappointing compared with most of
11900-509: The 1880s included two cantatas , The Martyr of Antioch (1880) and The Golden Legend (1886), his most popular choral work. He also wrote incidental music for West End productions of several Shakespeare plays, and held conducting and academic appointments. Sullivan's only grand opera , Ivanhoe , though initially successful in 1891, has rarely been revived. In his last decade Sullivan continued to compose comic operas with various librettists and wrote other major and minor works. He died at
12075-475: The 20th century and is the only work of Burnand's still frequently staged. Its success encouraged its authors to write the two-act opera, The Contrabandista (1867), revised and expanded as The Chieftain (1894), but it did not achieve much popularity in either version. More burlesques followed in 1868, including Fowl Play, or, A Story of Chicken Hazard and The Rise and Fall of Richard III, or, A New Front to an Old Dicky . In 1869, Burnand wrote The Turn of
12250-433: The Bar , Nigerian lawyers enter their names in the register or Roll of Legal Practitioners kept at the Supreme Court. For this reason, a Nigerian lawyer is often referred to as a Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Nigeria, and many Nigerian lawyers term themselves Barrister-at-Law with the postnominal initials "B.L". The vast majority of Nigerian lawyers combine contentious and non-contentious work, although there
12425-463: The Bar of Ireland's Law Library. To practise under the Bar of Ireland's rules, a newly qualified barrister is apprenticed to an experienced barrister of at least seven years' experience. This apprenticeship is known as pupillage or devilling . Devilling is compulsory for those barristers who wish to be members of the Law Library and lasts for one legal year. It is common to devil for a second year in
12600-535: The Canadian legal profession, lawyers often term themselves as "litigators" (or "barristers"), or as "solicitors", depending on the nature of their law practice though some may in effect practise as both litigators and solicitors. However, "litigators" would generally perform all litigation functions traditionally performed by barristers and solicitors; in contrast, those terming themselves "solicitors" would generally limit themselves to legal work not involving practice before
12775-609: The Greek , and Guy Fawkes , or The Ugly Mug and the Couple of Spoons , both in 1866. Later in 1866 Burnand had a huge success with the burlesque The Latest Edition of Black-Eyed Susan; or, the Little Bill that Was Taken Up , parodying the three-act melodrama by Douglas Jerrold , Black-Eyed Susan ; the show ran for 400 nights at the Royalty Theatre , was played for years provincially and in
12950-452: The Guard opened, Sullivan turned again to Shakespeare, composing incidental music for Henry Irving 's Lyceum Theatre production of Macbeth (1888). Sullivan wished to produce further serious works with Gilbert. He had collaborated with no other librettist since 1875. But Gilbert felt that the reaction to The Yeomen of the Guard had "not been so convincing as to warrant us in assuming that
13125-585: The High Court Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh by passing the Bar Council Examination. Only advocates who are barristers in the United Kingdom may use the title of barrister. In Canada (except Quebec ), the professions of barrister and solicitor are fused, and many lawyers refer to themselves with both names, even if they do not practise in both areas. In colloquial parlance within
13300-558: The Inner Bar, when they may describe themselves as Senior Counsel ("SC"). All barristers who have not been called to the Inner Bar are known as Junior Counsel (and are identified by the postnominal initials "BL"), regardless of age or experience. Admission to the Inner Bar is made by declaration before the Supreme Court , patents of precedence having been granted by the Government . Irish barristers are sole practitioners and may not form chambers or partnerships if they wish to remain members of
13475-666: The Man at the Wheel (1863), starring Lydia Thompson in the title role, which found audiences on both sides of the Atlantic. By this time Burnand was a skilled negotiator with theatre managements, and he was among the first authors to insist on profit-sharing instead of fixed royalties. For Ixion this brought him a total of around £3,000. Other notable early works included an opéra bouffe , Windsor Castle (1865), with music by Frank Musgrave, and more pun-filled burlesques, including Helen , or, Taken from
13650-532: The Northern Territory, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia). Such barristers carry the title "SC" or "KC" after their name. The appointments are made after a process of consultation with members of the profession and the judiciary. Senior Counsel appear in particularly complex or difficult cases. They make up about 14 per cent of the bar in New South Wales. In Bangladesh, the law relating to barristers
13825-489: The Quebec Law Society ( Barreau du Québec ). In France, avocats , or attorneys, were, until the 20th century, the equivalent of barristers. The profession included several grades ranked by seniority: avocat-stagiaire (trainee, who was already qualified but needed to complete two years (or more, depending on the period) of training alongside seasoned lawyers), avocat , and avocat honoraire (emeritus barrister). Since
14000-474: The Savoy, increasingly viewed the composition of comic operas as unimportant, beneath his skills, and also repetitious. After Iolanthe , Sullivan had not intended to write a new work with Gilbert, but he suffered a serious financial loss when his broker went bankrupt in November 1882. Therefore, he concluded that his financial needs obliged him to continue writing Savoy operas. In February 1883, he and Gilbert signed
14175-546: The Supreme Court". In New Zealand, the professions are not formally fused but practitioners are enrolled in the High Court as "Barristers and Solicitors". They may choose, however, to practice as barristers sole. About 15% practice solely as barristers, mainly in the larger cities and usually in "chambers" (following the British terminology). They receive "instructions" from other practitioners, at least nominally. They usually conduct
