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42-527: Jules François Simon ( French pronunciation: [ʒyl simɔ̃] ; 31 December 1814 – 8 June 1896) was a French statesman and philosopher, and one of the leaders of the Moderate Republicans in the Third French Republic . Simon was born at Lorient . His father was a linen-draper from Lorraine , who renounced Protestantism before his second marriage with a Catholic Breton . Jules Simon

84-575: A colonial expansion in Africa , creating protectorates in Madagascar and Tunisia . Despite this semi-authoritarian policies, the republicans refused to be charged with conservatism and continued to proclaim themselves of the left, republicanism in France being historically associated with the left-wing . This paradox was later identified as sinistrisme ("leftism"). In the legislative elections of 1885 ,

126-603: A coup d'état on the part of the Marshal. However, the May 1877 crisis eventually ended in MacMahon's demise and in the victory of the Republicans over the monarchist Orleanists and Legitimists . The rejection (1880) of article 7 of Ferry's Education Act , by which the profession of teaching would have been forbidden to members of non-authorized congregations, was due to his intervention. He

168-623: A coup d'état , causing his flight to Brussels and a republican landslide in the 1889 . In the 1890s, the Moderate Republican parable ended as the Panama scandals of 1892 involved prominent Radical politicians like Clemenceau, Alfred Naquet and Léon Bourgeois , granting a large victory to the ANR in the legislative elections the following year . However, the Dreyfus affair broke out in 1893, causing

210-590: A member of the Académie Française and a life senator , and in 1876, on the resignation of Jules Dufaure , was summoned to form a cabinet. He replaced anti-republican functionaries in the civil service by republicans, and held his own until 3 May 1877, when he adopted a motion carried by a large majority in the Chamber inviting the cabinet to use all means for the repression of clerical agitation. His clerical enemies then induced Marshal MacMahon to take advantage of

252-649: A regular contributor to the Revue des deux mondes , and in 1847, with Amédée Jacques and Émile Saisset , founded the Liberté de penser , with the intention of throwing off the yoke of Cousin, but he retired when Jacques allowed the insertion of an article advocating the principles of collectivism, with which he was at no time in sympathy. In 1848 he represented the Côtes-du-Nord in the National Assembly, and next year entered

294-527: A vote on the press law carried in Jules Simon's absence from the Chamber to write him a letter regretting that he no longer preserved his influence in the Chamber, and thus practically demanding his resignation. His resignation in response to this act of the president, known as the " Seize Mai ", which he might have resisted by an appeal to the Chamber, proved his ruin, and he never again held office. He justified his action by his fear of providing an opportunity for

336-526: Is a department in the Grand Est region of France . It is named after the river Marne which flows through it. The prefecture (capital) of Marne is Châlons-en-Champagne (formerly known as Châlons-sur-Marne). The subprefectures are Épernay , Reims , and Vitry-le-François . It had a population of 566,855 in 2019. The Champagne vineyards producing the eponymous sparkling wine are in Marne. The department

378-672: Is named after the Marne , which was called Matrona in Roman times. Marne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the province of Champagne . Marne has a long association with the French Army . The training ground of the Camp Militaire de Mailly straddles the border with the département of Aube in the south while that of

420-547: The Camp de Mourmelon occupies a large area north of Châlons-en-Champagne . The smaller Camp de Moronvilliers lies to the east of Reims and the Camp Militaire de Suippes lies to the east of that. These are all located on the chalk grounds of the Champagne plateau, a feature comparable in geology but not size, with the British military training ground on Salisbury Plain . The Battles of

462-520: The Chamber of Deputies split in two groups, namely the moderate Republican Left led by Jules Favre and the radical Republican Union led by Léon Gambetta . The two parliamentary groups were non-influential during the early years of the Republic, dominated by the monarchist Moral Order coalition of Patrice MacMahon , but after the failure of a return to the monarchy and after the legislative elections of 1876