14350-663: The Theatre Royal, Worthing . While at Eton, he submitted some illustrations to the comic weekly magazine, Punch , one or two of which were published. In 1854 he went to Trinity College, Cambridge , where as an undergraduate he sought the approval of the Vice-Chancellor , Edwin Guest , of the establishment of a Cambridge University Amateur Dramatic Club , with a performance of Box and Cox . Guest and his colleagues refused their consent, but Burnand went ahead without it. The members of
14525-560: The Tide , which was a success at the Queen's Theatre , and six other stage works during the course of the year. Burnand's wife Cecilia died in 1870 at age 28, leaving him with seven small children. In 1874 Burnand married her widowed sister, Rosina (d. 1924), who was also an actress. It was at that time illegal in England for a man to marry his dead wife's sister, although such marriages made outside British jurisdiction were recognised as valid; accordingly
14700-536: The US, and was twice revived in London. In 1866, Burnand adapted the popular farce Box and Cox as a comic opera , Cox and Box , with music by the young composer Arthur Sullivan . The piece was written for a private performance but was repeated and given its first public performance at the Adelphi Theatre in 1867. The reviewer for Fun was W. S. Gilbert , who wrote Mr Sullivan's music is, in many places, of too high
14875-1338: The Universities of Cambridge (1876) and Oxford (1879); Chevalier, Légion d'honneur , France (1878); Order of the Medjidie conferred by the Sultan of Turkey (1888); and appointment as a Member of the Fourth Class of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) in 1897. Sullivan's operas have often been adapted, first in the 19th century as dance pieces and in foreign adaptations of the operas themselves. Since then, his music has been made into ballets ( Pineapple Poll (1951) and Pirates of Penzance – The Ballet! (1991)) and musicals ( The Swing Mikado (1938), The Hot Mikado (1939) and Hot Mikado (1986), Hollywood Pinafore and Memphis Bound (both 1945), The Black Mikado (1975), etc.). His operas are frequently performed, and also parodied , pastiched , quoted and imitated in comedy routines, advertising, law, film, television, and other popular media . He has been portrayed on screen in The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan (1953) and Topsy-Turvy (2000). He
15050-522: The age of 14, Sullivan visited the family often and became guardian to the children. In 1883 Charlotte and six of her children emigrated to Los Angeles , California, leaving the oldest boy, "Bertie" , in Sullivan's sole care. Despite his reservations about the move to the United States, Sullivan paid all the costs and gave substantial financial support to the family. A year later, Charlotte died, leaving
15225-475: The age of 58, regarded as Britain's foremost composer. His comic opera style served as a model for generations of musical theatre composers that followed, and his music is still frequently performed, recorded and pastiched . Sullivan was born on 13 May 1842 in Lambeth , London, the younger of the two children, both boys, of Thomas Sullivan (1805–1866) and his wife, Mary Clementina née Coghlan (1811–1882). His father
15400-606: The age of 80. He was buried in the cemetery at St Augustine's Abbey church in Ramsgate. Burnand's best-known book, Happy Thoughts , was originally published in Punch in 1863–64 and frequently reprinted. This was followed by My Time and What I've Done with It (1874); Personal Reminiscences of the A.D.C., Cambridge, (1880); The Incomplete Angler (1887); Very Much Abroad (1890); Rather at Sea (1890); Quite at Home (1890); The Real Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1893); Records and Reminiscences, (1904); and The Fox's Frolic: or,
15575-470: The annual Gaiety pantomime at Christmas. In 1884, Burnand wrote Paw Claudian , a burlesque of the 1883 costume (Byzantine) drama Claudian by Henry Herman and W. G. Wills, presented at Toole's Theatre starring J. L. Toole . The same year, he wrote a burlesque of Black-Eyed Susan , called Black Eyed See-Usan , for the Alhambra Theatre . Burnand wrote several musical works around 1889 and 1890 with
15750-456: The ant) retitled La Cigale , with additional music by Ivan Caryll . In 1891, he produced an English adaptation of Audran's Miss Helyett , retitled as Miss Decima . Burnand's The Saucy Sally premiered in 1892, and Mrs Ponderbury's Past played in 1895. He was knighted by King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace in 1902, for his work on Punch . Burnand's 1897 comic opera, His Majesty , with music by Alexander Mackenzie , failed despite
15925-472: The applicant must be a holder of a law degree from a recognised institution in India (or from one of the four recognised universities in the United Kingdom). Second, they must pass the enrolment qualifications of the bar council of the state they seek to be enrolled in. Through regulation, the Bar Council of India also ensures the standard of education required for practising in India is met with. A barrister
16100-498: The autograph manuscript of that song, along with other bequests. Ronalds was separated from her American husband, but they never divorced. Social conventions of the time compelled Sullivan and Ronalds to keep their relationship private. She apparently became pregnant at least twice and procured abortions in 1882 and 1884. Sullivan had a roving eye, and his diary records the occasional quarrels when Ronalds discovered his other liaisons, but he always returned to her. Around 1889 or 1890
16275-462: The band and composed an anthem , "By the Waters of Babylon", when he was eight. He later recalled: I was intensely interested in all that the band did, and learned to play every wind instrument, with which I formed not merely a passing acquaintance, but a real, life-long, intimate friendship. I gradually learned the peculiarities of each ... what it could do and what it was unable to do. I learned in
16450-411: The bar, to a large degree, depended upon social connections made early in life. A bar collectively describes all members of the profession of barrister within a given jurisdiction. While as a minimum the bar is an association embracing all its members, it is usually the case, either de facto or de jure , that the bar is invested with regulatory powers over the manner in which barristers practice. In
16625-477: The best possible way how to write for an orchestra. While recognising the boy's obvious talent, his father knew the insecurity of a musical career and discouraged him from pursuing it. Sullivan studied at a private school in Bayswater . In 1854 he persuaded his parents and the headmaster to allow him to apply for membership in the choir of the Chapel Royal . Despite concerns that, at nearly 12 years of age, Sullivan
16800-482: The casinos enabled him to indulge his passion for gambling. He enjoyed hosting private dinners and entertainments at his home, often featuring famous singers and well-known actors. In 1865 he was initiated into Freemasonry and was Grand Organist of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1887 during Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee . Sullivan's talent and native charm gained him the friendship of many, not only in
16975-558: The children to be raised mostly by her brother. From June to August 1885, after The Mikado opened, Sullivan visited the family in Los Angeles and took them on a sightseeing trip of the American west. Throughout the rest of his life, and in his will, he contributed financially to Fred's children, continuing to correspond with them and to be concerned with their education, marriages and financial affairs. Bertie remained with his Uncle Arthur for
17150-461: The club performed a triple bill under stage names to avoid retribution from the university. The club prospered (and continues to the present day); Burnand acted and wrote plays under the name Tom Pierce. Burnand graduated in 1858. His family had expected that he would study for the bar , but the Burnands held the right to appoint the incumbent of a Church of England parish that became vacant, and it
17325-450: The common law tradition, the respective roles of a lawyer, as legal adviser and advocate, were formally split into two separate, regulated sub-professions. Historically, the distinction was absolute, but in the modern age, some countries that had a split legal profession now have a fused profession . In practice, the distinction in split jurisdictions may be minor, or marked. In some jurisdictions, such as Australia, Scotland and Ireland, there
17500-588: The composer Edward Solomon , including Pickwick , which was revived in 1894. Pickwick was recorded by Retrospect Opera in 2016, together with George Grossmith 's Cups and Saucers . Other stage pieces included adaptations for Augustin Daly in New York. In 1890, Burnand wrote Captain Therèse, followed later that year by a very successful English version of Audran's operetta, La cigale et la fourmi (the grasshopper and
17675-810: The composer's memory featuring a weeping Muse was erected in the Victoria Embankment Gardens in London and is inscribed with Gilbert's words from The Yeomen of the Guard : "Is life a boon? If so, it must befall that Death, whene'er he call, must call too soon". Sullivan wished to be buried in Brompton Cemetery with his parents and brother, but by order of the Queen he was buried in St Paul's Cathedral . In addition to his knighthood, honours awarded to Sullivan in his lifetime included Doctor in Music, honoris causa , by
17850-441: The contributions of the lyricist Adrian Ross and a Savoy Theatre cast including Ilka Pálmay , George Grossmith and Walter Passmore . The blame was generally held to be Burnand's. The Times commented, "Mr Burnand's experience as a librettist of comic opera, and Sir Alexander Mackenzie's inexperience in this class of composition might lead the public to expect a brilliant book weighed down by music of too serious and ambitious
18025-454: The court at which they were registered. Cases falling under the jurisdiction of another court had to be filed by a procureur registered at that court, in practice often another lawyer exercising both functions. Questions were raised on the necessity of the separation, given the fact that its main purpose – the preservation of the quality of the legal profession and observance of local court rules and customs – had become obsolete. For that reason,
18200-477: The courts (not even in a preparatory manner as performed by solicitors in England), though some might practise before chambers judges. As is the practice in many other Commonwealth jurisdictions such as Australia, Canadian litigators are gowned, but without a wig, when appearing before courts of superior jurisdiction. All law graduates from Canadian law schools, and certified internationally qualified lawyers, can apply to
18375-406: The decade was another frequently revived hit, Betsy (1879). For Punch , among other things, he wrote the popular column "Happy Thoughts", in which the narrator recorded the difficulties and distractions of everyday life. Also admired were his burlesques of other writers' works. Burnand was a contributor to Punch for 45 years and its editor from 1880 until 1906 and is credited with adding much to
18550-593: The dull farce of The Colonel ". For the Gaiety Theatre, Burnand wrote a burlesque of The Tempest entitled Ariel in October 1883, with music by Meyer Lutz , starring Nellie Farren and Arthur Williams . The Times complained of the "flatness and insipidity" of Burnand's text and of his vulgarising the original. The Observer was less censorious, finding the piece moderately amusing, and correctly predicting that it would run successfully until it had to make way for
18725-434: The earlier Savoy operas. For their next piece, Gilbert submitted another version of the magic lozenge plot, which Sullivan again rejected. Gilbert finally proposed a comparatively serious opera, to which Sullivan agreed. Although it was not a grand opera, The Yeomen of the Guard (1888) provided him with the opportunity to compose his most ambitious stage work to date. As early as 1883 Sullivan had been under pressure from