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504-718: The Council of State , but was retired on account of his republican opinions. His refusal to take the oath of allegiance to the government of Louis Napoleon after the coup d'état was followed by his dismissal from his professorship, and he devoted himself to philosophical and political writings of a popular order. Le Devoir (1853), which was translated into modern Greek and Swedish, was followed by La Religion naturelle (1856, Eng. trans., 1887), La Liberté de conscience (1857), La Liberté politique (1859), La Liberté civile (1859), L'Ouvrière (1861), L'Ecole (1864), Le Travail (1866), L'Ouvrier de huit ans (1867) and others. In 1863 he

546-581: The Liberal Republican Union ( Union libérale républicaine ) in 1888 and 1889, respectively. The Moderate Republicans were a large and heterogenous group started after the French Revolution of 1848 . However, the group lost the legislative elections of 1849 , finishing as the minority group in the National Assembly . After the Louis-Napoléon's coup d'état in 1851 and the birth of

588-647: The Second French Empire in 1852, the Republicans took part in the parliamentary opposition along with the monarchists against the Bonapartist majority. After the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) and the consequential fall of the French Empire, the Third French Republic was born. However, its politics was divided in two groups, namely the right-wing monarchists ( Orléanists and Legitimists ) and

630-506: The left-wing republicans ( radicals and moderates ). If both republicans were combined by anti-clericalism and social reformism , the radicals were mostly nationalist and anti-German , refusing the Treaty of Versailles with Prussia . The moderates instead supported the Treaty and were more pragmatic on international politics. After the legislative elections of 1871 , the republicans inside

672-594: The Anti-Dreyfus field. This decision was fatal for the ANR's destiny. In 1899, the re-conviction of the Colonel Dreyfus, with a partial pardon favored by the republican Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau , caused divisions inside the ANR, aggravated by the rehabilitation of Dreyfus in 1900. To remove the mole of antisemitism, Waldeck-Rousseau founded the Democratic Republican Alliance (ADR) in 1901, claiming

714-510: The French school of Athens should spend some time. He retained office until a week before the fall of Thiers in 1873. He was regarded by the monarchical right as one of the most dangerous obstacles in the way of a restoration, which he did as much as any man (except perhaps the comte de Chambord himself) to prevent, but by the extreme left he was distrusted for his moderate views, and Gambetta never forgave his victory at Bordeaux. In 1875, he became

756-481: The Marne , where the British and French fought against Germany during World War I , took place here. Marne is part of the region of Grand Est and is surrounded by the departments of Ardennes , Meuse , Haute-Marne , Aube , Seine-et-Marne , and Aisne . Geologically, it divides into two distinct parts; the Upper Cretaceous chalk plain in the east and the more wooded and hilly Eocene and Oligocene in

798-559: The Monarchist MacMahon. From this time, with the progressive disappearance of the Monarchists the moderates began to move toward the parliamentary centre between the old rights (Bonapartist and reunited monarchists) and the new lefts ( radical-socialists , Marxists and Blanquists ). To prevent the creation of a socialist state , the two radical and moderate republicans spirits decided to cooperate and form common governments despite

840-666: The Radicals of Clemenceau, who disenchanted by the militarism of Boulanger launched the Society of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the socialists became disappointed by Boulanger's frequentation of monarchists like the Duchess of Uzès and Prince Napoléon Bonaparte , also themselves disappointed by Boulanger's republican ideas. The coup de grâce to Boulangisme arrived when he was accused of preparing

882-498: The Republic; socialists like Édouard Vaillant , who admired the General's views on workers' rights ; and nationalists who desired revenge against Germany. Finally, Boulanger personally led the League of Patriots , a far-right revanchist and militarist league and benefitted from popular and financial support by workers and aristocrats , respectively. In the face of the rise of Boulanger,

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924-580: The Republican Union. However, the republican Prime Minister Ferry was forced to resign in 1885 after a political scandal known as the Tonkin Affair and President Grévy also resigned his office in 1887 after a corruption scandal involving his son-in-law. The Moderate Republicans, seriously challenged, survived only thanks to the support of the Radical Republicans of René Goblet and worries about