18900-641: The early 1870s were the Festival Te Deum (Crystal Palace, 1872) and the oratorio The Light of the World (Birmingham Festival, 1873). He provided incidental music for productions of The Merry Wives of Windsor at the Gaiety in 1874 and Henry VIII at the Theatre Royal, Manchester, in 1877. He continued to compose hymns throughout the decade. In 1873 Sullivan contributed songs to Burnand's Christmas "drawing room extravaganza", The Miller and His Man . In 1875
19075-443: The end of 1871 John Hollingshead , proprietor of London's Gaiety Theatre , commissioned Sullivan to work with Gilbert to create the burlesque -style comic opera Thespis . Played as a Christmas entertainment, it ran through to Easter 1872, a good run for such a piece. Gilbert and Sullivan then went their separate ways until they collaborated on three parlour ballads in late 1874 and early 1875. Sullivan's large-scale works of
19250-483: The end of the 1870s. His first popular song was "Orpheus with his Lute" (1866), and a well-received part song was "Oh! Hush thee, my Babie" (1867). The best known of his songs is " The Lost Chord " (1877, lyrics by Adelaide Anne Procter ), written at the bedside of his brother during Fred's last illness. The sheet music for his best-received songs sold in large numbers and was an important part of his income. In this decade, Sullivan's conducting appointments included
19425-551: The expenses of the lavish production, although it was the longest run at the Savoy in the 1890s. Sullivan came to disapprove of the leading lady, Nancy McIntosh , and refused to write another piece featuring her; Gilbert insisted that she must appear in his next opera. Instead, Sullivan teamed up again with his old partner, F. C. Burnand. The Chieftain (1894), a heavily revised version of their earlier two-act opera, The Contrabandista , flopped. Gilbert and Sullivan reunited one more time, after McIntosh announced her retirement from
19600-486: The first of a series of incidental music scores for productions of Shakespeare plays. He also composed a dramatic cantata , On Shore and Sea , for the opening of the London International Exhibition, and the hymn " Onward, Christian Soldiers ", with words by Sabine Baring-Gould . The Salvation Army adopted the latter as its favoured processional , and it became Sullivan's best-known hymn. At
19775-484: The five-year agreement, Sullivan suddenly felt trapped. The next opera, Princess Ida (1884, the duo's only three-act, blank verse work), had a shorter run than its four predecessors; Sullivan's score was praised. With box office receipts lagging in March 1884, Carte gave the six months' notice, under the partnership contract, requiring a new opera. Sullivan's close friend, the composer Frederic Clay , had recently suffered
19950-418: The following year. Sullivan returned to comic opera, but because of the fracture with Gilbert, he and Carte sought other collaborators. Sullivan's next piece was Haddon Hall (1892), with a libretto by Sydney Grundy based loosely on the legend of the elopement of Dorothy Vernon with John Manners. Although still comic, the tone and style of the work was considerably more serious and romantic than most of
20125-532: The fund from performances and the sale of sheet music and related merchandise. In The Rose of Persia (1899), Sullivan returned to his comic roots, writing to a libretto by Basil Hood that combined an exotic Arabian Nights setting with plot elements of The Mikado . Sullivan's tuneful score was well received, and the opera proved to be his most successful full-length collaboration apart from those with Gilbert. Another opera with Hood, The Emerald Isle , quickly went into preparation, but Sullivan died before it
20300-403: The grand finale. Its six-month run was considered a great achievement. The Beauty Stone (1898), with a libretto by Arthur Wing Pinero and J. Comyns Carr, was based on mediaeval morality plays . The collaboration did not go well: Sullivan wrote that Pinero and Comyns Carr were "gifted and brilliant men, with no experience in writing for music", and, when he asked for alterations to improve
20475-413: The incidental music to Rosamunde . Sullivan's first attempt at opera, The Sapphire Necklace (1863–64) to a libretto by Henry F. Chorley , was not produced and is now lost, except for the overture and two songs that were separately published. His first surviving opera, Cox and Box (1866), was written for a private performance. It then received charity performances in London and Manchester, and
20650-574: The individual musical character of a piece – ranging from the "nautical air of H.M.S Pinafore " to "the swift Mediterranean lightness of The Gondoliers " and "the bleakness of Torquilstone in Ivanhoe ". Barrister Ireland: Barrister-at-Law degree with pupillage A barrister is a type of lawyer in common law jurisdictions . Barristers mostly specialize in courtroom advocacy and litigation . Their tasks include arguing cases in courts and tribunals , drafting legal pleadings , researching
20825-868: The issue. In most countries, barristers operate as sole practitioners and are prohibited from forming partnerships or from working as a barrister as part of a corporation. In 2009, the Clemens Report recommended the abolition of this restriction in England and Wales. However, barristers normally band together into barristers' chambers to share clerks (administrators) and operating expenses. Some chambers grow to be large and sophisticated. In some jurisdictions, barristers may be employed by firms and companies as in-house legal advisers . In court, barristers may be visibly distinguished from solicitors, chartered legal executives, and other legal practitioners by their apparel. For example, in criminal courts in Ireland, England, and Wales,
21000-513: The law and giving legal opinions. Barristers are distinguished from solicitors and other types of lawyers (e.g. chartered legal executives) who have more direct access to clients, and may do transactional legal work. In some legal systems, including those of South Africa , Scandinavia , Pakistan , India , Bangladesh , and the British Crown dependencies of Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man ,
21175-572: The legal adviser, who is also primarily responsible for the barrister's fees. In England and Wales, solicitors and chartered legal executives can support barristers when in court, such as managing through the managing of large volumes of documents in the case or negotiating a settlement outside the courtroom. A barrister will usually have rights of audience in the higher courts, whereas other legal professionals will often have more limited access, or will need to acquire additional qualifications to have such access. As in common law countries in which there
21350-471: The manager of the Royalty Theatre , Richard D'Oyly Carte , needed a short piece to fill out a bill with Offenbach's La Périchole . Carte had conducted Sullivan's Cox and Box . Remembering that Gilbert had suggested a libretto to him, Carte engaged Sullivan to set it, and the result was the one-act comic opera Trial by Jury . Trial , starring Sullivan's brother Fred as the Learned Judge, became
21525-405: The mid-1860s, and by 1865 the affair was in full bloom. Rachel's parents did not approve of a possible union with a young composer of uncertain financial prospects, but the two continued to see each other covertly. At some point in 1868 Sullivan started a simultaneous (and secret) affair with Rachel's sister Louise (1841–1878). Both relationships ended by early 1869. Sullivan's longest love affair
21700-461: The musical establishment to write a grand opera. In 1885 he told an interviewer, "The opera of the future is a compromise [among the French, German and Italian schools] – a sort of eclectic school, a selection of the merits of each one. I myself will make an attempt to produce a grand opera of this new school. ... Yes, it will be an historical work, and it is the dream of my life." After The Yeomen of
21875-492: The musical establishment, such as Grove, Chorley and Herman Klein, but also in society circles, such as Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh . Sullivan enjoyed playing tennis; according to George Grossmith , "I have seen some bad lawn-tennis players in my time, but I never saw anyone so bad as Arthur Sullivan". Sullivan was devoted to his parents, particularly his mother. He corresponded regularly with her when away from London, until her death in 1882. Henry Lytton wrote, "I believe there
22050-405: The new, larger, state-of-the-art Savoy Theatre , built with the profits of the previous Gilbert and Sullivan works. The rest of the partnership's collaborations were produced at the Savoy, and are widely known as the " Savoy operas ". Iolanthe (1882), the first new opera to open at the Savoy, was Gilbert and Sullivan's fourth hit in a row. Sullivan, despite the financial security of writing for
22225-460: The operas with Gilbert. It ran for 204 performances, and was praised by critics. In 1895 Sullivan once more provided incidental music for the Lyceum, this time for J. Comyns Carr 's King Arthur . With the aid of an intermediary, Sullivan's music publisher Tom Chappell , the three partners were reunited in 1892. Their next opera, Utopia, Limited (1893), ran for 245 performances, barely covering
22400-457: The other papers agreed that although the piece was entertaining, Sullivan was capable of higher art, and frivolous light opera would hold him back. This criticism would follow Sullivan throughout his career. In 1879 Sullivan suggested to a reporter from The New York Times the secret of his success with Gilbert: "His ideas are as suggestive for music as they are quaint and laughable. His numbers ... always give me musical ideas." Pinafore
22575-412: The paper to become heavy, but Burnand's rackety leadership brightened it." Burnand, who declared himself "hostile to no man's religion", banned Punch' s previous anti-Catholicism, although he was unable to prevent some antisemitic jokes. One of Burnand's biggest successes, both in Punch and on stage, was satire of the aesthetic movement . His play The Colonel (1881), based on The Serious Family ,
22750-559: The partnership to build the Savoy Theatre in 1881, and their joint works became known as the Savoy operas . Among the best known of the later operas are The Mikado (1885) and The Gondoliers (1889). Gilbert broke from Sullivan and Carte in 1890, after a quarrel over expenses at the Savoy. They reunited in the 1890s for two more operas, but these did not achieve the popularity of their earlier works. Sullivan's infrequent serious pieces during
22925-620: The partnership. Gilbert took legal action against Carte and Sullivan, vowing to write no more for the Savoy, and so the partnership came to an acrimonious end. Sullivan wrote to Gilbert in September 1890 that he was "physically and mentally ill over this wretched business. I have not yet got over the shock of seeing our names coupled ... in hostile antagonism over a few miserable pounds". Sullivan's only grand opera, Ivanhoe , based on Walter Scott 's novel , opened at Carte's new Royal English Opera House on 31 January 1891. Sullivan completed
23100-556: The plays of Gilbert and refused to give the Gilbert and Sullivan operas reviews in the magazine. Burnand's last stage works were a collaboration with J. Hickory Wood , at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in 1905, on a pantomime of Cinderella , and he was partly responsible for a pantomime of Aladdin for the same theatre in 1909. His later contributions to Punch became increasingly wordy and anecdotal, relying on far-fetched puns, but he
23275-429: The popular farce Box and Cox as a comic opera, Cox and Box , with music by Sullivan. The piece became a popular favourite and was later frequently used by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company as a curtain raiser; it remains regularly performed today. By the 1870s, Burnand was generating a prodigious output of plays as well as comic pieces and illustrations for the humour magazine Punch . Among his 55-stage works during
23450-596: The popularity and prosperity of the magazine. His editorship of the original publication of The Diary of a Nobody by the brothers George and Weedon Grossmith was a high point of his tenure in 1888–89. Many of his articles were collected and published in book form. His stage successes in the 1890s included his English-language versions of two Edmond Audran operettas, titled La Cigale and Miss Decima (both in 1891). His last works included collaborations on pantomimes of Cinderella (1905) and Aladdin (1909). Known generally for his genial wit and good humour, Burnand