966-486: The chair of philosophy at the University of Paris , with the meagre salary of 83 francs per month. He also lectured on the history of philosophy at the École Normale Supérieure . At this period he edited the works of Nicolas Malebranche (2 vols, 1842), of René Descartes (1842), Bossuet (1842) and of Antoine Arnauld (1843), and in 1844–1845 appeared the two volumes of his Histoire de l'école d'Alexandrie . He became

1008-534: The department are called Marnais . Population development since 1801: The president of the Departmental Council is Christian Bruyen, elected in 2017. Reims , with its cathedral in which the kings of France were traditionally crowned , is a major attraction. Others include the bird reserve on the Lake Der-Chantecoq and the fishing lakes nearby. The Parc Naturel Régional de la Montagne de Reims

1050-1086: The events in which he had been involved appear in Souvenirs du 4 septembre (1874), Le Gouvernement de M. Thiers (2 vols., 1878), in Mémoires des autres (1889), Nouveaux mémoires des autres (1891) and Les Derniers mémoires des autres (1897), while his sketch of Victor Cousin (1887) was a further contribution to contemporary history. For his personal history, the Premiers mémoires (1900) and Le Soir de ma journée (1902), edited by his son Gustave Simon, may be supplemented by Léon Séché 's Figures bretonnes, Jules Simon, sa vie, son œuvre (new ed., 1898), and Georges Picot , Jules Simon: notice historique (1897); also by many references to periodical literature and collected essays in Hugo Paul Thieme 's Guide bibliographique de la littérature française de 1800 à 1906 (1907). Opportunist Republicans Although considered leftist at

1092-586: The formation of two factions, namely the Dreyfusards like Émile Zola , Anatole France and Clemenceau who supported the innocence of the Jewish Colonel and the Anti-Dreyfusard like Édouard Drumont , Jules Méline and Raymond Poincaré who accused Dreyfus of betrayal, partially due to rampant antisemitism . The ANR, which Méline and Poincaré were members of, refused the antisemitic thesis, but took side with

1134-637: The heritage of Ferry and Gambetta. Many Moderate Republicans joined the ADR, including Yves Guyot , Ferdinand Dreyfus (not linked with the Colonel), Narcisse Leven and David Raynal . The Moderate Republicans who had remained in the ANR finally adhered along with Progressive Republicans to the Republican Federation , a right-wing party very distant from the original ANR's beliefs. Marne (department) Marne ( French pronunciation: [maʁn] )

1176-429: The hostility of Dupanloup , who presided over the commission appointed to consider his draft of an elementary education bill. The reforms he was actually able to carry out were concerned with secondary education. He encouraged the study of living languages, and limited the attention given to the making of Latin verse; he also encouraged independent methods at the École Normale, and set up a school at Rome where members of

1218-458: The interests of the rich bourgeoisie and Catholics , formed the Liberal Republican Union in 1889. Continuing to depict itself as leftist, the ANR was a conservative group opposing the income tax and strikes that tried to defend the Republic from its reputed enemy Boulanger and used many banquets to finance his activities. Finally, there was a rupture inside the Boulangist party, namely

1260-555: The ministry of the Interior, though nominally given to Arago, was really in Simon's hands. Defeated in the département of the Seine, he sat for the Marne in the National Assembly, and resumed the portfolio of Education in the first cabinet of Adolphe Thiers 's presidency. He advocated free primary education yet sought to conciliate the clergy by all the means in his power; but no concessions removed

1302-543: The moderate and radical republicans gained 193 and 98 seats in the Chamber, respectively. From this time, the republicans maintained strong majorities in the French Parliament and were pejoratively called Opportunists by their detractors for their aptitude to gain the popular consensus in spite of any ideology. In January 1879, the Republican Jules Grévy was elected as President of the Republic , succeeding