23625-457: The proceedings in their entirety. Any lawyer may apply to become a King's Counsel (KC) to recognize the long-standing contribution to the legal profession but this status is only conferred on those practicing as solicitors in exceptional circumstances. This step referred to as "being called to the inner bar" or "taking silk", is considered highly prestigious and has been a step in the career of many New Zealand judges. Unlike other jurisdictions,
23800-573: The proprietors of the magazine appointed Burnand to succeed him. In Milne's view the magazine's reputation increased considerably under Burnand: It grew less intolerant of opinions with which it disagreed; it became more catholic in its appeal; it began to discard its air of a Family Joke and aspired to be the National Institution which it has since been proclaimed. Yet he always kept for it a note of irresponsibility. A later biographer, Jane Stedman, writes, "His predecessor, Tom Taylor, had allowed
23975-403: The public want something more earnest still". He proposed instead that Sullivan should go ahead with his plan to write a grand opera, but should continue also to compose comic works for the Savoy. Sullivan was not immediately persuaded. He replied, "I have lost the liking for writing comic opera, and entertain very grave doubts as to my power of doing it." Nevertheless, Sullivan soon commissioned
24150-478: The rank of King's Counsel was granted prior to the handover of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to China in 1997. After the handover, the rank has been replaced by Senior Counsel post-nominal letters : SC. Senior Counsel may still, however, style themselves as silks, like their British counterparts. In India , the law relating to barristers is the Advocates Act, 1961, which is administered and enforced by
24325-459: The relevant provincial law society for admission. A year of articling as a student supervised by a qualified lawyer and the passing of provincial bar exams are also required for an individual to be called to bar as a barrister and solicitor. The situation is somewhat different in Quebec as a result of its civil law tradition. The profession of solicitor, or avoué , never took hold in colonial Quebec, so attorneys ( avocats ) have traditionally been
24500-514: The rest of the composer's life. Three of Sullivan's cousins, the daughters of his uncle John Thomas Sullivan, performed with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company : Rose, Jane ("Jennie") and Kate Sullivan, the first two of whom used the stage surname Hervey. Kate was a chorister who defected to the Comedy Opera Company's rival production of H.M.S. Pinafore , where she had the opportunity to play the leading soprano role, Josephine, in 1879. Jennie
24675-550: The run of The Gondoliers , when Gilbert objected to Carte's financial accounts for the production, including a charge to the partnership for the cost of new carpeting for the Savoy Theatre lobby. Gilbert believed that this was a maintenance expense that should be charged to Carte alone. Carte was building a new theatre to present Sullivan's forthcoming grand opera, and Sullivan sided with Carte, going so far as to sign an affidavit that contained erroneous information about old debts of
24850-412: The same brain." A few months later, another Sullivan one-act comic opera opened: The Zoo , with a libretto by B. C. Stephenson . It was less successful than Trial , and for the next 15 years Sullivan's sole operatic collaborator was Gilbert; the partners created a further twelve operas together. Sullivan also turned out more than 80 popular songs and parlour ballads , most of them written before
25025-741: The same time as his busy theatrical career, he was a member of the staff of Punch under Lemon and his successors, Shirley Brooks and Tom Taylor , writing a regular stream of genial articles. His best-known work for the magazine was the column "Happy Thoughts", in which the narrator recorded the difficulties and distractions of everyday life. A. A. Milne considered it "one of the most popular series which has ever appeared in Punch "; alongside it, he rated as Burnand's best comic contributions his burlesques of other writers, such as "The New History of Sandford and Merton" (1872) and "Strapmore" by "Weeder" (1878). The third editor of Punch , Tom Taylor, died in July 1880;
25200-454: The scholarship committee extended his grant for a third year so that he could study in Germany, at the Leipzig Conservatoire . There, Sullivan studied composition with Julius Rietz and Carl Reinecke , counterpoint with Moritz Hauptmann and Ernst Richter , and the piano with Louis Plaidy and Ignaz Moscheles . He was trained in Mendelssohn 's ideas and techniques but was also exposed to
25375-430: The score too late to meet Carte's planned production date, and costs mounted; Sullivan was required to pay Carte a contractual penalty of £3,000 (equivalent to £427,000 in 2023) for his delay. The production lasted for 155 consecutive performances, an unprecedented run for a grand opera, and earned good notices for its music. Afterwards, Carte was unable to fill the new opera house with other opera productions and sold
25550-572: The sexual relationship evidently ended – he started to refer to her in his diary as "Auntie" – but she remained a constant companion for the rest of his life. In 1896 the 54-year-old Sullivan proposed marriage to the 22-year-old Violet Beddington (1874–1962), but she refused him. Sullivan loved to spend time in France (both in Paris and on the Riviera ), where his acquaintances included European royalty and where
25725-477: The south coast of England and was a member of the Garrick Club in London. He had a very large circle of friends and colleagues who included William Makepeace Thackeray , Mark Lemon and most writers, dramatists and actors of the day. George Grossmith wrote: I think Frank Burnand is the most amusing man to meet. He is brimful of good humour. He will fire off joke after joke, and chaff you out of your life if he gets
25900-457: The stage, for The Grand Duke (1896). It failed, and Sullivan never worked with Gilbert again, although their operas continued to be revived with success at the Savoy. In May 1897 Sullivan's full-length ballet, Victoria and Merrie England , opened at the Alhambra Theatre to celebrate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee . The work celebrates English history and culture, with the Victorian period as
26075-531: The structure, they refused. The opera, moreover, was too serious for the Savoy audiences' tastes. It was a critical failure and ran for only seven weeks. In 1899, to benefit "the wives and children of soldiers and sailors" on active service in the Boer War , Sullivan composed the music of a song, " The Absent-Minded Beggar ", to a text by Rudyard Kipling , which became an instant sensation and raised an unprecedented £300,000 (equivalent to £42,700,000 in 2023) for
26250-476: The supreme courts, in civil, criminal or administrative matters. In Germany, no distinction between barristers and solicitors is made. Lawyers may plead at all courts except the civil branch of the Federal Court of Justice ( Bundesgerichtshof ), to which fewer than fifty lawyers are admitted. Those lawyers, who deal almost exclusively with litigation, may not plead at other courts and are usually instructed by
26425-470: The term "junior barrister" is popularly used to refer to a lawyer who holds a practicing certificate as a barrister, but is employed by another, more senior barrister. Generally, junior barristers are within their first five years of practice and are not yet qualified to practice as barristers sole. Barristers sole (i.e. barristers who are not employed by another barrister) who are not King's Counsel are never referred to as junior barristers. In Nigeria , there
26600-443: The theatre. Despite the initial success of Ivanhoe , some writers blamed it for the failure of the opera house, and it soon passed into obscurity. Herman Klein called the episode "the strangest comingling of success and failure ever chronicled in the history of British lyric enterprise!" Later in 1891 Sullivan composed music for Tennyson 's The Foresters , which ran well at Daly's Theatre in New York in 1892, but failed in London
26775-473: The time of The Golden Legend Sullivan had abandoned a home key altogether for the prelude. Sullivan disliked much of Wagner's Musikdrama , but he modelled the overture to The Yeomen of the Guard on the prelude of Die Meistersinger , which he described as "the greatest comic opera ever written". Saremba writes that in works from his middle and later years, Sullivan was inspired by Verdi's example both in details of orchestration, and in la tinta musical –
26950-437: The trial after the first, but if a case is settled before trial, the barrister is not needed and the brief fee would be wasted. Some solicitors avoid this by delaying delivery of the brief until it is certain the case will go to trial. Some benefits of maintaining the split include: Some disadvantages of the split include: Barristers are regulated by the Bar for the jurisdiction where they practice, and in some countries, by
27125-458: The wedding ceremony was performed in continental Europe. There were two sons and four daughters of this marriage. Throughout the 1870s, Burnand maintained a prodigious output. For the stage he wrote 55 pieces, ranging from burlesques to pantomimes , farces and extravaganzas . He was the sole author of most of them, but worked on a few with Thomas German Reed , J. L. Molloy , Henry Pottinger Stephens and even with H. J. Byron. His stage pieces of
27300-486: The word barrister is also regarded as an honorific title. In a few jurisdictions, barristers are usually forbidden from "conducting" litigation, and can only act on the instructions of another lawyer, who perform tasks such as corresponding with parties and the court, and drafting court documents. In England and Wales, barristers may seek authorization from the Bar Standards Board to conduct litigation, allowing
27475-446: The words would be of similar character." In a lengthy exchange of correspondence, Sullivan pronounced Gilbert's plot sketch (particularly the "lozenge" element) unacceptably mechanical, and too similar in both its grotesque "elements of topsyturveydom" and in actual plot to their earlier work, especially The Sorcerer . He repeatedly requested that Gilbert find a new subject. The impasse was finally resolved on 8 May when Gilbert proposed
27650-620: Was a D'Oyly Carte chorister for fourteen years. Rose took principal roles in many of the companion pieces that played with the Savoy operas. Sullivan's works comprise 24 operas, 11 full orchestral works, ten choral works and oratorios, two ballets, one song cycle, incidental music to several plays, more than 70 hymns and anthems, over 80 songs and parlour ballads, and a body of part songs, carols, and piano and chamber pieces. The operatic output spanned his whole career, as did that of his songs and religious music. The solo piano and chamber pieces are mostly from his early years, and are generally in
27825-581: Was a good judge of talent, and under him the paper prospered. Stedman rates as a high point of his editorship the publication of The Diary of a Nobody by the brothers George and Weedon Grossmith , which was soon turned into book form and has never been out of print. He was reluctant to retire, but was persuaded to do so in 1906, and was succeeded by Owen Seaman . In 1908, Burnand became the editor of The Catholic Who's Who , published by Burns & Oates . Burnand lived for much of his life in Ramsgate , Kent, on
28000-514: Was a military bandmaster, clarinettist and music teacher, born in Ireland and raised in Chelsea , London; his mother was English born, of Irish and Italian descent. Thomas Sullivan was based from 1845 to 1857 at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst , where he was the bandmaster and taught music privately to supplement his income. Young Arthur became proficient with many of the instruments in
28175-515: Was agreed that he should train for the priesthood. He enrolled at Cuddesdon theological college, where his studies of divinity led him to leave the Anglican church and become a Roman Catholic . This caused a breach between Burnand and his father, but the estrangement did not last long. To the disappointment of Cardinal Manning , leader of the English Catholics, Burnand announced that his vocation