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1344-464: The peace. But at Bordeaux, Gambetta, who had issued a proclamation excluding from the elections those who had been officials under the Empire, was all-powerful. Pretending to dispute Jules Simon's credentials, he issued orders for his arrest. Meanwhile, Simon had found means of communication with Paris, and on 6 February was reinforced by Eugène Pelletan , E. Arago and Garnier-Pages . Gambetta resigned, and

1386-565: The personal antagonism between Grévy and Gambetta, who died in 1882. During the late 1870s and 1880s, the Republican majority launched an education reform with the Bert Law , creating the normal schools ; and the Ferry Laws , that secularize public education. However, Grévy also signed the so-called Lois scélérates ("villainous laws") that restricted the freedom of the press and France started

1428-594: The republican consolidation was confirmed. Even if popularly won by the Conservative Union of Armand de Mackau , the elections guaranteed a solid republican majority in the Chamber. In fact, until the election the two republican groups had been reunited in a new political party guided by President Grévy and his close ally Jules Ferry , namely the Democratic Union, born of the fusion of the Republican Left and

1470-478: The republican leaders were divided. From one side, the old republican moderate wing, composed by prominent personalities like Jules Ferry, Maurice Rouvier and Eugène Spuller , representing the middle bourgeoisie , industrialists and scholars , formed the National Republican Association (ANR) in 1888. To the other side, the republican right-wing of Henri Barboux and Léon Say , who represented

1512-516: The rise of a new political phenomenon called revanchism , the desire for revenge against the German Empire after the defeat of 1871. The revanchist ideas were strong in the France of the Belle Époque and with the scandals involving the republican governments there was a rise of the nationalist party led by General Georges Boulanger . Boulanger was Minister of War from 1886 to 1887. His appointment

1554-665: The time, the Moderate Republicans progressively evolved into a centre-right political party. During their existence, the Moderate Republicans were present in the French Parliament first under the name of Republican Left ( Gauche républicaine ) and after a fusion with radical republicans as the Democratic Union ( Union démocratique ). They were further divided into the National Republican Association ( Association nationale républicaine ) and

1596-694: The west. Rivers draining the department include the Marne , Vesle , Ardre and Somme-Soude. Numerous other rivers, such as the Grande and the Petite Morin rise in the department but flow mainly in others. Conversely, the Aube joins the Seine in the department of Marne. The most populous commune in the department is Reims ; the prefecture Châlons-en-Champagne is the second-most populous. As of 2019, there are five communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants: The inhabitants of

1638-461: Was a strategy of Prime Minister Goblet to pledge the nationalists, but after the fall of his cabinet he was replaced by Maurice Rouvier and the General was not reconfirmed. This political error started the political phase called Boulangisme (1887–1891). Around the General was forming a heterogeneous group of supporters, including radical reformers like Georges Clemenceau and Charles de Freycinet ; Bonapartists and monarchists who wanted to overthrow

1680-661: Was in fact one of the chief of the left centre Opportunist Republicans faction, opposed in the same faction to Jules Grévy and also to the Radical Gambetta. He was director of Le Gaulois from 1879 to 1881, and his influence in the country among moderate republicans was retained by his articles in Le Matin from 1882 onwards, in the Journal des Débats , which he joined in 1886, and in Le Temps from 1890. His own accounts of some of

1722-595: Was returned to the Corps Législatif for the 8th circonscription of the Seine département , and supported "les Cinq" (Darimon, Favre , Hénon, Ollivier and Picard ) in their opposition to the government. He became minister of instruction in the Government of National Defense on 5 September 1870. After the capitulation of Paris in January 1871 he was sent down to Bordeaux to prevent the resistance of Léon Gambetta to

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1764-568: Was the son of this second marriage. The family name was Suisse, which Simon dropped in favour of his third forename. By considerable sacrifice he was enabled to attend a seminary at Vannes , and worked briefly as usher in a school before, in 1833, he became a student at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris . There he came in contact with Victor Cousin , who sent him to Caen and then to Versailles to teach philosophy. He helped Cousin, without receiving any recognition, in his translations from Plato and Aristotle , and in 1839 became his deputy in

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