28350-460: Was born in central London, the only child of Francis Burnand and his first wife Emma, née Cowley, who died when her son was eight days old. Burnand senior, a stockbroker, was descended from an old Savoyard family, prominent in the silk trade; his wife was a descendant of the poet and dramatist Hannah Cowley . Burnand was educated at Eton , where, aged fifteen, he wrote a farce , Guy Fawkes Day , played at Cookesley 's house, and subsequently at
28525-539: Was completed. The score was finished by Edward German , and produced in 1901. Sullivan's health was never robust – from his thirties his kidney disease often obliged him to conduct sitting down. He died of heart failure, following an attack of bronchitis, at his flat in Westminster on 22 November 1900. His Te Deum Laudamus , written in expectation of victory in the Boer War, was performed posthumously. A monument in
28700-428: Was correct. He was not effective in the post, and resigned in 1881. Sullivan's next collaboration with Gilbert, The Sorcerer (1877), ran for 178 performances, a success by the standards of the day, but H.M.S. Pinafore (1878), which followed it, turned Gilbert and Sullivan into an international phenomenon. Sullivan composed the bright and cheerful music of Pinafore while suffering from excruciating pain from
28875-494: Was first performed at the Leeds Festival in October 1880. Gilbert adapted the libretto for Sullivan, who, in gratitude, presented his collaborator with an engraved silver cup inscribed "W.S. Gilbert from his friend Arthur Sullivan." Sullivan was not a showy conductor, and some thought him dull and old-fashioned on the podium, but Martyr had an enthusiastic reception and was frequently revived. Other critics and performers had favorable reactions to Sullivan's conducting, and he had
29050-532: Was first presented the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik identified Schumann as a stronger influence, and Benedict Taylor, writing in 2017, concurs. In a 2009 study Taylor adds Schubert as another major influence on Sullivan in his orchestral works, although "from the beginning ... there is the peculiar, intangible stamp of Sullivan emerging confidently". Meinhard Saremba notes that from Sullivan's first meeting with Rossini in Paris, in 1862, Rossini's output became
29225-436: Was followed by The Pirates of Penzance in 1879, which opened in New York and then ran in London for 363 performances. In 1880 Sullivan was appointed director of the triennial Leeds Music Festival . He had earlier been commissioned to write a sacred choral work for the festival and chose, as its subject, Henry Hart Milman 's 1822 dramatic poem based on the life and death of St Margaret of Antioch . The Martyr of Antioch
29400-539: Was later produced at the Gallery of Illustration , where it ran for an extraordinary 264 performances. W. S. Gilbert , writing in Fun magazine, pronounced the score superior to F. C. Burnand 's libretto. Sullivan and Burnand were soon commissioned by Thomas German Reed for a two-act opera, The Contrabandista (1867; revised and expanded as The Chieftain in 1894), but it did not do as well. Among Sullivan's early part songs
29575-409: Was never a more affectionate tie than that which existed between [Sullivan] and his mother, a very witty old lady, and one who took an exceptional pride in her son's accomplishments." Sullivan was also very fond of his brother Fred, whose acting career he assisted whenever possible, and of Fred's children. After Fred died at the age of 39, leaving his pregnant wife, Charlotte, with seven children under
29750-438: Was nevertheless intensely envious of his contemporary W. S. Gilbert but was unable to emulate his rival's success as a comic opera librettist. In other forms of theatre Burnand was outstandingly successful, with his works receiving London runs of up to 550 performances and extensive tours in the British provinces and the US. He published several humorous books and memoirs and was knighted in 1902 for his work on Punch . Burnand
29925-560: Was not for the church but for the theatre. Father and son were reconciled, and Burnand returned to his original plan of reading for the bar at Lincoln's Inn . In February 1860 Burnand had his first piece performed in the West End , Dido the Celebrated Widow , a musical burlesque of Dido and Aeneas , played at the St James's Theatre . The following month he married an actress, Cecilia Victoria Ranoe (1841–1870), daughter of James Ranoe,
30100-401: Was received with acclaim on its first performance in London. Among his early major works were a ballet, L'Île Enchantée (1864), a symphony , a cello concerto (both 1866), and his Overture di Ballo (1870). To supplement the income from his concert works he wrote hymns, parlour ballads and other light pieces, and worked as a church organist and music teacher. In 1866 Sullivan composed
30275-429: Was the theatre. From his schooldays he had written comic plays, and from 1860 until the end of the 19th century, he produced a series of more than 200 Victorian burlesques , farces , pantomimes and other stage works. His early successes included the burlesques Ixion , or the Man at the Wheel (1863) and The Latest Edition of Black-Eyed Susan ; or , the Little Bill that Was Taken Up (1866). Also in 1866, he adapted
30450-718: Was too old to give much service as a treble before his voice broke, he was accepted and soon became a soloist. By 1856, he was promoted to "first boy". Even at this age, his health was delicate, and he was easily fatigued. Sullivan flourished under the training of the Reverend Thomas Helmore , Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal , and began to write anthems and songs. Helmore encouraged his compositional talent and arranged for one of his pieces, "O Israel", to be published in 1855, his first published work. Helmore enlisted Sullivan's assistance in creating harmonisations for
30625-453: Was with the American socialite Fanny Ronalds , a woman three years his senior, who had two children. He met her in Paris around 1867, and the affair began in earnest soon after she moved to London in 1871. According to a contemporary description of Ronalds, "Her face was perfectly divine in its loveliness, her features small and exquisitely regular. Her hair was a dark shade of brown – châtain foncé [deep chestnut] – and very abundant ...
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